From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Type of steroid hormone
Sex hormones , also known as sex steroids , gonadocorticoids and gonadal steroids , are
steroid hormones that interact with
vertebrate
steroid hormone receptors .
[1] The sex hormones include the
androgens ,
estrogens , and
progestogens . Their effects are mediated by slow genomic mechanisms through
nuclear receptors as well as by fast nongenomic mechanisms through membrane-associated receptors and
signaling cascades .
[2] The
polypeptide hormones
luteinizing hormone ,
follicle-stimulating hormone and
gonadotropin-releasing hormone – each associated with the
gonadotropin axis – are usually not regarded as sex hormones, although they play major sex-related roles.
Production
Natural sex hormones are made by the
gonads (
ovaries or
testicles ),
[3] by
adrenal glands , or by conversion from other sex steroids in other tissue such as liver or fat.
[4]
Production rates, secretion rates, clearance rates, and blood levels of major sex hormones
Sex
Sex hormone
Reproductive phase
Blood production rate
Gonadal secretion rate
Metabolic clearance rate
Reference range (serum levels)
SI units
Non-
SI units
Men
Androstenedione
–
2.8 mg/day
1.6 mg/day
2200 L/day
2.8–7.3 nmol/L
80–210 ng/dL
Testosterone
–
6.5 mg/day
6.2 mg/day
950 L/day
6.9–34.7 nmol/L
200–1000 ng/dL
Estrone
–
150 μg/day
110 μg/day
2050 L/day
37–250 pmol/L
10–70 pg/mL
Estradiol
–
60 μg/day
50 μg/day
1600 L/day
<37–210 pmol/L
10–57 pg/mL
Estrone sulfate
–
80 μg/day
Insignificant
167 L/day
600–2500 pmol/L
200–900 pg/mL
Women
Androstenedione
–
3.2 mg/day
2.8 mg/day
2000 L/day
3.1–12.2 nmol/L
89–350 ng/dL
Testosterone
–
190 μg/day
60 μg/day
500 L/day
0.7–2.8 nmol/L
20–81 ng/dL
Estrone
Follicular phase
110 μg/day
80 μg/day
2200 L/day
110–400 pmol/L
30–110 pg/mL
Luteal phase
260 μg/day
150 μg/day
2200 L/day
310–660 pmol/L
80–180 pg/mL
Postmenopause
40 μg/day
Insignificant
1610 L/day
22–230 pmol/L
6–60 pg/mL
Estradiol
Follicular phase
90 μg/day
80 μg/day
1200 L/day
<37–360 pmol/L
10–98 pg/mL
Luteal phase
250 μg/day
240 μg/day
1200 L/day
699–1250 pmol/L
190–341 pg/mL
Postmenopause
6 μg/day
Insignificant
910 L/day
<37–140 pmol/L
10–38 pg/mL
Estrone sulfate
Follicular phase
100 μg/day
Insignificant
146 L/day
700–3600 pmol/L
250–1300 pg/mL
Luteal phase
180 μg/day
Insignificant
146 L/day
1100–7300 pmol/L
400–2600 pg/mL
Progesterone
Follicular phase
2 mg/day
1.7 mg/day
2100 L/day
0.3–3 nmol/L
0.1–0.9 ng/mL
Luteal phase
25 mg/day
24 mg/day
2100 L/day
19–45 nmol/L
6–14 ng/mL
Notes and sources
Notes: "The concentration of a steroid in the circulation is determined by the rate at which it is secreted from glands, the rate of metabolism of precursor or prehormones into the steroid, and the rate at which it is extracted by tissues and metabolized. The secretion rate of a steroid refers to the total secretion of the compound from a gland per unit time. Secretion rates have been assessed by sampling the venous effluent from a gland over time and subtracting out the arterial and peripheral venous hormone concentration. The metabolic clearance rate of a steroid is defined as the volume of blood that has been completely cleared of the hormone per unit time. The production rate of a steroid hormone refers to entry into the blood of the compound from all possible sources, including secretion from glands and conversion of prohormones into the steroid of interest. At steady state, the amount of hormone entering the blood from all sources will be equal to the rate at which it is being cleared (metabolic clearance rate) multiplied by blood concentration (production rate = metabolic clearance rate × concentration). If there is little contribution of prohormone metabolism to the circulating pool of steroid, then the production rate will approximate the secretion rate." Sources: See template.
Types
In many contexts, the two main classes of sex hormones are androgens and estrogens, of which the most important human derivatives are
testosterone and
estradiol , respectively. Other contexts will include
progestogens as a third class of sex steroids, distinct from androgens and estrogens.
[5]
Progesterone is the most important and only naturally occurring human progestogen. In general, androgens are considered "male sex hormones", since they have masculinizing effects, while estrogens and progestogens are considered "female sex hormones"
[6] although all types are present in each sex at different levels.
Sex hormones include:
Synthetic sex steroids
There are also many synthetic sex steroids.
[7] Synthetic androgens are often referred to as
anabolic steroids . Synthetic estrogens and progestins are used in methods of
hormonal contraception .
Ethinylestradiol is a semi-synthetic estrogen. Specific compounds that have partial agonist activity for
steroid receptors , and therefore act in part like natural steroid hormones, are in use in medical conditions that require treatment with steroid in one cell type, but where systemic effects of the particular steroid in the entire organism are only desirable within certain limits.
[8]
See also
References
^ Guerriero, G (April 2009). "Vertebrate sex steroid receptors: evolution, ligands, and neurodistribution". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1163 (1): 154–68.
Bibcode :
2009NYASA1163..154G .
doi :
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04460.x .
PMID
19456336 .
S2CID
5790990 .
^ Thakur, MK; Paramanik, V (2009).
"Role of steroid hormone coregulators in health and disease" . Hormone Research . 71 (4): 194–200.
doi :
10.1159/000201107 (inactive 2024-06-11).
PMID
19258710 . {{
cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
link )
^ Brook, CG (1999). "Mechanism of puberty". Hormone Research . 51 Suppl 3 (3): 52–4.
doi :
10.1159/000053162 (inactive 2024-06-11).
PMID
10592444 .
S2CID
33671883 . {{
cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
link )
^ Catherine Panter-Brick; Agustín Fuentes. "Glossary". Health, Risk, and Adversity - Volume 2 of Studies of the Biosocial Society . Berghahn Books, 2011. p. 280.
^
"An Overview Of Sex Hormones" . News-Medical.net . 2022-06-24. Retrieved 2023-05-22 .
^ ElAttar, TM; Hugoson, A (1974). "Comparative metabolism of female sex steroids in normal and chronically inflamed gingiva of the dog". Journal of Periodontal Research . 9 (5): 284–9.
doi :
10.1111/j.1600-0765.1974.tb00683.x .
PMID
4281823 .
^
"Effect of endogenous and synthetic sex steroids on the clearance of antibody-coated cells" . journals.aai.org . Retrieved 2023-05-22 .
^ Copland, JA; Sheffield-Moore, M; Koldzic-Zivanovic, N; Gentry, S; Lamprou, G; Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou, F; Zoumpourlis, V; Urban, RJ; Vlahopoulos, SA (June 2009). "Sex steroid receptors in skeletal differentiation and epithelial neoplasia: is tissue-specific intervention possible?". BioEssays . 31 (6): 629–41.
doi :
10.1002/bies.200800138 .
PMID
19382224 .
S2CID
205469320 .
External links
AR Tooltip Androgen receptor
Agonists
SARMs Tooltip Selective androgen receptor modulator Antagonists
GPRC6A
ER Tooltip Estrogen receptor
Agonists
Steroidal:
2-Hydroxyestradiol
2-Hydroxyestrone
3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol
3α-Androstanediol
3α,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
3β,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
3α-Hydroxytibolone
3β-Hydroxytibolone
3β-Androstanediol
4-Androstenediol
4-Androstenedione
4-Fluoroestradiol
4-Hydroxyestradiol
4-Hydroxyestrone
4-Methoxyestradiol
4-Methoxyestrone
5-Androstenediol
7-Oxo-DHEA
7α-Hydroxy-DHEA
7α-Methylestradiol
7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
8,9-Dehydroestradiol
8,9-Dehydroestrone
8β-VE2
10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED)
11β-Chloromethylestradiol
11β-Methoxyestradiol
15α-Hydroxyestradiol
16-Ketoestradiol
16-Ketoestrone
16α-Fluoroestradiol
16α-Hydroxy-DHEA
16α-Hydroxyestrone
16α-Iodoestradiol
16α-LE2
16β-Hydroxyestrone
16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)
17α-Estradiol (
alfatradiol )
17α-Dihydroequilenin
17α-Dihydroequilin
17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)
17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol
17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol
17β-Dihydroequilenin
17β-Dihydroequilin
17β-Methyl-17α-dihydroequilenin
Abiraterone
Abiraterone acetate
Alestramustine
Almestrone
Anabolic steroids (e.g.,
testosterone and
esters ,
methyltestosterone ,
metandienone (methandrostenolone) ,
nandrolone and
esters , many others; via estrogenic metabolites)
Atrimustine
Bolandiol
Bolandiol dipropionate
Butolame
Clomestrone
Cloxestradiol
Conjugated estriol
Conjugated estrogens
Cyclodiol
Cyclotriol
DHEA
DHEA-S
ent -Estradiol
Epiestriol (16β-epiestriol, 16β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol)
Epimestrol
Equilenin
Equilin
ERA-63 (ORG-37663)
Esterified estrogens
Estetrol
Estradiol
Estramustine
Estramustine phosphate
Estrapronicate
Estrazinol
Estriol
Estrofurate
Estrogenic substances
Estromustine
Estrone
Etamestrol (eptamestrol)
Ethinylandrostenediol
Ethinylestradiol
Ethinylestriol
Ethylestradiol
Etynodiol
Etynodiol diacetate
Hexolame
Hippulin
Hydroxyestrone diacetate
Lynestrenol
Lynestrenol phenylpropionate
Mestranol
Methylestradiol
Moxestrol
Mytatrienediol
Nilestriol
Norethisterone
Noretynodrel
Orestrate
Pentolame
Prodiame
Prolame
Promestriene
RU-16117
Quinestradol
Quinestrol
Tibolone
Xenoestrogens:
Anise -related (e.g.,
anethole ,
anol ,
dianethole ,
dianol ,
photoanethole )
Chalconoids (e.g.,
isoliquiritigenin ,
phloretin ,
phlorizin (phloridzin) ,
wedelolactone )
Coumestans (e.g.,
coumestrol ,
psoralidin )
Flavonoids (incl.
7,8-DHF ,
8-prenylnaringenin ,
apigenin ,
baicalein ,
baicalin ,
biochanin A ,
calycosin ,
catechin ,
daidzein ,
daidzin ,
ECG ,
EGCG ,
epicatechin ,
equol ,
formononetin ,
glabrene ,
glabridin ,
genistein ,
genistin ,
glycitein ,
kaempferol ,
liquiritigenin ,
mirificin ,
myricetin ,
naringenin ,
penduletin ,
pinocembrin ,
prunetin ,
puerarin ,
quercetin ,
tectoridin ,
tectorigenin )
Lavender oil
Lignans (e.g.,
enterodiol ,
enterolactone ,
nyasol (cis -hinokiresinol) )
Metalloestrogens (e.g.,
cadmium )
Pesticides (e.g.,
alternariol ,
dieldrin ,
endosulfan ,
fenarimol ,
HPTE ,
methiocarb ,
methoxychlor ,
triclocarban ,
triclosan )
Phytosteroids (e.g.,
digitoxin (
digitalis ),
diosgenin ,
guggulsterone )
Phytosterols (e.g.,
β-sitosterol ,
campesterol ,
stigmasterol )
Resorcylic acid lactones (e.g.,
zearalanone ,
α-zearalenol ,
β-zearalenol ,
zearalenone ,
zeranol (α-zearalanol) ,
taleranol (teranol, β-zearalanol) )
Steroid -like (e.g.,
deoxymiroestrol ,
miroestrol )
Stilbenoids (e.g.,
resveratrol ,
rhaponticin )
Synthetic xenoestrogens (e.g.,
alkylphenols ,
bisphenols (e.g.,
BPA ,
BPF ,
BPS ),
DDT ,
parabens ,
PBBs ,
PHBA ,
phthalates ,
PCBs )
Others (e.g.,
agnuside ,
rotundifuran )
Mixed (
SERMs Tooltip Selective estrogen receptor modulators ) Antagonists
Coregulator-binding modulators:
ERX-11
GPER Tooltip G protein-coupled estrogen receptor
Agonists Antagonists Unknown
PR Tooltip Progesterone receptor
Agonists
Testosterone derivatives: Progestins:
6,6-Difluoronorethisterone
6,6-Difluoronorethisterone acetate
17α-Allyl-19-nortestosterone
Allylestrenol
Altrenogest
Chloroethynylnorgestrel
Cingestol
Danazol
Desogestrel
Dienogest
Ethinylandrostenediol
Ethisterone
Ethynerone
Etonogestrel
Etynodiol
Etynodiol diacetate
Gestodene
Gestrinone
Levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel esters (e.g.,
levonorgestrel butanoate )
Lynestrenol
Lynestrenol phenylpropionate
Metynodiol
Metynodiol diacetate
Norelgestromin
Norethisterone (norethindrone)
Norethisterone esters (e.g.,
norethisterone acetate ,
norethisterone enanthate )
Noretynodrel
Norgesterone
Norgestimate
Norgestrel
Norgestrienone
Norvinisterone
Oxendolone
Quingestanol
Quingestanol acetate
Tibolone
Tigestol
Tosagestin ; Anabolic–androgenic steroids:
11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate
19-Nor-5-androstenediol
19-Nor-5-androstenedione
19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone
Bolandiol
Bolandiol dipropionate
Bolandione
Dimethisterone
Dienedione
Dienolone
Dimethandrolone
Dimethandrolone buciclate
Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate
Dimethandrolone undecanoate
Dimethyldienolone
Dimethyltrienolone
Ethyldienolone
Ethylestrenol (ethylnandrol)
Methyldienolone
Metribolone (R-1881)
Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)
Mibolerone
Nandrolone
Nandrolone esters (e.g.,
nandrolone decanoate ,
nandrolone phenylpropionate )
Norethandrolone
Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethandrolone, normethisterone)
RU-2309
Tetrahydrogestrinone
Trenbolone (trienolone)
Trenbolone esters (e.g.,
trenbolone acetate ,
trenbolone enanthate )
Trendione
Trestolone
Trestolone acetate
Mixed (
SPRMs Tooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators ) Antagonists
mPR Tooltip Membrane progesterone receptor (
PAQR Tooltip Progestin and adipoQ receptor )