From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Substance that increases appetite
An orexigenic , or appetite stimulant , is a
drug ,
hormone , or
compound that increases
appetite and may induce
hyperphagia . This can be a
medication or a naturally occurring
neuropeptide hormone, such as
ghrelin ,
orexin or
neuropeptide Y ,
[1]
[2] which increases
hunger and therefore enhances
food consumption . Usually appetite enhancement is considered an undesirable
side effect of certain
drugs as it leads to unwanted
weight gain ,
[3]
[4]
[5] but sometimes it can be beneficial and a drug may be prescribed solely for this purpose, especially when the patient is suffering from severe appetite loss or muscle wasting due to
cystic fibrosis ,
anorexia ,
old age ,
cancer or
AIDS .
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10] There are several widely used drugs which can cause a boost in appetite, including
tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs),
tetracyclic antidepressants , natural or synthetic
cannabinoids , first-generation
antihistamines , most
antipsychotics and many
steroid hormones . In the
United States , no hormone or drug has currently been
approved by the
FDA specifically as an orexigenic, with the exception of
Dronabinol , which received approval for
HIV/AIDS -induced
anorexia only.
List of orexigenics
5-HT2C receptor
antagonists /
inverse agonists —
mirtazapine ,
olanzapine ,
quetiapine ,
amitriptyline ,
cyproheptadine ,
lurasidone
H1 receptor
antagonists /
inverse agonists —
mirtazapine ,
olanzapine ,
quetiapine ,
amitriptyline ,
cyproheptadine ,
pizotifen
Dopamine antagonists —
haloperidol ,
chlorpromazine ,
olanzapine ,
risperidone ,
quetiapine
Adrenergic antagonists :
Paradoxically,
β-adrenergic agonists are also listed.
[11]
Not
ephedra /
clenbuterol (which is an
appetite suppressant ), but
salbutamol ,
flerobuterol ,
Zilpaterol , and related drugs.
α2
Adrenergic agonists —
clonidine
CB1 receptor
agonists (
cannabinoids —
THC/dronabinol (a component of
Cannabis ),
nabilone
Corticosteroids —
dexamethasone ,
prednisone ,
hydrocortisone
Certain
pregnene
steroids —
megestrol acetate ,
medroxyprogesterone acetate
Anabolic steroids —
oxandrolone ,
boldenone undecylenate ,
testosterone
Other steroids such as
Prednisolone
Sulfonylurea antidiabetic drugs such as
glibenclamide ,
chlorpropamide and
tolbutamide
Mood stabilizers such as
lithium
Some anti-epileptic drugs such as
valproate ,
carbamazepine and
gabapentin
[12]
α2 δ
VDCC ligands —
gabapentin ,
pregabalin
[13]
Ghrelin receptor agonists such as
anamorelin ,
GHRP-6 ,
ibutamoren ,
ipamorelin , and
pralmorelin
MC4 receptor antagonists
Insulin
Sugars , such as
fructose
[14]
Alcohol beverages
[15]
Benzodiazepines , such as
diazepam
[16]
See also
References
^ Diepvens K, Häberer D, Westerterp-Plantenga M (Mar 2008). "Different proteins and biopeptides differently affect satiety and anorexigenic/orexigenic hormones in healthy humans". Int J Obes (Lond) . 32 (3): 510–8.
doi :
10.1038/sj.ijo.0803758 .
PMID
18345020 .
^ Akimoto S, Miyasaka K (July 2010).
"Age-associated changes of hunger-regulating peptides" . Geriatrics & Gerontology International . 10 Suppl 1: S107–19.
doi :
10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00587.x .
PMID
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S2CID
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^ Purnell JQ, Weyer C (2003). "Weight effect of current and experimental drugs for diabetes mellitus: from promotion to alleviation of obesity". Treatments in Endocrinology . 2 (1): 33–47.
doi :
10.2165/00024677-200302010-00004 .
PMID
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S2CID
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^ Hermansen K, Mortensen LS (2007). "Bodyweight changes associated with antihyperglycaemic agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus". Drug Safety . 30 (12): 1127–42.
doi :
10.2165/00002018-200730120-00005 .
PMID
18035865 .
S2CID
19877584 .
^ Maayan L, Correll CU (July 2010).
"Management of antipsychotic-related weight gain" . Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics . 10 (7): 1175–200.
doi :
10.1586/ern.10.85 .
PMC
3501406 .
PMID
20586697 .
^ Strasser F, Bruera ED (June 2002). "Update on anorexia and cachexia". Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America . 16 (3): 589–617.
doi :
10.1016/s0889-8588(02)00011-4 .
PMID
12170570 .
^ Nasr SZ, Drury D (March 2008).
"use in cystic fibrosis" (PDF) . Pediatric Pulmonology . 43 (3): 209–19.
doi :
10.1002/ppul.20766 .
hdl :
2027.42/57930 .
PMID
18219690 .
S2CID
43667706 .
^ Morley JE (2007). "Weight loss in older persons: new therapeutic approaches". Current Pharmaceutical Design . 13 (35): 3637–47.
doi :
10.2174/138161207782794149 .
PMID
18220800 .
^ Fox CB, Treadway AK, Blaszczyk AT, Sleeper RB (April 2009). "Megestrol acetate and mirtazapine for the treatment of unplanned weight loss in the elderly". Pharmacotherapy . 29 (4): 383–97.
doi :
10.1592/phco.29.4.383 .
PMID
19323618 .
S2CID
6695434 .
^ Holmes S (July 2009). "A difficult clinical problem: diagnosis, impact and clinical management of cachexia in palliative care". International Journal of Palliative Nursing . 15 (7): 320, 322–6.
doi :
10.12968/ijpn.2009.15.7.43421 .
PMID
19648846 .
^ Lang F, Perrier E, Pellet J. [Noradrenergic hypothesis in anorexia nervosa: prospective study using beta-stimulant therapy]. Ann Med Psychol (Paris). 1983;141(8):918-25.
^ Ness-Abramof R, Apovian CM (Aug 2005). "Drug-induced weight gain". Drugs of Today . 41 (8): 547–55.
doi :
10.1358/dot.2005.41.8.893630 .
PMID
16234878 .
S2CID
34960274 .
^ LYRICA (pregabalin), CV. Full Prescribing Information, Section 5.7 (Weight Gain). Pfizer, Inc. Revised June, 2013.
[1]
^
"Fructose Metabolism: Relation to Food Intake & Metabolic Dysfunction" . themedicalbiochemistrypage.org . Retrieved 14 April 2018 .
^ Caton SJ, Nolan LJ, Hetherington MM (2015). "Alcohol, Appetite and Loss of Restraint". Curr Obes Rep . 4 (1): 99–105.
doi :
10.1007/s13679-014-0130-y .
PMID
26627094 .
S2CID
36018101 .
^ Cooper, S. J. (2005).
"Palatability-dependent appetite and benzodiazepines: new directions from the pharmacology of GABA(A) receptor subtypes" . Appetite . 44 (2): 133–150.
doi :
10.1016/j.appet.2005.01.003 .
PMID
15808888 .
S2CID
1394424 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 .
Further reading
External links