From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Drug class
A steroidogenesis inhibitor , also known as a steroid biosynthesis inhibitor , is a type of
drug which
inhibits one or more of the
enzymes that are involved in the process of
steroidogenesis , the
biosynthesis of
endogenous
steroids and
steroid hormones .
[1] They may inhibit the production of
cholesterol and other
sterols ,
sex steroids such as
androgens ,
estrogens , and
progestogens ,
corticosteroids such as
glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids , and
neurosteroids .
[1]
[2] They are used in the treatment of a variety of
medical conditions that depend on endogenous steroids.
[1]
Steroidogenesis inhibitors are analogous in effect and use to
antigonadotropins (which specifically inhibit
gonadal sex steroid production), but work via a different
mechanism of action ; whereas antigonadotropins suppress gonadal production of sex steroids by effecting
negative feedback on and thereby suppressing the
hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis , steroidogenesis inhibitors directly inhibit the enzymatic biosynthesis of steroids.
[1]
Types, examples, and uses
Cholesterol synthesis inhibitors
Cholesterol
biosynthesis from
acetyl-CoA .
Acetyl-CoA to lanosterol inhibitors
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) inhibitors prevent the conversion of
isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) into
farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), a mid-range step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol from acetyl-CoA, and thereby inhibit cholesterol production.
[4]
[5] They notably do not significantly lower circulating levels of cholesterol however, and hence, unlike statins, are not suitable for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
[6] The main examples of FPPS inhibitors are
nitrogenous
bisphosphonates such as
alendronate ,
ibandronate ,
pamidronate ,
risedronate , and
zoledronate , which are used in the treatment of
osteoporosis .
[4]
[5]
Lanosterol to cholesterol inhibitors
24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (24-DHCR) inhibitors such as
azacosterol and
triparanol inhibit the production of cholesterol from
desmosterol , one of the last steps in cholesterol biosynthesis, and were formerly used to treat hypercholesterolemia, but were withdrawn from the market due to toxicity caused by accumulation of desmosterol in tissues.
[12]
[13]
Steroid hormone synthesis inhibitors
Steroidogenesis ,
biosynthesis of
steroid hormones from
cholesterol .
[14]
Non-specific steroid hormone synthesis inhibitors
Corticosteroid-specific synthesis inhibitors
Sex steroid-specific synthesis inhibitors
Other steroid synthesis inhibitors
List of steroid metabolism modulators
Enzyme
Substrates →
Products
Inhibitors
Inducers
HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR )
HMG-CoA →
Mevalonic acid
Atorvastatin •
Cerivastatin •
Colestolone •
Fluvastatin •
Lovastatin •
Mevastatin •
Pitavastatin •
Pravastatin •
Rosuvastatin •
Simvastatin
FPPS Tooltip Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase
Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (isoprenyl pyrophosphate) →
Farnesyl pyrophosphate •
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate →
Farnesyl pyrophosphate
Alendronic acid •
Ibandronic acid •
Incadronic acid •
Pamidronic acid •
Risedronic acid •
Zoledronic acid
7-DHCR Tooltip 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase
7-Dehydrocholesterol →
Cholesterol
AY-9944 •
BM-15766 •
Triparanol
24-DHCR Tooltip 24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase
Desmosterol →
Cholesterol
Azacosterol •
Clomifene •
Triparanol •
WY-3457
P450scc Tooltip Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1 )
Cholesterol →
22R-Hydroxycholesterol •
22R-Hydroxycholesterol →
20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol •
20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol →
Pregnenolone
22-ABC •
3,3′-Dimethoxybenzidine •
3-Methoxybenzidine •
Aminoglutethimide •
Amphenone B •
Canrenone •
Cyanoketone •
Danazol •
Etomidate •
Ketoconazole •
Levoketoconazole •
Mitotane •
Spironolactone •
Trilostane
3β-HSD Tooltip 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B )
Pregnenolone →
Progesterone •
17α-Hydroxypregnenolone →
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone •
Dehydroepiandrosterone →
Androstenedione •
5-Androstenediol →
Testosterone •
Androstadienol →
Androstadienone
4-MA •
Δ4 -Abiraterone •
Abiraterone •
Abiraterone acetate •
Amphenone B •
Azastene •
Cyanoketone •
Cyproterone acetate •
Danazol •
Epostane •
Genistein •
Gestrinone •
Medrogestone •
Medroxyprogesterone acetate •
Metribolone •
Metyrapone •
Norethisterone •
Oxymetholone •
Pioglitazone •
Rosiglitazone •
Trilostane •
Troglitazone
17α-Hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase (CYP17A1 )
Pregnenolone →
17α-Hydroxypregnenolone •
Progesterone →
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone •
17α-Hydroxypregnenolone →
Dehydroepiandrosterone •
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone →
Androstenedione
22-ABC •
22-Oxime •
Δ4 -Abiraterone •
Abiraterone •
Abiraterone acetate •
Amphenone B •
Bifluranol •
Bifonazole •
Canrenone •
CFG-920 •
Clotrimazole •
Cyanoketone •
Cyproterone acetate •
Danazol •
Econazole •
Etomidate •
Flutamide •
Galeterone •
Gestrinone •
Isoconazole •
Ketoconazole •
L-39 •
Levoketoconazole •
Liarozole •
LY-207,320 •
MDL-27,302 •
Miconazole •
Mifepristone •
Nilutamide •
Orteronel •
Pioglitazone •
Prochloraz •
Rosiglitazone •
Seviteronel •
Spironolactone •
Stanozolol •
SU-9055 •
SU-10603 •
TGF-β •
Tioconazole •
Troglitazone •
VN/87-1 •
YM116
11β-HSD Tooltip 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD11B )
Cortisol ↔
Cortisone
11-Ketoprogesterone •
11α-Hydroxyprogesterone •
11β-Hydroxyprogesterone •
18α-Glycyrrhizic acid •
ABT-384 •
Acetoxolone •
Amphenone B •
Carbenoxolone •
Enoxolone (glycyrrhetinic acid) •
Epigallocatechin gallate •
Glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizic acid) (
licorice ) •
Progesterone
21-Hydroxylase (CYP21A2 )
Progesterone →
11-Deoxycorticosterone •
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone →
11-Deoxycortisol
Aminoglutethimide •
Amphenone B •
Bifonazole •
Canrenone •
Clotrimazole •
Diazepam •
Econazole •
Genistein •
Isoconazole •
Ketoconazole •
Levoketoconazole •
Metyrapone •
Miconazole •
Midazolam •
Spironolactone •
Abiraterone •
Abiraterone acetate •
Tioconazole
11β-Hydroxylase (CYP11B1 )
11-Deoxycorticosterone →
Corticosterone •
11-Deoxycortisol →
Cortisol
Δ4 -Abiraterone •
Abiraterone •
Abiraterone acetate •
Aminoglutethimide •
Canrenone •
Etomidate •
Fadrozole •
FETO •
Ketoconazole •
Levoketoconazole •
Metomidate •
Metyrapol •
Metyrapone •
Mitotane •
Potassium canrenoate •
Spironolactone •
Trilostane •
Osilodrostat
Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2 )
Corticosterone →
Aldosterone
18-Ethynylprogesterone (18-ethinylprogesterone) •
18-Vinylprogesterone •
Aminoglutethimide •
Azelnidipine •
Benidipine •
Canrenone •
Cilnidipine •
Efonidipine •
FAD286 •
Fadrozole •
Ketoconazole •
Metyrapone •
Mespirenone •
Osilodrostat •
Potassium canrenoate •
Spironolactone
17β-HSD Tooltip 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B )
Dehydroepiandrosterone ↔
5-Androstenediol •
Androstenedione ↔
Testosterone •
Estrone ↔
Estradiol
Danazol •
Ethanol •
Fisetin •
RM-532-105 •
Simvastatin •
STX-2171 •
STX-2622 •
STX-2624
5α-Reductase (SRD5A )
Cholestenone →
5α-Cholestanone •
Progesterone →
5α-Dihydroprogesterone •
3α-Dihydroprogesterone →
Allopregnanolone •
3β-Dihydroprogesterone →
Isopregnanolone •
Deoxycorticosterone →
5α-Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone •
Corticosterone →
5α-Dihydrocorticosterone •
Cortisol →
5α-Dihydrocortisol •
Aldosterone →
5α-Dihydroaldosterone •
Androstenedione →
5α-Androstanedione •
Testosterone →
5α-Dihydrotestosterone •
Androstadienone →
Androstenone
22-Oxime •
Δ4 -Abiraterone •
Abiraterone •
Abiraterone acetate •
Alfatradiol •
Azelaic acid •
β-Sitosterol •
Bexlosteride •
Chlormadinone acetate •
Cl-4AS-1 •
Dutasteride •
Epitestosterone •
Epristeride •
Fatty acids (
α-linolenic acid ,
linoleic acid ,
γ-linolenic acid ,
monolinolein ,
oleic acid ) •
Finasteride •
Ganoderic acid •
Gestodene •
Izonsteride •
L-39 •
Lapisteride •
Oxendolone •
Saw palmetto extract •
TFM-4AS-1 •
Turosteride •
Vitamin B6 •
Zinc
3α-HSD Tooltip 3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C4 )
5α-Dihydroprogesterone ↔
Allopregnanolone •
DHDOC ↔
THDOC •
Dihydrotestosterone ↔
3α-Androstanediol
Coumestrol •
Daidzein •
Genistein •
Indometacin •
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Fluoxetine •
Fluvoxamine •
Mirtazapine •
Paroxetine •
Sertraline •
Venlafaxine
Aromatase (CYP19A1 )
16α-Hydroxyandrostenedione →
16α-Hydroxyestrone •
Androstenedione →
Estrone •
Nandrolone →
Estradiol •
Metandienone →
Methylestradiol •
Methyltestosterone →
Methylestradiol •
Testosterone →
Estradiol
4-AT •
4-Cyclohexylaniline •
4'-Hydroxynorendoxifen •
4-Hydroxytestosterone •
5α-DHNET •
20α-Dihydroprogesterone •
Abyssinone II •
alpha-Naphthoflavone •
Aminoglutethimide •
Anastrozole •
Ascorbic acid (
vitamin C ) •
Atamestane •
ATD •
Bifonazole •
CGP-45,688 •
CGS-47,645 •
Chalconoids (e.g.,
isoliquiritigenin ) •
Clotrimazole •
Corynesidone A •
Coumestrol •
DHT •
Difeconazole •
Econazole •
Ellagitannins •
Endosulfan •
Exemestane •
Fadrozole •
Fatty acids (e.g.,
conjugated linoleic acid ,
linoleic acid ,
linolenic acid ,
palmitic acid ) •
Fenarimol •
Finrozole •
Flavonoids (e.g.,
7-hydroxyflavone ,
7-hydroxyflavanone ,
7,8-DHF ,
acacetin ,
apigenin ,
baicalein ,
biochanin A ,
chrysin ,
EGCG ,
gossypetin ,
hesperetin ,
liquiritigenin ,
myricetin ,
naringenin ,
pinocembrin ,
rotenone ,
quercetin ,
sakuranetin ,
tectochrysin ) •
Formestane •
Imazalil •
Isoconazole •
Ketoconazole •
Leflutrozole •
Letrozole •
Liarozole •
Melatonin •
MEN-11066 •
Miconazole •
Minamestane •
Nimorazole •
NKS01 •
Norendoxifen •
ORG-33,201 •
Penconazole •
Phenytoin •
PGE2 (dinoprostone) •
Plomestane •
Prochloraz •
Propiconazole •
Quinolinoids (e.g.,
berberine ,
casimiroin ,
triptoquinone A ,
XHN22 ,
XHN26 ,
XHN27 ) •
Resorcylic acid lactones (e.g.,
zearalenone ) •
Rogletimide (pyridoglutethimide) •
Stilbenoids (e.g.,
resveratrol ) •
Terpenoids (e.g.,
dehydroabietic acid ,
(–)-dehydrololiolide ,
retinol (
vitamin A ),
Δ9 -THC ,
tretinoin ) •
Testolactone •
Tioconazole •
Triadimefon •
Triadimenol •
Troglitazone •
Valproic acid •
Vorozole •
Xanthones (e.g.,
garcinone D ,
garcinone E ,
α-mangostin ,
γ-mangostin ,
monodictyochrome A ,
monodictyochrome B ) •
YM-511 •
Zinc
Atrazine •
Flavonoids (e.g.,
genistein ,
quercetin )
SST Tooltip Steroid sulfotransferase /
EST Tooltip Estrogen sulfotransferase
Dehydroepiandrosterone →
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate •
Estrone →
Estrone sulfate
4′OH-CB79 •
6-Hydroxyflavone •
2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol (DCNP) •
7,8-Dihydroxyflavone •
Equol •
Galangin •
Genistein •
Parabens (e.g.,
butylparaben ) •
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) •
Triclosan
STS Tooltip Steroid sulfatase
Cholesterol sulfate →
Cholesterol •
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate →
Dehydroepiandrosterone •
Estrone sulfate →
Estrone •
Pregnenolone sulfate →
Pregnenolone
AHBS •
Danazol •
Estradiol sulfamate (E2MATE) •
Estrone sulfamate (EMATE) •
Irosustat (STX64, 667 Coumate, BN-83495) •
KW-2581 •
SR-16157 •
STX213 •
STX681 •
STX1938
Sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1 )
Cholesterol →
27-Hydroxycholesterol
Anastrozole •
Bicalutamide •
Dexmedetomidine •
Fadrozole •
Posaconazole •
Ravuconazole
Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1 )
Cholesterol →
7α-Hydroxycholesterol (
intermediate to
bile acids )
Ketoconazole •
Levoketoconazole
Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51A1 )
Lanosterol →
4,4-Dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3β-ol (
intermediate to
ergosterol )
Albaconazole •
Aliconazole •
Alteconazole •
Arasertaconazole •
Azaconazole •
Azalanstat •
Becliconazole •
Bifonazole •
Brolaconazole •
Butoconazole •
Chlormidazole •
Cisconazole •
Clotrimazole •
Croconazole •
Cyproconazole •
Democonazole •
Diniconazole •
Doconazole •
Eberconazole •
Econazole •
Econazole/triamcinolone •
Efinaconazole •
Embeconazole •
Enilconazole •
Etaconazole •
Fenticonazole •
Fluconazole •
Flutrimazole •
Fosfluconazole •
Furconazole •
Hexaconazole •
Isavuconazole •
Isavuconazonium chloride •
Isavuconazonium sulfate •
Isoconazole •
Itraconazole •
Ketoconazole •
Lanoconazole •
Levoketoconazole •
Luliconazole •
Miconazole •
Neticonazole •
Omoconazole •
Orconazole •
Oxiconazole •
Parconazole •
Penconazole •
Posaconazole •
Propiconazole •
Pramiconazole •
Quilseconazole •
Ravuconazole •
Saperconazole •
Sertaconazole •
Sulconazole •
Tebuconazole •
Terconazole (triaconazole) •
Tioconazole •
Uniconazole •
Valconazole •
Voriconazole •
Zinoconazole •
Zoficonazole
See also
References
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External links