From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Phytochemical
Phytoprogestogens , also known as phytoprogestins , are
phytochemicals (that is, naturally occurring, plant-derived chemicals) with
progestogenic effects.
[1]
[2]
Relative to their
phytoestrogen counterparts, phytoprogestogens are rare.
[1] However, a number have been identified, including
kaempferol ,
diosgenin (found in
yam ),
apigenin (found in
chasteberry ),
[1]
[3]
naringenin , and
syringic acid , among others.
[2] In addition,
3,8-dihydrodiligustilide from
Ligusticum chuanxiong is a
potent progestogen (
EC50 = 90 nM), whereas
riligustilide is a weak progestogen (EC50 ≈ 81 μM).
[4]
[5]
References
^
a
b
c Hajirahimkhan, Atieh; Dietz, Birgit; Bolton, Judy (2013).
"Botanical Modulation of Menopausal Symptoms: Mechanisms of Action?" . Planta Medica . 79 (7): 538–553.
doi :
10.1055/s-0032-1328187 .
ISSN
0032-0943 .
PMC
3800090 .
PMID
23408273 .
^
a
b Zava DT, Dollbaum CM, Blen M (1998). "Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices". Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med . 217 (3): 369–78.
doi :
10.3181/00379727-217-44247 .
PMID
9492350 .
S2CID
20673587 .
^ Toh, M.F.; Sohn, J.; Chen, S.N.; Yao, P.; Bolton, J.L.; Burdette, J.E. (2012).
"Biological characterization of non-steroidal progestins from botanicals used for women's health" . Steroids . 77 (7): 765–773.
doi :
10.1016/j.steroids.2012.03.013 .
ISSN
0039-128X .
PMC
3601661 .
PMID
22484153 .
^ Lim LS, Shen P, Gong YH, Yong EL (2006). "Dimeric progestins from rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong". Phytochemistry . 67 (7): 728–34.
Bibcode :
2006PChem..67..728L .
doi :
10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.01.024 .
PMID
16516938 .
^ Ahmed, H.M.M.; Yeh, J.Y.; Lin, W.J.; Forsberg, N.E.; Cheng, W.T.K.; Ou, B.R (2014). "Validation of a luciferase bioassay to detect the progestative activity in gilts whose estrus was induced by an uterotonic herb (Ligusticum chuanxiong)". Livestock Science . 163 : 159–164.
doi :
10.1016/j.livsci.2014.02.012 .
ISSN
1871-1413 .
PR Tooltip Progesterone receptor
Agonists
Testosterone derivatives: Progestins:
6,6-Difluoronorethisterone
6,6-Difluoronorethisterone acetate
17α-Allyl-19-nortestosterone
Allylestrenol
Altrenogest
Chloroethynylnorgestrel
Cingestol
Danazol
Desogestrel
Dienogest
Ethinylandrostenediol
Ethisterone
Ethynerone
Etonogestrel
Etynodiol
Etynodiol diacetate
Gestodene
Gestrinone
Levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel esters (e.g.,
levonorgestrel butanoate )
Lynestrenol
Lynestrenol phenylpropionate
Metynodiol
Metynodiol diacetate
Norelgestromin
Norethisterone (norethindrone)
Norethisterone esters (e.g.,
norethisterone acetate ,
norethisterone enanthate )
Noretynodrel
Norgesterone
Norgestimate
Norgestrel
Norgestrienone
Norvinisterone
Oxendolone
Quingestanol
Quingestanol acetate
Tibolone
Tigestol
Tosagestin ; Anabolic–androgenic steroids:
11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate
19-Nor-5-androstenediol
19-Nor-5-androstenedione
19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone
Bolandiol
Bolandiol dipropionate
Bolandione
Dimethisterone
Dienedione
Dienolone
Dimethandrolone
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Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate
Dimethandrolone undecanoate
Dimethyldienolone
Dimethyltrienolone
Ethyldienolone
Ethylestrenol (ethylnandrol)
Methyldienolone
Metribolone (R-1881)
Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)
Mibolerone
Nandrolone
Nandrolone esters (e.g.,
nandrolone decanoate ,
nandrolone phenylpropionate )
Norethandrolone
Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethandrolone, normethisterone)
RU-2309
Tetrahydrogestrinone
Trenbolone (trienolone)
Trenbolone esters (e.g.,
trenbolone acetate ,
trenbolone enanthate )
Trendione
Trestolone
Trestolone acetate
Mixed (
SPRMs Tooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators ) Antagonists
mPR Tooltip Membrane progesterone receptor (
PAQR Tooltip Progestin and adipoQ receptor )