From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Decade
The 1520s decade ran from January 1, 1520, to December 31, 1529.
Events
1520
This section is
transcluded from
1520 .
(
|
history )
January–June
January 19 – King
Christian II of Denmark and
Norway defeats the Swedes, at
Lake Åsunden in
Sweden . The Swedish regent
Sten Sture the Younger is mortally wounded in the battle. He is rushed towards
Stockholm , in order to lead the fight against the Danes from there, but dies from his wounds on
February 3 .
[1]
April 16 –
Revolt of the Comuneros : Citizens of
Toledo ,
Castile opposed to the rule of the
Flemish -born
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , rise up when the royal government attempts to unseat radical city councilors.
[2]
June –
Moctezuma II ,
Aztec ruler of
Tenochtitlan , is declared deposed due to his captivity by
conquistador
Hernán Cortés . His brother
Cuitláhuac rises to the throne.
June 7 – King
Henry VIII of England and King
Francis I of France meet at the famous
Field of the Cloth of Gold .
[3]
June 10 –
Revolt of the Comuneros :
Segovia is blockaded.
June 15 –
Pope Leo X issues the bull
Exsurge Domine (Arise O Lord), threatening
Martin Luther with excommunication, if he does not recant his position on indulgences and other Catholic doctrines.
[4]
July–December
August –
Martin Luther publishes
To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation .
[6]
September 7 –
Christian II makes his triumphant entry into
Stockholm , which had surrendered to him a few days earlier.
[7] Sten Sture's widow
Christina Gyllenstierna , who has led the fight after Sten's death, and all other persons in the resistance against the Danes, are granted amnesty and are pardoned for their involvement in the resistance.
September 22 –
Suleiman I succeeds his father
Selim I as
Sultan of the
Ottoman Empire .
[8] He is officially crowned on September 30.
[9]
October –
Cuitláhuac ,
Aztec ruler of
Tenochtitlan , dies from
smallpox during an epidemic.
[10] He is succeeded by his nephew
Cuauhtémoc .
October 21 (Feast of St. Ursula) – The islands of
Saint Pierre and Miquelon are discovered by
Portuguese explorer
João Álvares Fagundes , off
Newfoundland . He names them Islands of the 11,000 Virgins , in honour of
Saint Ursula .
October 23 – Charles V is crowned King of Germany in
Aachen .
[11]
November 1 –
4 – Christian II is crowned king of Sweden in
Nikolai Church .
[12] The coronation is followed by a three-day feast in
Stockholm .
November 7 – At the end of the third day of Christian's coronation feast, several leading figures of the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion are imprisoned, and tried for high treason.
[13]
November 8 –
9 –
Stockholm Bloodbath : 82 noblemen and clergymen, having been sentenced to death for their involvement in the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion, are executed by beheading.
[14]
November 28 – After navigating through the South American
strait , three ships under the command of
Portuguese explorer
Ferdinand Magellan reach the
Pacific Ocean ,
[15]
[16] becoming the first Europeans to sail from the
Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific (the strait is later named the
Strait of Magellan ).
December 10 –
Martin Luther burns a copy of The Book of Canon Law (see
Canon Law ), and his copy of the Papal bull
Exsurge Domine .
[17]
Date unknown
1521
This section is
transcluded from
1521 .
(
|
history )
Neacșu's letter , the oldest surviving document written in Romanian has the oldest appearance of the word "Rumanian"
January–June
January 3 –
Pope Leo X excommunicates
Martin Luther , in the
papal bull
Decet Romanum Pontificem .
[20]
January 22 –
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , opens the
Diet of Worms in
Worms, Germany .
[21]
January 27 –
Suleiman the Magnificent suppresses a revolt by the ruler of
Damascus ,
Janbirdi al-Ghazali .
[22]
February 2 – The
Nydala Abbey Bloodbath takes place at
Nydala Abbey ,
Sweden ; the abbot and many monks are murdered by Danes.
[23]
March 6
March 16 –
Ferdinand Magellan reaches the
Philippines , in eastern
Samar .
[27]
March 31 – The
First Mass in the Philippines is held.
[28]
April or
May –
Battle of Tunmen in
Tuen Mun (present-day Hong Kong): The Ming Dynasty navy defeats the Portuguese navy
[29] (arguably the first Sino-European battle in world history).
April 7
April 16 –
18 –
Martin Luther is examined before
Emperor Charles V and the
Diet of Worms , where he refuses to recant his writings and allegedly proclaims, "Here I stand", regarding his belief in the Bible alone, as the standard of Christian doctrine.
April 23 –
Revolt of the Comuneros –
Battle of Villalar :
Castilian royalists defeat the rebels.
[32]
Juan López de Padilla ,
Francisco Maldonado , and
Juan Bravo are executed the following day as the leaders of the rebels.
April 26 –
Martin Luther leaves
Worms and disappears for around a year
[33] – he is rumored to be murdered, but is actually in hiding at the
Wartburg castle.
[34]
April 27 –
Battle of Mactan :
Ferdinand Magellan is killed in the
Philippines .
[35]
May – The
Italian War of 1521–1526 breaks out between
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , and
Francis I of France .
May 17 –
Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham , is executed for
treason in
Tower Hill .
[36]
May 20 –
Battle of Pampeluna : Allied
French -
Navarrese forces defeat the
Spanish .
[37]
May 25 – The
Diet of Worms ends when
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the
Edict of Worms , declaring
Martin Luther an outlaw and banning his literature.
[38]
May 27 –
Jiajing Emperor ascends the throne of the
Ming dynasty .
[39]
June 25 –
Suleiman the Magnificent begins the
siege of Belgrade .
June 29 or
30 – The oldest surviving dateable document written primarily in the
Romanian language :
Neacșu's letter , written by a trader from
Câmpulung , to Johannes Benkner, the mayor of
Brașov , warning that the
Ottoman Empire is preparing its troops to cross into
Wallachia and
Transylvania ; the script used is
Romanian Cyrillic .
June 30 –
Battle of Esquiroz :
French forces under
André de Foix , fighting for the exiled King of
Navarre
Henri d'Albret , are defeated by the
Spanish , and forced to abandon their attempt to recover Henri's kingdom.
[40]
July–December
Date unknown
1522
This section is
transcluded from
1522 .
(
|
history )
January–June
July–December
July – The English army attacks
Brittany and
Picardy from
Calais , burning and looting the countryside.
[51]
July 28 – Ottoman Sultan
Suleiman I begins his
siege to expel the
Knights of St. John in
Rhodes .
August – The
Knights' War erupts in
Germany .
September 6 – The
Victoria (
nao Vittoria ), one of the surviving ships of the
Magellan expedition , returns to
Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain, under the command of
Juan Sebastián Elcano , becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the world.
September 21 –
Luther Bible :
Martin Luther 's
translation of the
Bible 's
New Testament into
Early New High German from Greek, Das newe Testament Deutzsch , is published in Germany, selling thousands in the first few weeks.
September 22 –
1522 Almería earthquake : A major 6.8 to 7.0
earthquake occurs in the capital of
Almeria and the Andarax Valley, near
Alhama de Almería . It has a maximum felt intensity of X–XI (extreme ), and kills about 2,500 people, making it the most destructive earthquake in Spanish history. The city of Almería is totally destroyed, and there is serious destruction in 80 other towns; in
Granada , large cracks are observed in various walls and towers.
[52]
October 21 –
22 – The
1522 Vila Franca earthquake takes place in the
municipality of
Vila Franca do Campo , at this time the provincial capital, located on
São Miguel Island , in the
Portuguese archipelago of the
Azores .
November – The
Diet of Nuremberg opens.
December 18 – The Ottomans finally break into
Rhodes , but the Knights continue fierce resistance in the streets.
December 20 –
Suleiman the Magnificent accepts the surrender of the surviving Knights in Rhodes, who are allowed to evacuate. They eventually re-settle on
Malta , and become known as the
Knights of Malta .
Date unknown
1523
This section is
transcluded from
1523 .
(
|
history )
January–March
January 20 –
Christian II is forced to abdicate as King of Denmark and Norway after the nobles of the
herredag at
Viborg have renounced their allegiance in favor of his uncle,
Frederick, Duke of Holstein . Christian is exiled to the Netherlands in April.
[53]
February 15 – Construction of
Fort Kastela by Portuguese invaders, on what is now the island of
Ternate in
Indonesia , is completed as Portugal claims the
Spice Islands (now the Maluku Islands).
[54]
February 25 –
Battle of al-Shihr on the
Arabian Peninsula (in what is now
Yemen ): Troops from Portugal fight against the
Kathiri Sultanate , ruled by the Emir Mutran bin Mansur. After a battle of one day, the Portuguese sack the capital,
Al-Shihr , and establish a port on the Indian Ocean.
February 27 – Captain Antón Mayor formally claims for Spain what is now
Nicaragua , after he arrives with
Andrés Niño and other Spanish troops on the Central American coast at
El Realejo .
[55]
March 8 – In Spain's
Kingdom of Valencia , a rebellion by the
Brotherhoods of Mallorca is suppressed after two years, as the rebels surrender their capital,
Palma de Mallorca , to Spanish and German troops.
[56]
March 26 –
Frederick I is provisionally declared as King of Denmark by Danish nobles at
Viborg , although loyalists at
Copenhagen refuse to recognize his claim to the throne. Christian II, 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523.
[57]
April–June
April 4 – Under a plan organized by Sister
Katharina von Bora and Protestant reformer
Martin Luther , fish merchant Leonhard Köppe helps carry out the rescue of Von Bora and other
Cistercian Catholic
nuns from the Nimbschen Abbey in Germany near
Grimma and
Leipzig . On the day before Easter, Köppe arrives at the convent under the pretext of bringing delivering herring and other foods to the Abbey, then uses empty barrels to smuggle the nuns to
Wittenberg . Von Bora will later become Luther's wife.
[58]
[59]
April 12 – The Spanish conquest of Nicaragua continues as
Gil González Dávila and 17 other soldiers arrive at
Lake Nicaragua and claim it for the Spanish crown, calling the freshwater source the Mar Dulce . Gonzalez and 100 men with him have been welcomed by
Macuilmiquiztli Nicarao , leader of the friendly
Nicarao people , to explore the area.
[60]
April 14 –
Mirza Shah Hossein ,
Grand Vizier of Persia since 1514, is assassinated in
Qazvin (now in Iran) by Shia nobles of the Qizilbash sect, and replaced by
Jalal al-Din Mohammad Tabrizi .
[61]
April 15 –
Sir Thomas More , noted for being a Catholic social philosopher and author of the 1516 novel
Utopia , is appointed by King Henry VIII as the Speaker of the English House of Commons for the first parliamentary session since 1515. He serves until the Parliament adjourns on August 15.
April 17 – In Nicaragua,
Diriangén , ruler of the
Chorotega speakers, stages an attack on the Spanish invaders led by González Dávila.
[60] Having been warned by one of the Nicarao natives of the intended surprise attack, Spanish defenders on horses rout the Chorotega, but several of the Spaniards are wounded. The Spanish then decide to proceed no further inland.
April 23 –
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , brings the
Spanish Inquisition to the Netherlands with the appointment of Frans Van der Hulst as the inquisitor general of the
Seventeen Provinces , which will later become parts of the Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the southern Netherlands.
[62]
April 24 – The
Diet of Hungary , parliament for the Kingdom of Hungary under
King Lajos II , passes a decree ordering the confiscation of property and execution of all followers of
Martin Luther within the Kingdom.
[63]
May 6 – In the
Rhineland in Germany, the
Knights' War , led by
Franz von Sickingen since August 27, is finally put down at
Landstuhl by troops of the Holy Roman Empire as the Nanstein Castle falls.
[64] Sickingen, mortally wounded in the final battle, dies of his wounds the next day.
May 5 – An assassination attempt is made against
King Sigismund of Poland , who is shot at while walking outside his residence at
Wawel Castle overlooking
Kraków .
[65]
May 20 –
Andrea Gritti is elected as the new
Doge of the
Republic of Venice , 13 days after the death of
Antonio Grimani .
[66]
May 27 –
Swedish War of Liberation :
The city of Kalmar in Sweden , occupied by troops of
Denmark , falls to a Swedish Army force led by
Arvid Västgöte after the city's magistrates agree to leave the northern gate of the city open.
[67] Kalmar Castle surrenders on June 4. With the fall of
Kalmar , only
Stockholm remains as a site of the Danish occupation.
May 31 – Following the
Battle of Sincouwaan at sea between the ships of the
Chinese Empire and the
Kingdom of Portugal , the Malay ambassador to China reluctantly departs from
Guangzhou to present letters to the Portuguese governors of the occupied
Malacca Sultanate , demanding the restoration of the deposed Sultan. Though fearing execution by the Portuguese, the messengers are allowed to leave. They return in September with a plea for help from the Malay Sultan, whose territory is under attack from the Europeans.
[68]
May – The
Ningbo Incident : Two rival trade delegations from Japan feud in the Chinese city of
Ningbo , resulting in the pillage and plunder of the city.
[69]
June 3 –
Santhome Church is established by Portuguese explorers over the tomb of
Saint Thomas the Apostle at
Madras (now Chennai) in
India .
June 6 –
Gustav Vasa is elected
king of Sweden , finally establishing the full independence of
Sweden from
Denmark , which marks the end of the
Kalmar Union . This event is also traditionally considered to be the establishment of the modern Swedish nation.
[70]
June 10 – Frederick begins the 8-day
siege of Copenhagen , the capital of Denmark. The city surrenders on 6 January 1524.
[57]
June 12 –
July 19 –
Franconian War : The
Swabian League destroys 23
robber baron castles.
[71]
[72]
June 17 –
Swedish War of Liberation : The surrender of
Stockholm by Denmark is accepted by Sweden's King Gustav Vasa.
[67] In return, the city's defenders are allowed safe passage out of Sweden. King Gustav then makes his triumphant entry to the city on June 24.
June 23 – The Spanish expedition into Nicaragua ends as the Europeans arrive back in
Panama in
canoes , having been forced to abandon their ships.
[60]
June 27 –
Pargali Ibrahim Pasha is appointed as
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by
Suleiman the Magnificent .
[73] He will serve as the Ottoman administrator for almost 13 years until his sudden arrest and execution in 1536.
July–September
July 1 –
Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos become the first
Lutheran martyrs, burned at the stake in
Brussels at the
Grote Markt .
[74] In response to the executions, Martin Luther composed a hymn called "A New Song Be By Us Begun".
July 7 –
Wijerd Jelckama , a
Frisian warlord and military commander, is executed in
Leeuwarden , ending the Frisian rebellion fought by the
Arumer Black Heap .
July 25 – In what is now Mexico, the conquistador
Gonzalo de Sandoval founds the city of
Colima .
[75]
July 29 – The Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Treaty of Worms to remove Venice from the
Italian War that has gone for two years.
[76]
c. July –
Martin Luther 's translation of the
Pentateuch into
German (Das allte Testament Deutsch ) is published by
Melchior Lotter Jr. in
Wittenberg .
[77]
August 22 –
Lucien Grimaldi ,
Lord of Monaco , is assassinated by his nephew at the
Prince's Palace .
[78] Bartolomeo Doria di Dolceaqua, the son of Lucien's sister Francesca, kills his uncle and then has his men drag the monarch's body down the palace stairs in front of a horrified crowd, who drive the Doria family out of the small principality. Lucien had become the ruler in 1505 after stabbing to death his brother,
Jean II . Lucien's heir is his 8-month-old son,
Honoré ; Lucien's brother
Augustine Grimaldi becomes the regent during Honoré's minority.
September 14 –
Pope Adrian VI , the last Dutch person to serve as head of the Roman Catholic Church, dies at age 64 after a reign of 21 months. For the next 455 years, all Popes elected will be Italian cardinals until the election of Karol Wojtyla of Poland in 1978 as
Pope John Paul II .
September 22 –
Spanish conquest of Nicaragua : An agreement is made for an expedition by
conquistadores into
Nicaragua organized by
Pedrarias Dávila .
[79]
September 23 – After receiving word from Malaya that Portuguese forces were attacking the
Sultanate of Patani and the
Malacca Sultanate on the Malaysian peninsula, the
China's Emperor
Zhengde orders extermination of all persons from Portugal, 23 envoys from Portugal are executed and mutilated.
[68]
October–December
Date unknown
The
Ming dynasty Chinese navy captures two Western ships with
Portuguese
breech–loading
culverins aboard, which the Chinese call a fo–lang–ji (Frankish culverin). According to the Ming Shi , these cannons are soon presented to the
Jiajing Emperor by Wang Hong, and their design is copied in
1529 .
[84]
In northern Italy, a French army under
Guillaume Gouffier tries to recover
Milan but fails due to an offensive by Spanish, Imperial and English troops and they retreat in mid-November.
[85]
1524
This section is
transcluded from
1524 .
(
|
history )
January–March
April–June
July–September
October–December
October 28 – A French army invading Italy, under King
Francis , besieges
Pavia , months before the
Battle of Pavia .
November 1 –
John Fleming, 2nd Lord Fleming ,
Lord Chancellor of Scotland since 1517, is assassinated by John Tweedie of Drummelzier (chief of
Clan Tweedie ) and others.
[96]
November 15 – The
Treaty of Tordesillas is signed between representatives of
Honoré I, Lord of Monaco and of
King Charles of Spain , and places
Monaco under the protection of Spain.
[97]
December 8 –
Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba founds the city of
Granada, Nicaragua , the oldest Hispanic city in the mainland America.
1525
This section is
transcluded from
1525 .
(
|
history )
January–June
January 21 – The
Anabaptist Movement is born
[98] when
Conrad Grebel ,
Felix Manz ,
George Blaurock , and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother on Neustadt-Gasse,
Zürich ,
[99] breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.
February 24 –
Battle of Pavia : German and
Spanish forces under
Charles de Lannoy and the Marquis of Pescara defeat the
French army, and capture
Francis I of France , after his horse is wounded by
Cesare Hercolani . While Francis is imprisoned in Lombardy and then transferred to Madrid, the first attempts to form a
Franco-Ottoman alliance with
Suleiman the Magnificent against the
Habsburg Empire are made.
[100]
February 28 – The last Aztec Emperor,
Cuauhtémoc , is killed by
Hernán Cortés .
[101]
March 20 – In the
German town of
Memmingen , the pamphlet The
Twelve Articles : The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed is published,
[102] the first human rights related document written in Europe.
April 4 –
German Peasants' War in the
Holy Roman Empire : Battle of Leipheim – The peasants suffer great losses when they are attacked by
Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg and the town of
Leipheim is forced to surrender.
[103] Four peasant leaders are beheaded, including Jakob Wehe and Ulrich Schoen.
April 10 –
Albert, Duke of Prussia commits
Prussian Homage .
May 14 –
15 –
German Peasants' War :
Battle of Frankenhausen –
Insurgent peasants led by radical pastor
Thomas Müntzer are defeated.
[104] Following the defeat, Müntzer is executed in front of the gates of
Mühlhausen .
[105]
June 13 –
Martin Luther marries ex-nun
Katharina von Bora .
[106] The painter
Lucas Cranach the Elder is one of the witnesses.
[107]
June 18 –
Henry VIII of England appoints his six-year old illegitimate son
Henry FitzRoy
Duke of Richmond and
Somerset .
[108]
[109]
June 23 –
24 –
German Peasants' War :
Battle of Pfeddersheim – Peasants are defeated in the last significant action of the war, in which over 75,000 peasants have been killed.
July–December
July 29 –
Santa Marta , the first city in
Colombia , is founded by Spanish
conquistador
Rodrigo de Bastidas .
[110]
November 25 –
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor acting in his capacity as the
King of Spain , issues an edict
ordering the expulsion or conversion of the remaining Muslims in the
Crown of Aragon , similar to that issued for the
Crown of Castile by Queen Isabella in 1502. The order applies to the
Kingdom of Valencia and the
Principality of Catalonia .
[111]
December 8 – A second edict is issued in Spain directing Spanish Muslims to show proof of baptism as Christians or to leave by the deadline of December 31 (for Valencia) or January 26 (for Aragon and Catalonia).
[111]
December 31 – The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity in the Valencia is reached, after which remaining Muslims, or those who harbor them as fugitives, becomes punishable by forced exile, imprisonment or death.
[111]
December – The first French ambassador to reach the
Sublime Porte ,
Jean Frangipani , sets out for
Constantinople .
Date unknown
1526
This section is
transcluded from
1526 .
(
|
history )
January–June
January 14 –
Treaty of Madrid : Peace is declared between
Francis I of France and
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor . Francis agrees to cede
Burgundy and abandons all claims to
Flanders ,
Artois ,
Naples , and
Milan .
[118]
January 26 – The deadline for
Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity or leave is reached in the
Crown of Aragon and the
Principality of Catalonia as decreed by the edict of November 25 by
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor acting in his capacity as King of Spain. The deadline for the
Kingdom of Valencia had passed on December 31, 1525.
[119]
April 21 –
Battle of Panipat :
Babur becomes Mughal emperor, invades northern India and captures
Delhi , creating the
Mughal Empire , which lasts until
1857 .
[120]
[121]
May 22 – Francis repudiates the Treaty of Madrid and forms the
League of Cognac against Charles, including
Pope Clement VII ,
Milan ,
Venice , and
Florence .
[122]
May 23 – A
transit of Venus occurs,
[123]
[124] the last before
optical filters allow astronomers to observe them.
June 9 –
Emperor Go-Nara ascends to the throne of Japan.
July–December
July – The
Spanish ship Santiago , from
García Jofre de Loaísa 's expedition, reaches the
Pacific Coast of Mexico , the first to navigate from Europe to the west coast of North America.
[125]
July 24 –
Milan is captured by the
Spanish .
[126]
August 9 – Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón of Spain founded the failed colony,
San Miguel de Gualdape in present-day
Winyah Bay ,
Georgetown County ,
South Carolina . It was the first European settlement, as well as the first documented occurrence of enslavement of African peoples in what would later became become the continental
United States .
August 15 – The first official translation is made of the
New Testament into
Swedish ; the entire Bible is completed in
1541 .
[127]
August 21 – Spanish explorer
Alonso de Salazar becomes the first European to sight the
Marshall Islands , in the Pacific Ocean.
[128]
August 29 –
Battle of Mohács : The Ottoman army of Sultan
Suleiman I defeats the Hungarian army of King
Louis II , who is killed in the retreat by drowning.
[129] Suleiman takes
Buda , while
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and
John Zápolya ,
Prince of Transylvania , dispute the succession.
[130] As a result of the battle,
Dubrovnik achieves independence, although it acknowledges
Turkish overlordship.
September 19 – Spanish Muslims who had hidden in the
Sierra de Espadán mountain range in Valencia and who are led by Selim Almanzo are overwhelmed by a German contingent of 3,000 soldiers from the Holy Roman Empire. After their defeat, 5,000 adult Muslims (including old men and women) are massacred.
[131]
Date unknown
1527
This section is
transcluded from
1527 .
(
|
history )
January–June
January 1 – Croatian nobles elect
Ferdinand I of Austria as
King of Croatia in the Parliament on
Cetin .
January 5 –
Felix Manz , co-founder of the Swiss
Anabaptists , is drowned in the
Limmat in
Zürich by the Zürich Reformed state church.
March 17 –
Battle of Khanwa :
Babur defeats
Rajput ruler
Rana Sanga . This and two other major
Moghul victories lead to their domination of northern
India .
Dhaulpur fort is taken by Babur.
[134]
March – The
Confederation of Shan States sack
Ava , the capital of the
Ava Kingdom .
April 30 – The
Treaty of Westminster (1527) , an alliance during the War of the League of Cognac, is signed.
May 6 –
Sack of Rome :
Spanish and
German troops led by the
Duke of Bourbon sack
Rome , forcing the Medici
Pope Clement VII to make peace with
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , marking the end of the
High Renaissance . The Pope grows a beard in mourning.
May 16 – In
Florence , the Piagnon, a group devoted to the memory of
Girolamo Savonarola , drive out the
Medici for a second time, re-establishing the
Republic of Florence until
1530 .
June 17
June 22 –
Jakarta , modern-day capital of
Indonesia , is founded as Jayakarta .
[135]
July–December
Date unknown
1528
This section is
transcluded from
1528 .
(
|
history )
January–June
July–December
Date unknown
1529
This section is
transcluded from
1529 .
(
|
history )
January–June
February 2 – The
Örebro Synod provides the theological foundation of the Swedish Reformation, following the economic foundation of it, after the
Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden .
March –
Battle of Shimbra Kure :
Imam
Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , with 12,000 men, defeats the army of
Dawit II ,
Emperor of Ethiopia numbering 200,000 men.
[143]
March 25 –
Blood libel against the Jewish community of
Bosen (formerly in Hungary, today in
Slovakia ), on the first day of Passover. Three Jews are accused and killed, while the boy is discovered alive, kidnapped for the benefit of the scheme.
April 8 – The Flensburg Disputation is held, a debate attended by Stadtholder Christian of
Schleswig-Holstein (later King
Christian III of Denmark ), between
Lutherans (led by Hermann Fast) and the more radical
Anabaptists (led by
Melchior Hoffman ).
Johannes Bugenhagen , a close associate of
Martin Luther , presides. The Disputation marks the rejection of radical ideas by the Danish Reformation.
[144]
April 9 – The
Westrogothian rebellion breaks out in Sweden.
April 19 –
Diet of Speyer : A group of rulers (German:
Fürst ) and independent cities (German:
Reichsstadt ) protest the reinstatement of the
Edict of Worms , beginning the
Protestant movement.
April 22 – The
Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern hemisphere between the
Spanish and
Portuguese empires, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the
Moluccas .
[145]
May –
July – Cardinal
Thomas Wolsey ,
Archbishop of York , presides over a legatine court at
Blackfriars, London , to rule on the legality of King
Henry VIII of England 's marriage to
Catherine of Aragon .
[49]
May 10 – The
Ottoman army under
Suleiman I leaves
Constantinople , to invade
Hungary once again.
June 21 –
War of the League of Cognac –
Battle of Landriano :
French forces in northern Italy are decisively defeated by
Spain .
July–December
July 30 – The only continental outbreak of
English sweating sickness reaches
Lübeck , spreading from there into
Schleswig-Holstein in the next few months.
[146]
August 5 –
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , and
Francis I of France sign the
Treaty of Cambrai , or Ladies' Peace in the
War of the League of Cognac : Francis abandons his claims in Italy, but is allowed to retain the
Duchy of Burgundy .
Henry VIII of England accedes on
August 27 .
[50]
September 1 –
Sancti Spiritu , the first European settlement in Argentina, is destroyed by local natives.
September 8
September 27 –
Siege of Vienna :
Vienna is besieged by the Ottoman forces of
Suleiman the Magnificent .
[147]
October 15 – With the season growing late,
Suleiman abandons the
Siege of Vienna (a turning point in the
Ottoman wars in Europe ).
October 26 –
Cardinal Wolsey falls from power in
England , due to his failure to prevent
Habsburg expansion in Europe, and obtain an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage.
Thomas More succeeds him as
Lord Chancellor .
[50]
November 4 –
December 17 – The
English Reformation Parliament is first seated.
[50]
Date unknown
Births
1520
Barbara Radziwiłł
January 7 –
Peder Oxe , Danish finance minister (d.
1575 )
[149]
January 30 –
William More , English courtier (d.
1600 )
[150]
February 22 –
Frederick III of Legnica , Duke of Legnica (d.
1570 )
March 3 –
Matthias Flacius , Croatian Protestant reformer (d.
1575 )
[151]
June 29 –
Nicolás Factor , Spanish artist (d.
1583 )
[152]
July 27 –
Gonzalo II Fernández de Córdoba , Governor of the Duchy of Milan (d.
1578 )
[153]
August 1 – King
Sigismund II Augustus of Poland (d.
1572 )
[154]
August 10 –
Madeleine of Valois , queen of
James V of Scotland (d.
1537 )
[155]
August 21 –
Bartholomäus Sastrow , German official (d.
1603 )
[156]
August 31 –
Heinrich Sudermann , German politician (d.
1591 )
[157]
September 13 –
William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley , English statesman, chief advisor to Queen Elizabeth I (d.
1598 )
[158]
October 7 –
Alessandro Farnese , Italian cardinal (d.
1589 )
[159]
November 10 –
Dorothea of Denmark, Electress Palatine , Princess of Denmark, Sweden and Norway (d.
1580 )
[160]
December 6 –
Barbara Radziwiłł , queen of Poland (d.
1551 )
[161]
December 24 –
Martha Leijonhufvud , politically active Swedish noble (d.
1584 )
[162]
date unknown
probable
1521
Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu
March 21 –
Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d.
1553 )
[171]
April 5 –
Francesco Laparelli , Italian architect (d.
1570 )
[172]
April 14 –
Johann Marbach , German theologian (d.
1581 )
[173]
April 18 –
François de Coligny d'Andelot , French general (d.
1569 )
[174]
May 8 –
Petrus Canisius , Dutch Jesuit (d.
1597 )
[175]
May 10 –
John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg , (d.
1553 )
[176]
June 8 –
Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu , daughter of King Manuel I (d.
1577 )
[177]
June 21 –
John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (d.
1580 )
[178]
August 4 –
Pope Urban VII (d.
1590 )
[179]
August 19 –
Lodovico Guicciardini , Italian historian (d.
1589 )
[180]
[181]
October 1 –
Frederick Magnus I, Count of Solms-Laubach , (d.
1561 )
November 21 –
Edmund Sheffield, 1st Baron Sheffield , English baron (d.
1549 )
[182]
November 29 –
Marcantonio Maffei , Italian Catholic archbishop and cardinal (d.
1583 )
[183]
December 1 –
Takeda Shingen , Japanese warlord (d.
1573 )
December 13 –
Pope Sixtus V (d.
1590 )
[184]
date unknown
possible
1522
Dirck Coornhert
Mihrimah Sultan
January 22 –
Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans , (d.
1545 )
February 2
March 10 –
Miyoshi Nagayoshi , Japanese samurai and daimyō (d.
1564 )
March 22 –
Daniel Brendel von Homburg , Roman Catholic archbishop (d.
1582 )
March 28 –
Albert Alcibiades , German prince (d.
1557 )
[193]
April 23 –
Catherine of Ricci , Italian prioress (d.
1590 )
May 24 –
John Jewel , English bishop (d.
1571 )
June 1 –
Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert , Dutch writer and scholar (d.
1590 )
July 5 –
Margaret of Austria , regent of the Netherlands (d.
1586 )
July 13 –
Sophia Jagiellon, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d.
1575 )
July 25 –
Anna of Lorraine (d.
1568 )
July 31 –
Charles II de Croÿ , Belgian duke (d.
1551 )
August 4 –
Udai Singh II , King of Mewar (d.
1572 )
August 28 –
Severinus of Saxony , Prince of Saxony; died young (d.
1533 )
September 11 –
Ulisse Aldrovandi , Italian naturalist (d.
1605 )
October 4 –
Gabriele Paleotti , Italian Catholic cardinal (d.
1597 )
October 14 –
Lucas Maius , Lutheran Reformation pastor, theologian and playwright (d.
1598 )
November 1 –
Andrew Corbet , English landowner and politician (d.
1578 )
November 4 –
Albert de Gondi , Marshal of France (d.
1602 )
November 9 –
Martin Chemnitz , Lutheran reformer (d.
1586 )
November 18 –
Lamoral, Count of Egmont , Flemish general and statesman (d.
1568 )
December 16 –
Honoré I, Lord of Monaco (d.
1581 )
date unknown
probable
possible
1523
Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry
Queen Anna
January 29 –
Enea Vico , Italian engraver (d.
1567 )
[195]
February 1 –
Francesco Abbondio Castiglioni , Italian Catholic cardinal (d.
1568 )
[196]
February 13 –
Valentin Naboth , German astronomer and mathematician (d.
1593 )
[197]
February 20 –
Jan Blahoslav , Czech writer (d.
1571 )
[198]
March 14 –
Helena Magenbuch , German pharmacist (d.
1597 )
March 17 –
Giovanni Francesco Commendone , Italian Catholic cardinal (d.
1584 )
[199]
March 21 –
Kaspar Eberhard , German theologian (d.
1575 )
[200]
April 5 –
Blaise de Vigenère , French diplomat and cryptographer (d.
1596 )
[201]
[202]
April 21 –
Marco Antonio Bragadin , Venetian lawyer and military officer (d.
1571 )
[203]
June 5 –
Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry (d.
1574 )
[204]
July 4 –
Pier Francesco Orsini , Italian condottiero and art patron (d.
1583 )
[205]
July 18 – Duke
George II of Brieg (1547–1586) (d.
1586 )
[206]
September 21 –
Sancho d'Avila , Spanish general (d.
1583 )
[207]
September 22 –
Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon , French church leader and pretender to the throne (d.
1590 )
[208]
October 10 –
Ludwig Rabus , German martyrologist (d.
1592 )
[209]
October 11 –
Eleonore of Fürstenberg , wife of Philip IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d.
1544 )
October 18 –
Anna Jagiellon , daughter of Sigismund I of Poland (d.
1596 )
[210]
date unknown
probable
possible –
Catherine Howard , fifth queen of
Henry VIII of England , (b. between
1518 and
1524 ; executed
1542 )
[215]
1524
February 10 –
Albrecht Giese , German politician and diplomat (d.
1580 )
February 17 –
Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine , French cardinal (d.
1574 )
May 28 –
Selim II ,
Ottoman Sultan (d.
1574 )
June 12 –
Achilles Statius , Portuguese humanist (d.
1581 )
June 24 –
Johann Stössel , German theologian (d.
1576 )
August 23 –
François Hotman , French Protestant lawyer and writer (d.
1590 )
[216]
September 7 –
Thomas Erastus , Swiss theologian (d.
1583 )
September 11 –
Pierre de Ronsard , French poet (d.
1585 )
October 4 –
Francisco Vallés , Spanish physician (d.
1592 )
October 5 –
Rani Durgavati , Queen of Gond (d.
1564 )
October 9 –
Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (d.
1586 )
October 14 –
Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg , Danish princess (d.
1586 )
October 16 –
Nicolas, Duke of Mercœur , French Catholic bishop (d.
1577 )
November 12 –
Diego de Landa , Bishop of the Yucatán (d.
1579 )
date unknown
Jan Borukowski , royal secretary of Poland (d.
1584 )
Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron , French soldier (d.
1592 )
Jean Pithou , French lawyer and author (d.
1602 ); and his twin brother,
Nicolas Pithou , French lawyer and author (d.
1598 )
Joseph Nasi , Portuguese Sephardi diplomat and administrator (d.
1579 )
Thomas Tusser , English poet and farmer (d.
1580 )
Luís de Camões , Portuguese poet (d.
1580 )
[217]
Plautilla Nelli , Italian painter (d.
1588 )
Wenceslaus III Adam, Duke of Cieszyn (d.
1579 )
Catherine Carey , cousin of
Elizabeth I of England (d.
1569 )
Guyonne de Laval , French Huguenot magnate (d.
1567 )
possible
1525
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
January 29 –
Lelio Sozzini , Italian Renaissance humanist and anti-Trinitarian reformer (d.
1562 )
February 5 –
Juraj Drašković , Croatian Catholic cardinal (d.
1587 )
[218]
March 19 –
Caspar Cruciger the Younger , German theologian (d.
1597 )
[219]
March 25 –
Richard Edwardes , English choral musician, playwright and poet (d.
1566 )
March 26 –
Katharina of Hanau, Countess of Wied , German noblewoman (d.
1581 )
June 1 –
Caspar Peucer , German reformer (d.
1602 )
[220]
June 29 –
Peter Agricola , German Renaissance humanist, educator, classical scholar, theologian, diplomat and statesman (d.
1585 )
September 1 –
Christoffer Valkendorff , Danish politician (d.
1601 )
[221]
September 11 –
John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d.
1598 )
[222]
[223]
September 25 –
Steven Borough , English explorer (d.
1584 )
[224]
November 7 –
Georg Cracow , German lawyer and politician (d.
1575 )
[225]
December 1 –
Tadeáš Hájek , Czech astronomer (d.
1600 )
December 23 –
John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg (d.
1576 )
[226]
date unknown –
Maharal of Prague , Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic and philosopher (d.
1609 )
[227]
probable
1526
Carolus Clusius
Catherine Jagiellon
January 1 –
Louis Bertrand , Spanish missionary to Latin America,
patron saint of
Colombia (d.
1581 )
[232]
January 20 –
Rafael Bombelli , Italian mathematician (d.
1572 )
[233]
January 25 –
Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (d.
1586 )
[234]
February 1 –
Niiro Tadamoto , Japanese samurai (d.
1611 )
February 2 –
Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski , Polish noble (d.
1608 )
February 19 –
Charles de L'Ecluse , Flemish botanist (d.
1609 )
[235]
February 23 –
Gonçalo da Silveira , Portuguese Jesuit missionary (d.
1561 )
[236]
March 4 –
Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon (d.
1596 )
[237]
March 11 –
Heinrich Rantzau , German humanist writer, astrologer, and astrological writer (d.
1598 )
[238]
April 5 –
Giuseppe Arcimboldo , Italian painter (d.
1593 )
April 8 –
Elisabeth of Brunswick-Calenberg , Countess of Henneberg (d.
1566 )
April 12 –
Muretus , French humanist (d.
1585 )
[239]
April 29 –
Beate Clausdatter Bille , Danish noblewoman (d.
1593 )
[240]
June 9 –
Matsudaira Hirotada , Japanese daimyō (d.
1549 )
June 25 –
Elisabeth Parr, Marchioness of Northampton , English noble (d.
1565 )
July 9 –
Elizabeth of Austria , Polish noble (d.
1545 )
[241]
July 10 –
Philipe de Croÿ, Duke of Aerschot (d.
1595 )
[242]
July 31 –
Augustus, Elector of Saxony (d.
1586 )
[243]
August 18 –
Claude, Duke of Aumale (d.
1573 )
August 22 –
Adolph of Nassau-Saarbrücken , Count of Nassau (d.
1559 )
[244]
[245]
September 23 –
Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland (d.
1563 )
[246]
September 26 –
Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (d.
1569 )
[247]
October 1 –
Dorothy Stafford , English noble (d.
1604 )
[248]
October 30 –
Hubert Goltzius , Dutch Renaissance painter-engraver (d.
1583 )
[249]
November 1 –
Catherine Jagiellon , queen of
John III of Sweden (d.
1583 )
[250]
November 12 –
Andreas Gaill , German jurist and statesman (d.
1587 )
[251]
December 12 –
Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz , Spanish admiral (d.
1588 )
[252]
December 26 –
Rose Lok , English businesswoman and Protestant exile during the Tudor period (d.
1613 )
[253]
December 28 –
Anna Maria of Brandenburg-Ansbach , German princess (d.
1589 )
[254]
date unknown
probable
1527
Anna Sophia of Prussia
Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal
March 4 –
Ludwig Lavater , Swiss Reformed theologian (d.
1586 )
March 5 –
Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg (d.
1603 )
March 10 –
Alfonso d'Este, Lord of Montecchio , Italian nobleman (d.
1587 )
March 21 –
Hermann Finck , German composer and music theorist (d.
1558 )
March 28 –
Isabella Markham , English courtier (d.
1579 )
March 31 –
Edward Fitton, the elder , Irish politician (d.
1579 )
April 14 –
Abraham Ortelius , Flemish cartographer and geographer (d.
1598 )
c.
May 1 –
Johannes Stadius , German astronomer, astrologer, mathematician (d.
1579 )
May 21 –
Philip II , King of Spain (d.
1598 )
[257]
May 31 –
Agnes of Hesse , German noble, by marriage, Princess of Saxony (d.
1555 )
June 11 –
Anna Sophia of Prussia , Duchess of Prussia and Duchess of Mecklenburg (d.
1591 )
June 24 –
Jean Vendeville , French law professor, Roman Catholic bishop (d.
1592 )
July 8 –
Saitō Yoshitatsu , Japanese daimyō (d.
1561 )
July 13 –
John Dee , English mathematician, astronomer, and geographer (d.
1608 )
[258]
July 31 –
Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (d.
1576 )
August 10 –
Barbara of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brieg , German princess (d.
1595 )
September 29 –
John Lesley , Scottish bishop (d.
1596 )
October 2 –
William Drury , English politician (d.
1579 )
October 15 –
Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal (d.
1545 )
October 21 –
Louis I, Cardinal of Guise , French Catholic cardinal (d.
1578 )
November 1
November 3 –
Tilemann Heshusius , Gnesio-Lutheran theologian (d.
1588 )
November 18 –
Luca Cambiasi , Italian painter (d.
1585 )
December 6 –
Bernhard VIII, Count of Lippe (d.
1563 )
December 23 –
Hugues Doneau , French lawyer (d.
1591 )
date unknown
probable
1528
Jeanne III of Navarre
February 29
March 10 –
Akechi Mitsuhide , Japanese samurai and warlord (d.
1582 )
March 25 –
Jakob Andreae , German theologian (d.
1590 )
June 7 –
Cyriacus Spangenberg , German theologian and historian (d.
1604 )
June 21 –
Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress (d.
1603 )
June 29 –
Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d.
1589 )
July 7 –
Archduchess Anna of Austria , Duchess of Bavaria (d.
1590 )
July 8 –
Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (d.
1580 )
July 26 –
Diego Andrada de Payva , Portuguese theologian (d.
1575 )
August 10 –
Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d.
1584 )
September 25 –
Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg (d.
1603 )
October 4 ? –
Francisco Guerrero , Spanish composer (d.
1599 )
October 10 –
Adam Lonicer , German botanist (d.
1586 )
November 2 –
Petrus Lotichius Secundus , German Neo-Latin poet (d.
1560 )
November 6 –
Gabriel Goodman , Dean of Westminster (d.
1601 )
November 12 –
Qi Jiguang , Chinese military general (d.
1588 )
November 14 –
Francisco Pérez de Valenzuela , Spanish noble (d.
1599 )
November 16 –
Jeanne d'Albret , Queen of Navarre (d.
1572 )
[259]
November 29 –
Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu , English politician (d.
1592 )
date unknown
Igram van Achelen , Dutch statesman (d.
1604 )
Adam von Bodenstein , Swiss alchemist and physician (d.
1577 )
Jean-Jacques Boissard , French antiquary and Latin poet (d.
1602 )
Andrey Kurbsky , Russian writer (d.
1583 )
George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury , English statesman (d.
1590 )
Phùng Khắc Khoan , Vietnamese military strategist, politician, diplomat and poet (d.
1613 )
Sabina, Duchess of Bavaria (d.
1578 )
Sakuma Nobumori , Japanese retainer and samurai (d.
1582 )
Tanegashima Tokitaka , Japanese
daimyō (d.
1579 )
Thomas Whythorne , English musician and author (d.
1595 )
probable
1529
Franciscus Patricius
January 8 –
John Frederick II, Duke of Saxony (d.
1595 )
January 13 –
Ebba Månsdotter , Swedish noble (d.
1609 )
February 14 –
Markus Fugger , German businessman (d.
1597 )
February 23 –
Onofrio Panvinio , Augustinian historian (d.
1568 )
April 3 –
Michael Neander , German mathematician and historian (d.
1581 )
April 25 –
Francesco Patrizi , Italian philosopher and scientist (d.
1597 )
May 12 –
Sabina of Brandenburg-Ansbach , German princess (d.
1575 )
June 7 –
Étienne Pasquier , French lawyer, poet and author (d.
1615 )
June 14 –
Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria , regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (d.
1595 )
July 16 –
Petrus Peckius the Elder , Dutch jurist, writer on international maritime law (d.
1589 )
July 20 –
Henry Sidney , lord deputy of Ireland (d.
1586 )
[260]
July 24 –
Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (d.
1577 )
August 10 –
Ernst Vögelin , German publisher (d.
1589 )
September 1 –
Taddeo Zuccari , Italian painter (d.
1566 )
September 25 –
Günther XLI, Count of Schwarzburg-Arnstadt (d.
1583 )
October 26 –
Anna of Hesse , Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken (d.
1591 )
December 11 –
Fulvio Orsini , Italian humanist historian (d.
1600 )
December 16 –
Laurent Joubert , French physician (d.
1582 )
date unknown
Deaths
1520
Raphael
January 10 –
Jo Gwang-jo , Korean philosopher (b.
1482 )
February 3 –
Sten Sture the Younger , Viceroy of Sweden (b.
1493 )
[261]
February 7 –
Alfonsina de' Medici , née Orsini, Regent of Florence (b.
1472 )
[262]
April 6 –
Raphael , Italian painter and architect (b.
1483 )
[263]
May 22 –
Jan Lubrański , Polish bishop (b.
1456 )
[264]
June 24 –
Hosokawa Sumimoto , Japanese samurai commander (b.
1489 )
June 29 –
Moctezuma II , 9th
Tlatoani (emperor) of the Aztecs, assassinated or possibly killed in a riot, 1502-1520 (b.
1466 )
[265]
August 6 –
Kunigunde of Austria , Archduchess of Austria (b.
1465 )
[266]
September 3 –
Ippolito d'Este , Italian Catholic cardinal (b.
1479 )
[267]
[268]
September 22 –
Selim I ,
Ottoman Sultan (b.
1470 )
[269]
October –
Cuitláhuac , 10th
Tlatoani (emperor) of the Aztecs, 1520, brother of
Moctezuma II , smallpox (b. c.
1476 )
[270]
November 9 –
Bernardo Dovizi , Italian Catholic cardinal (b.
1470 )
[271]
date unknown
probable –
Filippo de Lurano , Italian composer (b.
1475 )
[276]
1521
Zhengde Emperor
Ferdinand Magellan
Juan Ponce de León
Saint
Margaret of Lorraine
Pope Leo X
King
Manuel I of Portugal
Blessed
Domenico Spadafora
January 6 – Cardinal
William de Croÿ (b.
1497 )
[277]
January 15 –
John II, Duke of Cleves (b.
1458 )
[278]
April 20 –
Zhengde Emperor of China (b.
1491 )
[279]
April 24 – Spanish rebels (executed)
[32]
April 27 –
Ferdinand Magellan , Portuguese explorer (b.
1480 )
[280]
April 28 –
Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon (b.
1491 )
[281]
May 10 –
Sebastian Brant , German humanist and satirist (b.
1457 )
[282]
May 17 –
Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (executed) (b.
1478 )
[36]
June 15 –
Tamás Bakócz , Hungarian Catholic cardinal and statesman (b.
1442 )
[283]
June 22 –
Leonardo Loredan , Doge of Venice (b.
1436 )
[284]
July –
Juan Ponce de León , Spanish conquistador (b.
1460 )
[285]
July 9 –
Raffaele Riario , Italian cardinal (b.
1461 )
[286]
August 27 –
Josquin des Prez , Flemish composer (b. c.
1450 )
[287]
October 7 –
Margaret of Anhalt-Köthen , Princess of Anhalt by birth, Duchess consort of Saxony (b.
1494 )
[288]
October 22 –
Edward Poynings , Lord Deputy to King
Henry VII of England (b.
1459 )
[289]
October 24 –
Robert Fayrfax , English Renaissance composer (b.
1464 )
[290]
November 2 –
Margaret of Lorraine , French Duchess of Alençon,
Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b.
1463 )
[291]
December 1 –
Pope Leo X (b.
1475 )
[292]
December 13 – King
Manuel I of Portugal (b.
1469 )
[293]
December 21 –
Domenico Spadafora , Italian
Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b.
1450 )
[294]
1522
Johann Reuchlin
January 25 –
Raffaello Maffei , Italian theologian (b.
1451 )
January 29 –
Wolfgang I of Oettingen , German count (b.
1455 )
February 25 –
William Lilye , English classical scholar (b. c.
1468 )
April – Queen
Eleni of Ethiopia
April 10 –
Francesco Cattani da Diacceto , Italian philosopher (b.
1466 )
June 13 –
Piero Soderini , Florentine statesman (b.
1450 )
[295]
June 24 –
Elisabeth of the Palatinate, Landgravine of Hesse , German noble (b.
1483 )
June 25 –
Franchinus Gaffurius , Italian composer (b.
1451 )
June 30 –
Johann Reuchlin , German humanist and Hebrew scholar (b.
1455 )
August 28 –
Giovanni Antonio Amadeo , sculptor, engineer and architect
September –
Gavin Douglas , Scottish poet and bishop (b. c.
1474 )
October 30 –
Jean Mouton , French composer (b. c.
1459 )
November 14 –
Anne of France , Princess and Regent of France (b.
1461 )
[296]
date unknown –
Fiorenzo di Lorenzo , Italian painter (b.
1440 )
1523
Pope Adrian VI
Pietro Perugino
January 17 –
Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg , German landgravine (b.
1466 )
[297]
[298]
February 4 –
Thomas Ruthall , English chancellor of the University of Cambridge
[299]
March 28 –
Louis I, Count of Löwenstein , founder of the House of Löwenstein-Wertheim (b.
1463 )
April 6 –
Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire , English nobleman (b.
1479 )
[300]
May 7
May 23 –
Ashikaga Yoshitane , Japanese shōgun (b.
1466 )
[303] [
unreliable source? ]
May 24 –
Henry Marney, 1st Baron Marney , English politician (b.
1447 )
[304]
July 1 –
Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos , Flemish Lutheran martyrs
[74]
July 7 –
Wijerd Jelckama , Frisian rebel and warlord (b.
1490 )
August 13 –
Gerard David , Flemish artist (b. c.
1455 )
[305]
August 27 –
Domenico Grimani , Italian nobleman (b.
1461 )
[306]
August 29 –
Ulrich von Hutten , Lutheran reformer (b.
1488 )
[307]
September 14 –
Pope Adrian VI (b.
1459 )
[308]
October 2 –
Alessandro Alessandri , Italian jurist (b.
1461 )
[309]
October 5 –
Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania (1474–1523) (b.
1454 )
[310]
October 11 –
Bartolomeo Montagna , Italian painter (b.
1450 )
[311]
October –
William Cornysh , English composer (b.
1465 )
[312]
November 10 –
Lachlan Cattanach Maclean, 11th Chief , Scottish clan chief (b.
1465 )
[313]
date unknown –
Pietro Perugino , Italian painter (b.
1446 )
[314]
[315]
1524
January 5 –
Marko Marulić , Croatian poet (b.
1450 )
January 6 –
Amalie of the Palatinate , duchess consort of Pomerania (b.
1490 )
February 10 –
Catherine of Saxony, Archduchess of Austria (b.
1468 )
February 11 –
Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan , daughter of
King Alfonso II of Naples (b.
1470 )
February 20 –
Tecun Uman ,
Kʼicheʼ Mayan ruler (b. c.
1500 )
March 28
April 14 –
William Conyers, 1st Baron Conyers , English baron (b.
1468 )
April 30 –
Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard , French soldier (b.
1473 )
May 17 –
Francesco Soderini , Italian Catholic cardinal (b.
1453 )
May 21 –
Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk , English soldier and statesman (b.
1443 )
May 23 –
Ismail I ,
Safavid dynasty Shah of Persia (b.
1487 )
May 31 –
Camilla Battista da Varano , Italian
Roman Catholic nun and saint (b.
1458 )
June 12 –
Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar , Spanish conquistador (b.
1465 )
July 9 –
Sibylle of Brandenburg , Duchess of Jülich and Berg (b.
1467 )
July 20 –
Claude of France , queen consort of
Francis I of France (b.
1499 )
August 4 –
Helen of the Palatinate , Duchess of Pomerania (b.
1493 )
August 24 –
Sir William Scott , English Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b.
1459 )
September 18 –
Charlotte of Valois , French princess (b.
1516 )
October 5 –
Joachim Patinir , Flemish landscape painter (b. c.
1480 )
October 20 –
Thomas Linacre , English humanist and physician (b.
1460 )
October 26 –
Philip II, Count of Waldeck -Eisenberg (1486–1524) (b.
1453 )
November 12 –
Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca , Spanish archbishop and courtier (b.
1451 )
December 24 –
Vasco da Gama , Portuguese explorer (b. c.
1469 )
[316]
date unknown
1525
Franciabigio
Jakob Fugger
January 14 –
Franciabigio , Florentine painter (b.
1482 )
[317]
February 24 (in action at the
Battle of Pavia )
February 28 –
Cuauhtémoc , last
Tlatoani of the
Aztec Empire (b. c.
1495 )
[324]
April 2 or
April 3 –
Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai , Italian Renaissance man of letters (b.
1475 )
[325]
May 5 –
Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (b.
1463 )
[326]
May 12 –
Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin , Mecklenburgian royal (b.
1485 )
[327]
May 18 –
Pietro Pomponazzi , Italian philosopher (b.
1462 )
[328]
May 27 –
Thomas Müntzer , German pastor and rebel leader (b.
1489 ) (executed)
[329]
July 5 –
Johann of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Viceroy of Valencia , German noble (b.
1493 )
July 22 –
Richard Wingfield , English diplomat (b. c.
1456 )
[330]
August 4 –
Andrea della Robbia , Italian artist (b.
1435 )
[331]
October 24 –
Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre , Knight of Henry VIII of England (b.
1467 )
[332]
November 17 –
Eleanor of Viseu , queen of
João II of Portugal (b.
1458 )
December 30 –
Jakob Fugger , German banker (b.
1459 )
[333]
probable
1526
Isabella of Austria
Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia
January 16 –
Catherine of the Palatinate , Abbess of Neuburg am Neckar (b.
1499 )
[336]
January 19 –
Isabella of Burgundy , queen of
Christian II of Denmark (b.
1501 )
[337]
February 23 –
Diego Colón , Spanish Viceroy of the Indies (b. c.
1479 )
[338]
March 24 –
Adolph II, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen , German prince (b.
1458 )
[339]
March 30 –
Konrad Mutian , German humanist (b.
1471 )
[340]
April 21 –
Ibrahim Lodi , last Sultan of Delhi (in battle)
[341]
April 25 –
Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester (b.
1460 )
[342]
May 19 –
Emperor Go-Kashiwabara of Japan (b.
1464 )
June 4 –
Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 2nd Duke of Alburquerque , Spanish duke (b.
1467 )
[343]
July 14 –
John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford , English noble (b.
1499 )
[344]
July 30 –
García Jofre de Loaísa , Spanish explorer (b.
1490 )
[345]
August 4 –
Juan Sebastián Elcano , Spanish explorer (b.
1476 )
[346]
August 29 – King
Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia (in battle) (b.
1506 )
[129]
September 5 –
Alonso de Salazar , Spanish explorer
October 18 –
Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón , Spanish explorer (b.
1480 )
[347]
November 5 –
Scipione del Ferro , Italian mathematician (b.
1465 )
[348]
November 30 –
Giovanni dalle Bande Nere , Italian condottiero (b.
1498 )
1527
Juan de Grijalva
Niccolò Machiavelli
Rodrigo de Bastidas
January 5 –
Felix Manz , leader of the Swiss Anabaptists (executed) (b.
1498 )
January 21 –
Juan de Grijalva , Spanish conqueror (b.
1489 )
March 14 –
Shwenankyawshin , Burmese king of
Ava (b.
1476 )
March 17 –
Rana Sanga , Indian ruler (b.
1484 )
April 19
April/May – Sir
Thomas Docwra , English Grand Prior of the Knights Hospitaller (b.
1458 )
May 6 –
Charles III, Duke of Bourbon , Count of Montpensier and Dauphin of Auvergne (b.
1490 )
June 21 –
Niccolò Machiavelli , Italian writer and statesman (b.
1469 )
[352]
June 28 –
Bernardo de' Rossi , Italian bishop (b.
1468 )
July 28 –
Rodrigo de Bastidas , Spanish conqueror and explorer (b. c.
1460 )
July 31 –
Anna Swenonis , Swedish manuscript illuminator
September 21 –
Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth , Margrave of Bayreuth (b.
1481 )
October 27 –
Johann Froben , Swiss printer and publisher (b. c.
1460 )
November 15 –
Catherine of York , English princess (b.
1479 )
[353]
November 8 –
Jerome Emser , German theologian (b.
1477 )
date unknown
probable –
Jane Shore , mistress of King
Edward IV of England
1528
Albrecht Dürer
January 30 –
Maharana Sangram Singh , Rana of Mewar (b.
1484 )
February 29 –
Patrick Hamilton , Scottish religious reformer (martyred) (b.
1504 )
March 10 –
Balthasar Hübmaier , influential German/Moravian Anabaptist leader (b.
1480 )
April 1 –
Francisco de Peñalosa , Spanish composer (b. c.
1470 )
April 6 –
Albrecht Dürer , German artist, writer, and mathematician (b.
1471 )
[354]
July –
Palma il Vecchio , Italian painter (b.
1480 )
August 15 –
Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec , French military leader (b.
1485 )
August 20 –
Georg von Frundsberg , German knight and landowner (b.
1473 )
August 23 –
Louis, Count of Vaudémont , Italian bishop (b.
1500 )
August 31 –
Matthias Grünewald , German artist (b.
1470 )
September –
Pánfilo de Narváez , Spanish conqueror and soldier in the Americas (b.
1480 )
October 5 –
Richard Foxe , English churchman (b. c.
1448 )
October 18 –
Michele Antonio, Marquess of Saluzzo (b.
1495 )
October 21 –
Johann of Schwarzenberg , German judge and poet (b.
1463 )
November 17 –
Jakob Wimpfeling , Renaissance humanist (b.
1450 )
December 7 –
Margaret of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b.
1469 )
date unknown
1529
Baldassare Castiglione
January 7 –
Peter Vischer the Elder , German sculptor (b.
1455 )
January 9 –
Wang Yangming , Chinese Neo-Confucian scholar (b.
1472 )
January 29 –
Ōuchi Yoshioki , Japanese
daimyo (b.
1477 )
February 2 –
Baldassare Castiglione , Italian writer and diplomat (b.
1478 )
February 4 –
Ludwig Haetzer , German Protestant reformer (executed) (b.
1500 )
March 28 –
Philipp II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (b.
1501 )
April 20 –
Silvio Passerini , Italian cardinal and lord of Florence (b.
1469 )
May 12 –
Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington (b. c.
1460 )
June 21 –
John Skelton , English poet (b. c.
1460 )
September 6 –
George Blaurock , Swiss founder of the Anabaptist Church (b.
1491 )
September 27 –
George of the Palatinate , German nobleman; Bishop of Speyer (1513–1529) (b.
1486 )
November 20 –
Karl von Miltitz , German papal nuncio (b. c.
1490 )
date unknown
probable –
Lo Spagna , Italian painter
possible –
La Malinche ,
Nahua (native Mexican) interpreter and translator for Hernán Cortés, during the Conquest of Mexico
References
^ Ewan Butler (1973).
The Horizon Concise History of Scandinavia . American Heritage Publishing Company. p. 81.
ISBN
978-0-07-009365-2 .
^ Haliczer, Stephen (1981).
The Comuneros of Castile : the forging of a revolution, 1475-1521 . Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 160–161.
ISBN
978-0-299-08500-1 . Retrieved 22 July 2023 .
^ Winston Churchill (1969).
History of the English Speaking Peoples: Based on the Text of 'A History of the English-speaking Peoples' by Sir Winston Churchill . B.P.C. Publishing. p. 1096.
^ Kolb, Robert; Dingel, Irene; Batka, L'ubomir (1 April 2014).
"Luther's Life" . The Oxford Handbook of Martin Luther's Theology . Oxford University Press. p. 14. Retrieved 22 July 2023 .
^ Stephen Vincent Grancsay (1986).
Arms & Armor: Essays from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 1920-1964 . The Museum. p. 207.
ISBN
978-0-87099-338-1 .
^ Mullett, Michael A. (15 September 2014).
Martin Luther . Routledge. p. 134.
ISBN
978-1-317-64861-1 . Retrieved 22 July 2023 .
^ Gfrörer, August Friedrich (1863).
Gustav Adolph: könig von Schweden und seine Zeit (in German). Adolph Krabbe. p. 3. Retrieved 22 July 2023 .
^ Hill, George (23 September 2010).
A History of Cyprus . Cambridge University Press. p. 834.
ISBN
978-1-108-02064-0 . Retrieved 22 July 2023 .
^ Emecen, Feridun (12 April 2022).
Sultan Sulaiman Al-Qanuni: Penguasa Dua Daratan dan Dua Lautan (in Indonesian). Pustaka Al-Kautsar. pp. 28–29.
ISBN
978-979-592-969-7 . Retrieved 22 July 2023 .
^ Prem, Hanns J. (1997).
The Ancient Americas: A Brief History and Guide to Research . University of Utah Press. p. 51.
ISBN
978-0-87480-536-9 . Retrieved 22 July 2023 .
^ Philipp, Marion (2011).
Ehrenpforten für Kaiser Karl V.: Festdekorationen als Medien politischer Kommunikation (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 75.
ISBN
978-3-643-11134-0 . Retrieved 22 July 2023 .
^
Läsebok för folkskolan (in Swedish). Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & söner. 1903. p. 500. Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ Hillerbrand, Hans J. (1996).
The Oxford encyclopedia of the Reformation . New York: Oxford University Press. p. 114.
ISBN
978-0-19-506493-3 . Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^
"Stockholms blodbad 1520" . Stockholmskällan redaktion (in Swedish). 8 April 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ Fitzpatrick, Scott M.; Callaghan, Richard (September 2008).
"Magellan's Crossing of the Pacific" . The Journal of Pacific History . 43 (2): 145–165.
doi :
10.1080/00223340802303611 .
ISSN
0022-3344 .
S2CID
161223057 .
^ Alberdi Lonbide, Xabier; Etxezarraga Ortuondo, Iosu (May 2021).
"The Victoria : An example of Basque maritime technology that enabled the first circumnavigation of the globe, 1518-1522" . International Journal of Maritime History . 33 (2): 241–256.
doi :
10.1177/08438714211013575 .
ISSN
0843-8714 .
S2CID
235599215 . Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ Elton, G. R. (2 August 1990).
The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 2, The Reformation, 1520-1559 . Cambridge University Press. p. 69.
ISBN
978-0-521-34536-1 . Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ Peirce, Leslie P. (2017).
Empress of the east : how a European slave girl became queen of the Ottoman Empire . New York: Basic Books. p. 32.
ISBN
978-0-465-03251-8 . Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ Brito, Ana (4 December 2013).
"CTT: uma empresa onde se lê a história do país" . PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ Michael M. Tavuzzi (1997).
Prierias: The Life and Works of Silvestro Mazzolini Da Prierio, 1456-1527 . Duke University Press. p. 80.
ISBN
0-8223-1976-4 .
^ Hugh Chisholm; James Louis Garvin (1926).
The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information . Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 137.
^ Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1972).
An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century . Brill Archive. p. 113. Retrieved 25 July 2023 .
^
The Downside Review . Downside Abbey. 1970. p. 284.
^
Annual Economic Review and Statistical Abstract, Guam . Economic Research Center, Department of Commerce. 1994. p. 1. Retrieved 25 July 2023 .
^ Rogers, Robert F.; Ballendorf, Dirk Anthony (1989).
"Magellan's Landfall in the Mariana Islands" . The Journal of Pacific History . 24 (2): 193–208.
doi :
10.1080/00223348908572614 .
ISSN
0022-3344 .
JSTOR
25169001 . Retrieved 25 July 2023 .
^ Gritsch, Eric W. (1 May 2009).
Martin - God's Court Jester: Luther in Retrospect . Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 40.
ISBN
978-1-60608-637-7 . Retrieved 25 July 2023 .
^ Arcilla, José S. (1998).
An Introduction to Philippine History . Ateneo University Press. p. 1.
ISBN
978-971-550-261-0 . Retrieved 25 July 2023 .
^ Rosario Mendoza Cortes (2000).
The Filipino Saga: History as Social Change . New Day Publishers. p. 29.
ISBN
978-971-10-1055-3 .
^ Hao, Zhidong (1 January 2011).
Macau History and Society . Hong Kong University Press. pp. 11–12.
ISBN
978-988-8028-54-2 . Retrieved 25 July 2023 .
^ Aluit, Alphonso J. (1990).
The Philippines: Comprehensive, Authoritative, Up-to-date . Solar Publishing Company. p. 305.
ISBN
978-971-17-0637-1 . Retrieved 25 July 2023 .
^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2 May 2002).
The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 4: The Age of the Reformation . Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 7.
ISBN
978-0-8028-4775-1 . Retrieved 25 July 2023 .
^
a
b Haliczer, Stephen (1981).
The Comuneros of Castile : the forging of a revolution, 1475-1521 . Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 204.
ISBN
978-0-299-08500-1 . Retrieved 25 July 2023 .
^
"HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH*" . www.ccel.org . Retrieved 25 July 2023 .
^ Saxl, Fritz (1970).
A heritage of images: a selection of lectures . Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 112.
ISBN
978-0-14-055088-7 . Retrieved 25 July 2023 .
^ Martínez-García, Ángeles; Gómez-Aguilar, Antonio (2019).
"Magallanes: Building a Hero" . Revista Latina de Comunicación Socia . 74 : 618–636. Retrieved 25 July 2023 .
^
a
b Harris, Barbara (1976).
"The Trial of the Third Duke of Buckingham-A Revisionist View" . The American Journal of Legal History . 20 (1): 15–26.
doi :
10.2307/844847 .
ISSN
0002-9319 .
JSTOR
844847 . Retrieved 25 July 2023 .
^
Studies . Studies. 1985. p. 230.
^ Darian-Smith, Eve (20 May 2010).
Religion, Race, Rights: Landmarks in the History of Modern Anglo-American Law . Bloomsbury Academic. p. 28.
ISBN
978-1-84113-729-2 . Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^ Geiss, James (1988). "The Chia-ching reign, 1522–1566".
The Cambridge History of China . Vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 440–510.
ISBN
978-0-521-24332-2 . Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^ Soraluce, Nicolás de (1864).
Historia de la m. n. y m. l. Provincia de Guipúzcoa (in Spanish). Madrid: Joaquin Bernat. p. 241. Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^ Sheppard, Si (2018).
Tenochtitlan 1519– 21. Clash Of Civilizations ( Si Sheppard) . Bloomsbury. p. 87. Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^ Wheatcroft, Andrew (28 April 2009).
The Enemy at the Gate: Habsburgs, Ottomans, and the Battle for Europe . Basic Books. p. 9.
ISBN
978-0-7867-4454-1 . Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^ Sarı, İbrahim (6 February 2013).
TÜRK'ÜN SAVAŞLARI: Türklerin İslam Dünyasındaki Liderliği ve Savaşları (in Turkish). Kitapoku. p. 216.
ISBN
978-605-4746-20-0 . Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^ Krentz, Natalie (14 March 2014).
Ritualwandel und Deutungshoheit: Die frühe Reformation in der Residenzstadt Wittenberg (1500-1533) (in German). Mohr Siebeck. p. 205.
ISBN
978-3-16-152679-4 . Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^ Mary Agnes Burniston Brazier (1959).
The Historical Development of Neurophysiology . American Physiological Society. p. 4.
^
A short history of the USSR . Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1965. p. 90. Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^
Collier's Encyclopedia
^ André Biéler (2006).
Calvin's Economic and Social Thought . World Alliance of Reformed Churches, World Council of Churches. p. 34.
ISBN
978-2-8254-1445-3 .
^
a
b Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. pp. 142–145.
ISBN
0-7126-5616-2 .
^
a
b
c
d Williams, Hywel (2005).
Cassell's Chronology of World History . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp.
204–210 .
ISBN
0-304-35730-8 .
^ Hackett, Francis (1937). Francis the First . Garden City, NY: Doubleday. p. 253.
^
"1522: El año en el que Almería fue destruida por un gran terremoto" (in Spanish). Víctor Hernández Bru. July 11, 2017. Retrieved 2020-02-22 .
^ Lockhart, Paul Douglas (1 July 2007).
Denmark, 1513–1660: The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy . Oxford University Press. p. 18. Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
^ Charles Corn, The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade (Kodansha America, 1999) p. 57
^ "Francisco Hernández de Córdoba y la conquista de Nicaragua", by José Calvo Poyato 1988, in Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos (September 1988) p.8
^ Ferran Valls i Taberner and Ferran Soldevila, Història de Catalunya (Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, 2002) p.371-372
^
a
b [
https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/christian-2-1481-1559/
Christian 2., 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523"], danmarkshistorien.dk
^
"Katharina von Bora Luther" , by Dr. Jack Kilcrease, LutheranReformation.org
^ Roland H. Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1950) p.223
^
a
b
c Carlos Meléndez, Hernández de Córdoba: Capitán de conquista en Nicaragua (Editorial San Jose, 1976) pp. 59–64
^ Roger Savory, Iran under the Safavids (Cambridge University Press, 2007)
^ Herman J. Selderhuis and Peter Nissen, "The Sixteenth Century", in Handbook of Dutch Church History (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014) p.189
^ "Hungary", by David P. Daniel, "Hungary", in The Early Reformation in Europe , ed. by Andrew Pettegree (Cambridge University Press, 1992) pp. 49–69
^ "Sickingen, Franz von", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.)(Cambridge University Press, 1911) p. 36
^ " Zamachy w Krakowie" ("Assassinations in Krakow"), by Marek Żukow-Karczewski in "Magazyn Sobota" supplement to Gazeta Krakowska (October 1994)
^ "Gritti, Andrea", by Gino Benzoni, in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2002)
^
a
b Ulf Sundberg,
"Befrielsekriget 1521-1523" ("The War of Liberation 1521-1523"), Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek, on Archive.org
^
a
b Tien Tse Chang, (1978), Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources (E. J. Brill, 1969) pp.59-60
^ Goodrich, L. Carrington; Fang, Chaoying (1976).
Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644 . New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 1231–1232.
ISBN
978-0-231-03801-0 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
^
The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency. 1997. p. 463.
^ "Der Fränkische Krieg 1523 und die Schuld der Sparnecker" ("The Franconian War 1523 and the guilt of Sparnecker"), by B. von Reinhardt Schmalz, in Archiv für die Geschichte von Oberfranken ("Archive for the history of Upper Franconia") No. 85 (2005) p. 151
^ Brandi, Karl (1927).
Deutsche Reformation und Gegenreformation (in German). Quelle & Meyer. p. 169. Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
^ Ebru Turan, "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire" Turcica (2009) pp. 6–9
^
a
b Block, Mathew.
"Jan van Essen Archives" . International Lutheran Council . Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
^ Santos Protomártir, Vaquero (2020). El esforzado Capitán Gonzalo de Sandoval . Revista de Estudios Extremeños. pp. Tomo LXXVI, N.º II, pp. 243-307.
^ John Julius Norwich, A History of Venice (Vintage Books, 2003) p.439
^ Sæbø, Magne; Brekelmans, Christianus; Haran, Menahem; Fishbane, Michael A.; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (1996).
Hebrew Bible / Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation: II: From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 397.
ISBN
978-3-525-53982-8 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
^ Françoise de Bernardy, The Princes of Monaco (Arthur Barker Ltd., 1961)
^ Werner, Patrick S. (1996).
Los reales de minas de la Nicaragua colonial y la cuidad perdida de Nueva Segovia (in Spanish). Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultura. p. 24. Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
^ Frederic J. Baumgartner, Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) pp.98-101
^ Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn, Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575-1650 (American University of Beirut, 1985) p.77
^ Desiderius Erasmus (1 January 1974).
The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 1356 to 1534, 1523 to 1524: Letters 1356 to 1534, 1523 to 1524 . University of Toronto Press. pp. 163–.
ISBN
978-0-8020-5976-5 .
^ Florine Asselbergs, Conquered Conquistadors: The Lienzo de Quauhquechollan, A Nahua Vision of the Conquest of Guatemala (University Press of Colorado, 2008) pp. 87–97
^
Keay, John (2008).
China: A History . London: HarperPress.
ISBN
9780007221776 . 0007221770. The 'breech-loading culverins presented at the Ming court in 1522' were a gift from the Portuguese; and Portuguese arquebuses were acquired in the 1540s by the Japanese, who copied and greatly improved them.
^ Mallett, Michael Edward (2012).
The Italian Wars, 1494-1559 : war, state and society in early modern Europe . Pearson. pp. 146–147.
ISBN
978-0-582-05758-6 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
^
Sharer, Robert J. ; Loa P. Traxler (2006).
The Ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, California, US:
Stanford University Press . p. 764.
ISBN
0-8047-4817-9 .
OCLC
57577446 .
^ "Introduction", in Allen J. Christenson, to
Popul Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya (University of Oklahoma Press, 2012) p.31
^ Verrazano's Voyage Along the Atlantic Coast of North America, 1524 , translation of letters by Giovanni da Verrazzano (University of the State of New York, 1916) p.6 ("The XXIIII day of February we suffered a tempest as severe as ever a man who has navigated suffered... In XXV more days we asailed more than 400 leagues where there appeared to us a new land.")
^ Paine, Lincoln P. (2000).
Ships of Discovery and Exploration . New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 37.
ISBN
0-395-98415-7 .
^ Grun, Bernard (1991).
The Timetables of History (3rd ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p.
235 .
ISBN
0-671-74919-6 .
^ James Stuart Olson (1991).
The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 294.
ISBN
978-0-313-26387-3 .
^ Janine Garrisson and Emmanuel Haven, A History of Sixteenth Century France, 1483-1598: Renaissance, Reformation and Rebellion (Macmillan Education UK, 1995) p.145
^ Amy Nelson Burnett, Karlstadt and the Origins of the Eucharistic Controversy: A Study in the Circulation of Ideas (Oxford University Press, 2011) p.143
^ Lars-Olof Larsson, Gustav Vasa – Landsfader eller tyrann? (Prima, 2005)
ISBN
978-9151839042
^
"Vasco da Gama's Voyage of 'Discovery' 1497" . South African History Online . 2011-03-21.
Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 2016-11-06 .
^ George Way and Romily Squire, Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia (
Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs , 1994). pp. 387-388.
^ Smith, Adolphe (1912).
Monaco and Monte Carlo . Grant Richards. p. 76.
^ Gordon, Bruce (2002).
The Swiss Reformation . Manchester University Press. p. 196.
ISBN
978-0-7190-5118-0 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 .
^ Hershberger, Guy Franklin (1963).
Das Täufertum: Erbe und Verpflichtung (in German). Evangelisches Verlagswerk. p. 59. Retrieved 30 July 2023 .
^ Jean Giono (1965).
The Battle of Pavia, 24th February, 1525 . P. Owen. p. 134.
^ Ludlow, Úrsula Camba; Rosas, Alejandro (21 October 2018).
Cara o cruz: Hernán Cortés (in Spanish). Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México.
ISBN
978-607-31-7361-2 . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . Cortés again preferred to get up early, rather than being woken up early, and on February 28, 1525, he ordered Cuauhtémoc to be executed. Thus ended the story of the last emperor of the Aztecs.
^ Franz, Günther (1 December 1939).
"Die Entstehung der "Zwölf Artikel" der deutschen Bauernschaft" . Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte - Archive for Reformation History (in German). 36 (jg): 193–213.
doi :
10.14315/arg-1939-jg14 .
ISSN
2198-0489 .
S2CID
163739674 . Retrieved 31 July 2023 .
^ Engels, Friedrich (1926).
The Peasant War in Germany . International Publishers. p. 118.
ISBN
978-91-40-09955-6 . Retrieved 31 July 2023 .
^ Wienecke-Janz, Detlef (2007).
Die Chronik der Deutschen (in German). Wissenmedia Verlag. p. 136.
ISBN
978-3-577-14374-5 . Retrieved 31 July 2023 .
^ Sternal, Bernd (31 July 2014).
Die Harz - Geschichte 4: Reformation, Bauernkrieg und Schmalkaldischer Krieg (in German). Books on Demand. p. 32.
ISBN
978-3-7357-5965-8 . Retrieved 31 July 2023 .
^ Christopher Ocker (30 August 2018).
Luther, Conflict, and Christendom: Reformation Europe and Christianity in the West . Cambridge University Press. p. 437.
ISBN
978-1-107-19768-8 .
^ Bowers, Diane V. (March 2020).
"To Spite the Devil: Martin Luther and Katharina von Bora's Wedding as Reform and Resistance" . Religions . 11 (3): 116.
doi :
10.3390/rel11030116 .
ISSN
2077-1444 .
^ Powell, Roger S.; Beauclerk-Dewar, Peter de Vere (2008).
Royal bastards : illegitimate children of the British Royal family . Stroud: Tempus. p. 191.
ISBN
978-0-7524-4668-4 . Retrieved 31 July 2023 .
^
"Henry VIII: June 1525, 11-20" . www.british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 31 July 2023 .
^ Castro, Ricardo (1912).
Páginas históricas colombianas (in Spanish). Imprenta Editorial. p. 415. Retrieved 31 July 2023 .
^
a
b
c L. P. Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614 (University of Chicago Press, 2005) p.93
^ Mahler, Richard (1999).
Guatemala: Adventures in Nature . John Muir Publications. p. 113.
ISBN
978-1-56261-430-0 . Retrieved 31 July 2023 .
^
"Tyndale's New Testament, 1525" . www.bl.uk . Retrieved 31 July 2023 .
^ Tenney, Merrill C. (10 August 2010).
The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible, Volume 5: Revised Full-Color Edition . Zondervan Academic.
ISBN
978-0-310-87700-4 . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . In 1525 or 1526 copies of Tyndale's first English NT reached England.
^ Daniell, David (1 January 2001).
William Tyndale: A Biography . Yale University Press. p. 134.
ISBN
978-0-300-06880-1 . Retrieved 31 July 2023 .
^ Clark, Stuart; Monter, William (1 January 2002).
Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 4: The Period of the Witch Trials . A&C Black. p. 45.
ISBN
978-0-485-89004-4 . Retrieved 1 August 2023 .
^ Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (14 October 2008).
The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction . Oxford University Press. p. 52.
ISBN
978-0-19-971756-9 . Retrieved 1 August 2023 .
^ R. J. Knecht (26 April 1984).
Francis I . Cambridge University Press. p. 189.
ISBN
978-0-521-27887-4 .
^ L. P. Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614 (University of Chicago Press, 2005) p.94
^ Roy, Kaushik (2004).
India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil . Orient Blackswan. pp. 54–66.
ISBN
978-81-7824-109-8 . Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^ Gates, Scott; Roy, Kaushik (20 November 2014).
War and State-Building in Afghanistan: Historical and Modern Perspectives . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 50.
ISBN
978-1-4725-7219-6 . Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^ Black, Jeremy (5 July 2005).
European Warfare, 1494-1660 . Routledge. p. 78.
ISBN
978-1-134-47708-1 . Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^
"Catalog of Transits of Venus" . eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^
"1526 May 23rd Transit of Venus" . astro.ukho.gov.uk . Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^ Delpar, Helen (1980).
The Discoverers: An Encyclopedia of Explorers and Exploration . McGraw-Hill. p. 383.
ISBN
978-0-07-016264-8 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 .
^ Elton, Geoffrey Rudolph (1962).
The New Cambridge Modern History . Cambridge University Press. p. 343. Retrieved 3 August 2023 .
^ Hollander, A. A. den; Grell, Ole Peter (2016). "Bibles in the Dutch and Scandinavian vernaculars to c. 1750".
The New Cambridge History of the Bible: Volume 3: From 1450 to 1750 . Cambridge University Press. pp. 239–262.
ISBN
978-0-521-51342-5 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 .
^ Sharp, Andrew (1960). Early Spanish Discoveries in the Pacific . pp. 11–13.
^
a
b Wheatcroft, Andrew (28 April 2009).
The Enemy at the Gate: Habsburgs, Ottomans, and the Battle for Europe . Basic Books. p. 58.
ISBN
978-0-7867-4454-1 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 .
^ Norwich, John Julius (4 April 2017).
Four Princes: Henry VIII, Francis I, Charles V, Suleiman the Magnificent and the Obsessions that Forged Modern Europe . Open Road + Grove/Atlantic.
ISBN
978-0-8021-8946-2 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 . When, on 29 August 1526, the forces of Suleiman the Magnificent smashed the Hungarians at Mohacs and shortly afterwards sacked their capital at Buda, rule over the defeated country was disputed by the Sultan's vassal John Zapolya and Charles V's brother Ferdinand.
^ Henry Charles Lea, The Moriscos of Spain: Their Conversion and Expulsion (Lea Brothers & Company, 1901) p. 95
^
Gun: A Visual History . Penguin. 16 April 2012. p. 78.
ISBN
978-1-4654-0354-4 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 .
^
"Beretta Since 1526" . www.beretta.com . Retrieved 3 August 2023 .
^ K. V. Krishna Rao (1991).
Prepare Or Perish: A Study of National Security . Lancer Publishers. p. 453.
ISBN
978-81-7212-001-6 .
^
Indonesia, the First 50 Years, 1945-1995 . Buku Antar Bangsa. 1995. p. 119.
ISBN
978-979-8926-00-6 .
^ Steffensen, Kenneth (2007). Scandinavia After the Fall of the Kalmar Union: a Study of Scandinavian Relations, 1523-1536 . Unpubl. M.A. Thesis, Brigham Young University.
^ Fisher, George P (1873). The Reformation . Scribner.
^ Lillie Rollins Crawford; Robert Junious Crawford (1996).
Roos Af Hjelmsäter: A Swedish Noble Family with Allied Families and Emigrants . Gateway Press. p. 420.
^ Los viajes de Diego García de Moguer .
^ Cristina Acidini; Cristina Acidini Luchinat; Palazzo Strozzi (1 January 2002).
The Medici, Michelangelo, & the Art of Late Renaissance Florence . Yale University Press. p. 172.
ISBN
978-0-300-09495-4 .
^
"Renaissance: The Reconstructed Libraries of European Scholars: 1450-1700" . Archived from
the original on 2008-07-20. Retrieved 2007-11-08 .
^ Reported by local
gazetteers .
^
Area Handbook Series . American University, Foreign Area Studies. 1993. p. 19.
ISBN
978-0-8444-0739-5 .
^ Collins, WE (1903) The Scandinavian North , in AW Ward, GW Prothero & Stanley Leathes (eds.)
The Cambridge Modern History . Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 599-638.
^ Carmen Guerrero Nakpil (1977).
The Philippines and the Filipinos . Nakpil. p. 60.
^ Christiansen, John (2009).
"The English Sweat in Lübeck and North Germany, 1529" . Medical History . 53 (3): 415–424.
doi :
10.1017/S0025727300004002 .
PMC
2706052 .
PMID
19584960 .
^ Kenneth J. Dillon (1976).
King and Estates in the Bohemian Lands, 1526-1564 . Editions de la Librairie encyclopédique. p. 54.
^
"Alster-Beste Kanal (Alster-Trave-Kanal.)" . Lost Canals of Schleswig-Holstein . 2007-05-29. Retrieved 2020-02-21 .
^ Troels-Lund, Dr (1907).
Peder Oxe: et historisk billed (in Danish). Schubotheske forlag. p. 37. Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^
"More, Sir Christopher" .
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/77080 . Retrieved 24 July 2023 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^ Johnston, Wade (16 January 2018).
The Devil behind the Surplice: Matthias Flacius and John Hooper on Adiaphora . Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 19.
ISBN
978-1-5326-1772-0 . Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ COMPANY, Joaquin (1787).
Vida del B.Nicolás Factor de menores observantes (in Spanish). Valencia: J.y T. de Orga. p. 3. Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ Béthencourt, Francisco Fernández de (1907).
Historia genealógica y heráldica de la monarquía española: casa real y grandes de España (in Spanish). Estab. Tip. de Enrique Teodoro. p. 93. Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ Przeździecki, Aleksander (1878).
Jagiellonki polskie w XVI. wieku (in Polish). Vol. V. Nakładem Konstantego i Gustawa hr. Przezdzieckich. p. 21. Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ Panton, James (24 February 2011).
Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy . Scarecrow Press. p. 310.
ISBN
978-0-8108-7497-8 . Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ Grote, Ludwig (1860).
Bartholomäus Sastrow, ein merkwürdiger lebenslauf des sechszehnten jahrhunderts (in German). J. Fricke. p. 5. Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^
Rheinische Lebensbilder (in German). Vol. 10. Gesellschaft für Rheinische Geschichtskunde. 1985. p. 32.
ISBN
978-3-7927-0834-7 . Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^
The Encyclopedia Americana . Americana Corporation. 1976. p. 787.
ISBN
978-0-7172-0107-5 .
^ Robertson, Clare (1992).
Il gran cardinale : Alessandro Farnese, patron of the arts . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 2.
ISBN
978-0-300-05045-5 . Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ Allen, Carl Ferdinand (1867).
De tre nordiske Rigers historie under Hans, Christiern II, Frederik I, Gustav Vasa, Grevefeiden: 1497-1536 (in Danish). Copenhagen: F. Hegel. p. 279. Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^
Pamiętnik powszechnego Zjazdu historyków polskich w Poznaniu (in Polish). Vol. 6. Polskiego Towarzystwa Historycznego. 1935. p. 145. Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^
"Märta Eriksdtr (Leijonhufvud)" . sok.riksarkivet.se . Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^ Lossing, Benson John (1905).
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History from 458 A. D. to 1909 . Harper & Brothers. p. 429.
ISBN
978-0-598-77697-6 . Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^ Berger, Karol (1980).
Theories of Chromatic and Enharmonic Music in Late Sixteenth Century Italy . UMI Research Press. p. 67.
ISBN
978-0-8357-1065-7 . Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^
"Streicher, Agatha" . www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^
"Katarina (Karin) Bengtsdotter (Gylta)" . skbl.se . Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^
Index-catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, United States Army (Army Medical Library): Authors and Subjects . U.S. Government Printing Office. 1939. p. 15. Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^ Grady, Caterine; Lambion, Emmanuel (2000).
Jonckheere (in French). De Jonckheere. p. 11. Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^ Barletta, Vincent; Bajus, Mark L.; Malik, Cici (22 March 2013).
Dreams of Waking: An Anthology of Iberian Lyric Poetry, 1400–1700 . University of Chicago Press. p. 193.
ISBN
978-0-226-01147-9 . Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^
"Moroni, Giovanni [Giovan] Battista" . Grove Art Online . Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^ Beach, Frederick Converse; Morgan, Forrest; Rines, George Edwin; Roe, Edward Thomas; Dole, Nathan Haskell; Copeland, Thomas Campbell (1903).
The Encyclopedia Americana . Americana Company. p. 94. Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^
Nuovo dizionario istorico (in Italian). Vol. XV. Naples: per Michele Morelli. 1791. p. 218. Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^ Horning, Wilhelm (1887).
Dr. Johann Marbach, Pfarrer zu St. Nikolai, Münsterprediger, Professor und Präsident des Luth. Kirchenconvents in Strassburg, 1545-1581 (in German). Strasbourg: C.A. Vomhoff. p. 11. Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^ Vindry, Fleury (1901).
Dictionnaire de l'état-major français au XVIe siècle (in French). Castanet. p. 161. Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^
"St. Peter Canisius" . www.newadvent.org . Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^
Allgemeine deutsche biographie (in German). Vol. 14. Duncker und Humblot. 1881. p. 369. Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^ Vasconcellos, Carolina Michaëlis de (1902).
A infanta D. Maria de Portugal (1521-1577) e suas damas (in Brazilian Portuguese). Typ. a vapor de A. J. de Souza & irmão. p. 17. Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^ Bricka, Carl Frederik (1892).
Dansk biografisk lexikon (in Danish). Vol. 6. F. Hegel & Søn. p. 569. Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^ Grolier Incorporated (1997).
The encyclopedia Americana . Grolier Incorporated. p. 18.
ISBN
9780717201303 .
^ Fantoni, Marcello (2005).
Il Rinascimento italiano e l'Europa (in Italian). Fondazione Cassamarca. p. 165.
ISBN
978-88-89527-17-7 . Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^
"Guicciardini, Lodovico" . Grove Art Online . 2003.
doi :
10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T035507 . Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^
"Sheffield, Edmund, first Baron Sheffield" .
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/25292 . Retrieved 26 July 2023 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^
"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of May 17, 1570" . cardinals.fiu.edu . Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^
RACAR, Revue D'art Canadienne: Canadian Art Review . Society for the Promotion of Art History Publications in Canada. 1990. p. 18.
^ Zahl, Paul (June 2001).
Five Women of the English Reformation . Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 27.
ISBN
978-0-8028-3045-6 . Retrieved 26 July 2023 .
^
"Aylmer, John" .
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/935 . Retrieved 26 July 2023 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^
"陶晴賢(すえはるかた)とは?" . コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^ O'Sullivan, Dan (15 May 2016).
The Reluctant Ambassador: The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Chaloner, Tudor Diplomat . Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 12.
ISBN
978-1-4456-5165-1 . Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^ Mann, Brian Richard (1983).
The secular madrigals of Filippo di Monte, 1521-1603 . Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. p. 1.
ISBN
978-0-8357-1402-0 . Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^ Frederic, Louis (2002).
Japan Encyclopedia . Harvard University Press. p. 794.
ISBN
978-0-674-01753-5 . Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^
"Wyatt, Sir Thomas" .
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/30112 . Retrieved 27 July 2023 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^
"Katherine [Catherine] [née Katherine Howard]" .
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/4892 . Retrieved 27 July 2023 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^
"Albert II Alcibiades | margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . Retrieved 16 March 2022 .
^
"Jacques Cujas" . Oxford Reference . Retrieved 27 June 2022 .
^
"Vico, Enea" . Grove Art Online . Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
^
"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 12, 1565" . cardinals.fiu.edu . Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
^ Favaro, Antonio; Brahe, Tycho; Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie; Favaro, Antonio; Kepler, Johannes; Magini, Giovanni Antonio (1886).
Carteggio inedito di Ticone Brahe, Giovanni Keplero e di altri celebri astronomi e matematici dei secoli XVI . Bologna: N. Zanichelli. p. 315. Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
^ Hostinský, Otakar (1896).
Jan Blahoslav a Jan Josquin: Příspěvek k dějinám české hudby a theorie umění XVI. věku (in Czech). České akademie císaře pro vědy, slovesnost a umění. p. vi. Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
^ Herbermann, Charles George (1908).
The Catholic Encyclopedia . Encyclopedia Press. p. 156. Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
^ Dibelius, Franz; Brieger, Theodor (1896).
Beiträge zur sächsischen Kirchengeschichte (in German). Leipzig: J.A. Barth. p. 109. Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
^ Dooley, John F. (24 September 2013).
A Brief History of Cryptology and Cryptographic Algorithms . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 25.
ISBN
978-3-319-01628-3 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
^ Métral, Denyse (1939).
Blaise de Vigenère, archéologue et critique d'art (1523-1596) (in French). E. Droz. p. 6.
ISBN
978-2-600-02247-7 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 .
^
"BRAGADIN, Marcantonio" . www.treccani.it (in Italian).
^ Whale, Winifred Stephens (1912).
Margaret of France, duchess of Savoy, 1523-74; a biography . New York: John Lane Company. p. 3. Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Ramieri, Anna Maria (2007).
Le ville imperiali e rinascimentali nel Lazio (in Italian). Colombo. p. 245.
ISBN
978-88-86359-95-5 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Boras, Zygmunt (1982).
Książęta piastowscy Śląska (in Polish). Śląsk. p. 396.
ISBN
978-83-216-0248-6 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Fagel, Raymond (1 October 2021).
Protagonists of War: Spanish Army Commanders and the Revolt in the Low Countries . Leuven University Press. p. 117.
ISBN
978-94-6270-287-5 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Barjavel, Casimir François Henri (1841).
Dictionnaire historique, biographique et bibliographique du département de Vaucluse (in French). Imprimerie de L. Devillario. p. 276. Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Gaier, Ulrich; Küble, Monika; Schürle, Wolfgang (2003).
Schwabenspiegel: Literatur vom Neckar bis zum Bodensee 1000-1800 (in German). Oberschwäbische Elektrizitätswerke (OEW). p. 21.
ISBN
978-3-937184-00-5 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Bogucka, Maria (1964).
Anna Jagiellonka (in Polish). Ksiazka i Wiedza. p. 6. Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Bayraktar, Elif; Nteli Chatzioglou, Gkionoul; Gayretli, Özcan (1 June 2023).
"The life of Gabriele Falloppio (1523–1562) and his contributions to medical terminology" . Child's Nervous System . 39 (6): 1445–1447.
doi :
10.1007/s00381-022-05626-0 .
ISSN
1433-0350 .
PMID
35932323 .
S2CID
251351601 .
^ Falkeid, Unn; Feng, Aileen (3 March 2016).
Rethinking Gaspara Stampa in the Canon of Renaissance Poetry . Routledge. p. 3.
ISBN
978-1-317-06421-3 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Campbell, Gordon (26 November 2009).
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art . OUP USA. p. 254.
ISBN
978-0-19-533466-1 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Carreira, José Nunes (1974).
Filologia e crítica de Isaías no comentário de Francisco Foreiro (1522?-1581): subsídios para a história da exegese quinhentista (in Brazilian Portuguese). Gráfica de Coimbra. p. 225. Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Russell, Gareth (2017).
Young & damned & fair : the life and tragedy of Catherine Howard at the court of Henry VIII . London: William Collins. p. 19.
ISBN
978-0-00-812827-2 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Edward Bourbeau (1983).
Three Centuries of Bourbeaus in North America: From Pierre Bourbeau (1648) to Louis-Ludger Bourbeau (1939) . p. 193.
^ A. J. Hoenselaars (1999).
The Author as Character: Representing Historical Writers in Western Literature . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 228.
ISBN
978-0-8386-3786-9 .
^ Sakcinski, Ivan Kukuljević (1887).
Poviest porodice Draškovića Trakošćanskih (in Croatian). Matice Hrvatske. p. 6. Retrieved 1 August 2023 .
^ Kohnle, Armin; Dingel, Irene (1 April 2021).
Die Crucigers: Caspar der Ältere, Caspar der Jüngere und Elisabeth Cruciger in ihrer Bedeutung für die Wittenberger Reformation (in German). Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. p. 298.
ISBN
978-3-374-06808-1 . Retrieved 1 August 2023 .
^ Harrisse, Henry (1872).
A Description of Works Relating to America . p. 173.
^ Helms, H. Jørgen (1917).
Valkendorfs kollegiums historie fra dets oprettelse 1588 og indtil 1865: med en kort oversigt over kollegiets historie fra 1865 til nutiden (in Danish). trykt hos Nielsen & Lydiche. p. 25. Retrieved 1 August 2023 .
^ Grabner, C. (1904).
Die Abstammung der Freien u. Edlen Herren v. Kotzau aus dem Hause Hohenzollern (in German). p. 3. Retrieved 1 August 2023 .
^ Grossmann, Julius (1905).
Genealogie des Gesamthauses Hohenzollern (in German). W. Moeser. p. 22. Retrieved 1 August 2023 .
^ Mayers, Kit (2005).
North-east passage to Muscovy : Stephen Borough and the first Tudor explorations . Stroud: Sutton. p. 5.
ISBN
978-0-7509-4069-6 . Retrieved 1 August 2023 .
^ Schnabel-Schüle, Helga (13 September 2017).
Reformation: Historisch-kulturwissenschaftliches Handbuch (in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 87.
ISBN
978-3-476-05411-1 . Retrieved 1 August 2023 .
^ Rudloff, A. (1898).
Bilder aus der mecklenburgischen Geschichte (in German). Wilhelm Susserott. p. 71. Retrieved 1 August 2023 .
^ Sládek, Pavel (2017).
"Admiration and Fear: New Perspectives on the Personality of the Maharal" . Judaica Bohemiae . LII (2): 5–31.
ISSN
0022-5738 . Retrieved 1 August 2023 .
^ Gertraude Winkelmann-Rhein (1969).
The Paintings and Drawings of Jan 'Flower' Bruegel . H. N. Abrams. p. 25.
^
"DONATO, Baldassare" . www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2023 .
^ Marvin, Clara (15 October 2013).
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina: A Research Guide . Routledge. p. 1.
ISBN
978-1-135-61754-7 . Retrieved 1 August 2023 .
^ Ribas, Rosa (2005).
Testimonios de la conciencia lingüistica en textos de viajeros alemanes a America en el siglo XVI (in Spanish). Edition Reichenberger. p. 32.
ISBN
978-3-935004-80-0 . Retrieved 1 August 2023 .
^ Gonzaga, Luis (1920).
Efemerides colombianas (in Spanish). Procuraduría de los Hermanos. p. 427. Retrieved 3 August 2023 .
^ Jayawardene, S. A.; Bombelli, Rafael (September 1963).
"Unpublished Documents Relating to Rafael Bombelli in the Archives of Bologna" . Isis . 54 (3): 391–395.
doi :
10.1086/349735 .
ISSN
0021-1753 .
S2CID
143847855 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 .
^ Hoff, Hinrich Ewald (1912).
Scheswig-Holsteinische heimat-geschichte (in German). Lipsius & Tischer. p. 165. Retrieved 3 August 2023 .
^ Walters, Michael (2003).
A Concise History of Ornithology: The Lives and Works of Its Founding Figures . Christopher Helm. p. 32.
ISBN
978-1-873403-97-6 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 .
^ Chadwick, Hubert (1910).
Life of the venerable Gonçalo da Silveira of the Society of Jesus : pioneer missionary and proto-martyr of South Africa ; from original sources . New York: Benziger. p. 2. Retrieved 3 August 2023 .
^
"Carey, Henry, first Baron Hunsdon" .
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/4649 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^ Brandt, Otto (1927).
Heinrich Rantzau und seine Relationen an die dänischen Könige: eine Studie zur Geschichte des 16. Jahrhunderts (in German). R. Oldenbourg. p. III. Retrieved 3 August 2023 .
^ TRAWNITSCHEK, Hubert (1875).
Marcus Antonius Muretus: Das Bild eines wahren Christen. Pädagogische Studie (in German). Pannonia. Retrieved 3 August 2023 . Marcus Antonius Muretus was born born on April 12, 1256, AD in Muret, a village near Limoges
^ Vedel Simonsen, Lauritz Schebye (1845).
Samlinger til den fyenske herregaard Elvedgaards historie i anledning af Secularfesten paa samme den 1 juli, 1845 . Trykt i M. C. Hempels officin. p. 104. Retrieved 4 August 2023 .
^ Rudzki, Edward (1990).
Polskie królowe (in Polish). Instytut Prasy i Wydawnictw "Novum". p. 234. Retrieved 4 August 2023 .
^
Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schoone Kunsten van België, Klasse der Letteren (in Dutch). Vol. 59. Royal Flemish Academy of Sciences, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium. 1965. p. 253. Retrieved 4 August 2023 .
^ Meyer, Hermann Julius (1903).
Meyers Grosses Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Bibliographisches Institut. p. 120. Retrieved 4 August 2023 .
^ Behr, Kamill von (1870).
Genealogie der in Europa regierenden Fürstenhäuser nebst der Reihenfolge sämmtlicher Päpste (in German). Tauchnitz. p. 98. Retrieved 4 August 2023 .
^
"Nassau-Saarbrücken Adolph von" . www.saarland-biografien.de . Retrieved 4 August 2023 .
^
"Manners, Henry, second earl of Rutland" .
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/17995 . Retrieved 4 August 2023 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^ Menzel, Karl (1893).
Wolfgang von Zweibrücken, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Herzog in Baiern, Graf von Veldenz: der Stammvater des bairischen Königshauses ; (1526 - 1569) (in German). Munich: Beck. p. 9. Retrieved 4 August 2023 .
^
"Stafford [née Stafford], Dorothy, Lady Stafford" .
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/69753 . Retrieved 4 August 2023 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^ Keuller, L. J. E. (1843).
Geschiedenis en beschrijving van Venloo (in Dutch). Bij de Wed. H. Bontamps. p. 321. Retrieved 4 August 2023 .
^ Judycki, Zbigniew Andrzej; Klimaszewski, Bolesław (2000).
Krakowianie w świecie: słownik biograficzny (in Polish). Oficyna Wydawnicza Kucharski. p. 49.
ISBN
978-83-913714-1-1 . Retrieved 4 August 2023 .
^
Rheinische Lebensbilder (in German). Rheinland-Verlag. 1995. p. 65.
ISBN
978-3-7927-1537-6 . Retrieved 4 August 2023 .
^ Duvale, Angel de Altolaguirre y (1888).
Don Alvaro de Bazán, primer marqués de Santa Cruz de Mudela (in Spanish). Tipografía de los huérfanos. p. 565. Retrieved 4 August 2023 .
^
"Throckmorton [née Lok; other married name Hickman], Rose" .
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/67979 . Retrieved 4 August 2023 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^
Ludwigsburger Geschichtsblätter (in German). Kommissionsverlag J. Aigner. 1983. p. 75. Retrieved 4 August 2023 .
^ Kloek, Els (2001).
Kenau: de heldhaftige zakenvrouw uit Haarlem (1526-1588) (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 55.
ISBN
978-90-6550-456-2 . Retrieved 4 August 2023 .
^ Nordin, Anis Nurashikin; Ramli, Nabilah (2020).
"Regenerating Muslim Inventors The Present Future" . ULUM ISLAMIYYAH the Malaysian Journal of Islamic Sciences . 31 (1): 1–18.
doi :
10.33102/uij.vol31no.73 .
S2CID
233420529 . Retrieved 4 August 2023 .
^ Patrick Williams (14 March 2017).
Philip II . Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 3.
ISBN
978-1-4039-1381-4 . [
permanent dead link ]
^ Peter J. French (1987).
John Dee: The World of an Elizabethan Magus . Psychology Press. p. 20.
ISBN
978-0-7448-0079-1 .
^ Jo Eldridge Carney (2001).
Renaissance and Reformation, 1500-1620: A Biographical Dictionary . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8.
ISBN
978-0-313-30574-0 .
^ Ann Hoffmann (1977).
Lives of the Tudor Age, 1485-1603 . Barnes & Noble Books. p. 397.
ISBN
978-0-06-494331-4 .
^
The New Encyclopaedia Britannica . Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1998. p. 333.
ISBN
978-0-85229-663-9 .
^ Jong, Jan L. de (21 November 2022).
Tombs in Early Modern Rome (1400–1600): Monuments of Mourning, Memory and Meditation . BRILL. p. 19.
ISBN
978-90-04-52693-8 . Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^ Martin Clayton; Queen's Gallery; Martin Postle (1999).
Raphael and His Circle: Drawings from Windsor Castle . Merrell Holberton. p. 19.
ISBN
978-1-85894-076-2 .
^ Uruski, Seweryn (1912).
Rodzina: herbarz szlachty polskiej (in Polish). Wydawn. Heroldium. p. 200.
ISBN
978-83-86005-06-2 . Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^
"Moctezuma II" (in Spanish). Biografias y Vidas. Retrieved June 1, 2019 .
^ Scheglmann, Alfons Maria (1904).
Geschichte der Säkularisation im rechtsrheinischen Bayern: ¬Die Säkularisation in Kurpfalzbayern während des Jahres 1802. 2 (in German). Habbel. p. 423. Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^
Milano sacro Almanacco: per l'anno (in Italian). Agnelli. 1821. p. 48. Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^ Lockwood, Lewis (October 1985).
"Adrian Willaert and Cardinal Ippolito I d'Este: new light on Willaert's early career in Italy, 1515–21" . Early Music History . 5 : 85–112.
doi :
10.1017/S026112790000067X .
ISSN
1474-0559 .
S2CID
190681116 . Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^ Esin Atl; Esin Atıl; Arifi (1986).
Süleymanname: The Illustrated History of Süleyman the Magnificent . National Gallery of Art. p. 238.
ISBN
978-0-89468-088-5 .
^
"Cuitláhuac" (in Spanish). Biografias y Vidas. Retrieved June 1, 2019 .
^ Dovizi, Bernardo (1863).
La calandria commedia di Bernardo Dovizi da Bibbiena (in Italian). Daelli. p. viii. Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^
"Ixtlilxóchitl II" (in Spanish). Biografias y Vidas. Retrieved June 1, 2019 .
^ Aryal, I. R.; Dhungyal, T. P. (1970).
A New History of Nepal . Voice of Nepal. p. 62. Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^ Simms, Sanda (11 October 2013).
The Kingdoms of Laos . Routledge. p. 54.
ISBN
978-1-136-86337-0 . Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^ Derman, M. Uğur (1998).
Letters in Gold: Ottoman Calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı Collection, Istanbul . Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 46.
ISBN
978-0-87099-873-7 . Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^
"Lurano [Luprano, Lorano], Filippo de" . Grove Music Online . Retrieved 24 July 2023 .
^ Fisquet, Honoré (1864).
La France pontificale (in French). Etienne Repos. p. 229. Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^
"Johann II" . www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^
中国官场总览 (in Chinese). 經濟日報出版社. 1999. p. 1658. Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^ Deborah Wei; Rachael Kamel (1998).
Resistance in Paradise: Rethinking 100 Years of U.S. Involvement in the Caribbean and the Pacific . American Friends Service Committee. p. 15.
ISBN
978-0-910082-33-4 .
^ La-Mure, Jean Marie de (1868).
Histoire des ducs de Bourbon et des comtes de Forez: en forme d'annales sur preuves authentiques (in French). Potier. p. 564. Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^ Max Reinhart; James N. Hardin (1997).
German Writers of the Renaissance and Reformation, 1280-1580 . Gale Research. p. 21.
ISBN
978-0-7876-1069-2 .
^ Herbermann, Charles George (1913).
The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 2. Encyclopedia Press. p. 214. Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^ Cappelletti, Giuseppe (1852).
Storia della repubblica di Venezia dal suo principio sino al giorno d'oggi (in Italian). Vol. 8, 9. G. Antenelli. p. 33. Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^ Slavicek, Louise Chipley (2009).
Juan Ponce de León . Infobase Publishing. p. 87.
ISBN
978-1-4381-0684-7 . Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^
"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 10, 1477" . cardinals.fiu.edu . Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^ Elders, Willem (2013).
Josquin Des Prez and His Musical Legacy: An Introductory Guide . Leuven University Press. p. 17.
ISBN
978-90-5867-941-3 . Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^ Kohnle, Armin; Rudersdorf, Manfred (28 June 2022).
Briefe und Akten zur Kirchenpolitik Friedrichs des Weisen und Johanns...: Band 2: 1518–1522. Bearbeitet von Stefan Michel, Beate Kusche, Ulrike Ludwig, Konstantin Enge, Dagmar Blaha und Alexander Bartmuß unter Mitarbeit von Saskia Jähnigen und Steven Bickel (in German). Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. p. 20.
ISBN
978-3-374-07173-9 . Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^
"Poynings, Sir Edward" .
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/22683 . Retrieved 27 July 2023 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^ Fayrfax, Robert (1 January 1985).
Sacred Music from the Lambeth Choirbook . A-R Editions, Inc. p. viii.
ISBN
978-0-89579-150-4 . Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^ Laurent, Eugène (1854).
Histoire de Marguerite de Lorraine, Duchesse d'Alençon, bisaïeule de Henri IV., etc (in French). Barbier. p. 306. Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^
"Leo X | pope" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 1 December 2020 .
^ Costa, António Leite da (4 November 2019).
História de Portugal (in European Portuguese). Leya. p. 109.
ISBN
978-972-20-6863-5 . Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^ Brigliadori, Egidio; Pasquini, Agostino (2000).
Religiosità in Valconca: vicende e figure (in Italian). Silvana. p. 122.
ISBN
978-88-8215-266-6 . Retrieved 27 July 2023 .
^ John F. D'Amico (1993).
Roman and German Humanism, 1450-1550 . Variorum. p. 201.
ISBN
978-0-86078-388-6 .
^
"Anne Of France | regent of France | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . Retrieved 14 August 2022 .
^ Dek, A.W.E. (1970). Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau (in Dutch).
Zaltbommel : Europese Bibliotheek. p. 70.
^ Vorsterman van Oyen, A.A. (1882). Het vorstenhuis Oranje-Nassau. Van de vroegste tijden tot heden (in Dutch).
Leiden &
Utrecht : A.W. Sijthoff & J.L. Beijers. p. 95.
^ Fletcher, Stella (6 June 2009).
Cardinal Wolsey: A Life in Renaissance Europe . Bloomsbury Academic. p. 89.
ISBN
978-1-84725-245-6 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Cokayne, George Edward (1898).
Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct, Or Dormant . G. Bell & sons. p. 166. Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Romanin, Samuele (1856).
Storia documentata di Venezia (in Italian). P. Naratovich. p. 385. Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Cameron, Euan (1 March 2012).
The European Reformation . Oxford University Press. p. 203.
ISBN
978-0-19-267085-4 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^
船田合戦 (in Japanese). 歴史研究会. p. 65. Retrieved 29 July 2023 . [
unreliable source? ]
^
"Marney, Henry, first Baron Marney" .
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/70724 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^ Hand, John Oliver; Wolff, Martha (1986).
Early Netherlandish Painting . Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
ISBN
978-0-89468-093-9 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Zanotto, Francesco (1858).
Il palazzo ducale di Venezia (in Italian). Antonellico. p. 4. Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Reinhart, Max; Hardin, James N. (1997).
German Writers of the Renaissance and Reformation, 1280-1580 . Gale Research. p. 122.
ISBN
978-0-7876-1069-2 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^
"Adrian VI | pope" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 20 March 2021 .
^
"D'ALESSANDRO, Alessandro" . www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^
Baltische Studien (in German). T. von der Nahmer. 1912. p. 63. Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^
"Montagna, Bartolomeo" . Grove Art Online . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^
"Cornysh, William (ii)" . Grove Music Online . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Maclean-Bristol, Nicholas (1995).
Warriors and Priests: The History of the Clan Maclean, 1300-1570 . Tuckwell Press. p. 92.
ISBN
978-1-898410-62-1 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Vasari, Giorgio (1907).
Lives of Seventy of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects . C. Scribner's sons. p. 341. Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^
"Pietro Perugino" . www.nga.gov . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .
^ Sanjay Subrahmanyam (29 October 1998).
The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama . Cambridge University Press. p. 11.
ISBN
978-0-521-64629-1 .
^ McKillop, Susan Regan (1 January 1974).
Franciabigio . University of California Press. p. 252.
ISBN
978-0-520-01688-0 . Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^ Sulte, Benjamin (1919).
Mélanges historiques: études éparses et inédites de Benjamin Sulte (in French). G. Ducharme. p. 32. Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^ Herbst, Wilhelm (1881).
Encyklopädie der Neueren Geschichte: in Verbindung mit namhaften deutschen und außerdeutschen Historikern. Aachen-Duttlingen (in German). Gotha: Friedrich Andreas Perthes. p. 396. Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^
Bulletin de la Société d'émulation du Bourbonnais (in French). Moulins: Impr. É. Auclaire. 1919. p. 69. Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^ Grummitt, David (20 January 2014).
A Short History of the Wars of the Roses . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 182.
ISBN
978-0-85772-329-1 . Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^ John Powell; Christina J. Moose; Rowena Wildin (2001).
Magill's Guide to Military History: Jap-Pel . Salem Press. p. 873.
ISBN
978-0-89356-017-1 .
^ VAUGEOIS, J. F. Gabriel (1841).
Histoire des antiquités de la ville de l'Aigle et de ses environse (in French). P.E. Bredif. p. 319. Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^ Morris Rosenblum (1969).
Heroes of Mexico . Fleet Press Corporation. p. 41.
ISBN
978-0-8303-0082-2 .
^ Rucellai, Giovanni (1887).
Le opere di Giovanni Rucellai (in Italian). N. Zanichelli. p. lx. Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^
The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature . R. S. Peale & Company. 1890. p. 741.
^ Schilling, Johannes (1997).
Klöster und Mönche in der hessischen Reformation (in German). Gütersloher Verlagshaus. p. 30.
ISBN
978-3-579-01735-8 . Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^ Garin, Eugenio (1 January 2008). "ARISTOTELIANISM FROM POMPONAZZI TO CREMONINI".
History of Italian Philosophy . Brill. p. 356.
ISBN
978-94-012-0522-1 . Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^ Roper, Lyndal (16 June 2016).
Martin Luther . Random House. p. 265.
ISBN
978-1-4735-4524-3 . Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^
Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society . Vol. 1. Macmillan. 1859. p. 275. Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^
"Robbia, Andrea (di Marco) della" . Grove Art Online . Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^
"Dacre, Thomas, second Baron Dacre of Gilsland" .
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/50220 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^ Pölnitz, Götz von (1949).
Jakob Fugger: Band 2: Quellen Und Erlauterungen (in German). Vol. 2. Mohr Siebeck. p. 592.
ISBN
978-3-16-814572-1 . Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^ Munn, Kathleen Miriam (1936).
A Contribution to the Study Of Jean Lemaire De Belges . Slatkine. p. 84. Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^
"Anna Eriksdotter (Bielke)" . skbl.se . Retrieved 2 August 2023 .
^ Haeutle, Christian (1870).
Genealogie des Erlauchten Stammhauses Wittelsbach: von dessen Wiedereinsetzung in das Herzogthum Bayern (11. Sept. 1180) bis herab auf unsere Tage (in German). Manz. p. 43. Retrieved 5 August 2023 .
^
"Elisabeth, Christian 2.s dronning" . Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon (in Danish). 22 April 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023 .
^
El archivo (in Spanish). Vol. 6. Excelentísimo Ayuntamiento de Denia. 1892. p. 54. Retrieved 5 August 2023 .
^
Allgemeiner Kalender für die katholische Geistlichkeit: auf das Jahr ... 1832 (in German). Damian u. Sorge. 1832. p. 14. Retrieved 6 August 2023 .
^
Meyers lexikon: Marut-Oncidium (in German). Bibliographisches institut. 1926. p. 916. Retrieved 6 August 2023 .
^ Lubis, Dede Efrianti; Muhajir, Ahmad; Dahlan, Zaini (31 October 2021).
"Peradaban dan Pemikiran Islam Pada Masa Dinasti Mughal di India" . Islamic Education . 1 (2): 41–46.
doi :
10.57251/ie.v1i2.49 .
ISSN
2808-8824 .
S2CID
253299865 . Retrieved 6 August 2023 .
^
"Somerset [formerly Beaufort], Charles, first earl of Worcester" .
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/26004 . Retrieved 4 August 2023 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^ Béthencourt, Francisco Fernández de (1920).
Historia genealógica y heráldica de la monarquía española: casa real y grandes de España (in Spanish). Estab. Tip. de Enrique Teodoro. p. 250. Retrieved 6 August 2023 .
^ Cokayne, George Edward (1895).
Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct, Or Dormant . G. Bell & sons. p. 169. Retrieved 6 August 2023 .
^ Gebhardt, Victor (1864).
Historia general de España y de sus Indias: desde los tiempos más remotos hasta nuestros días... (in Spanish). Libreria española. p. 703. Retrieved 6 August 2023 .
^
Cultura hispanoamericana: órgano del Centro de este nombre (in Spanish). Madrid: Center for Hispano-American Culture. 1920. p. 8. Retrieved 6 August 2023 .
^
Erudición ibero-ultramarina (in Spanish). V. Suárez. 1930. p. 231. Retrieved 6 August 2023 .
^ Gentile, Michele Lupo (1905).
Studi sulla storiografia fiorentina alla corte di Cosimo I de' Medici (in Italian). Tipografia successori fratelli Nistri. p. 44. Retrieved 6 August 2023 .
^ C, José Antonio Villacorta Calderón Villacorta (1916).
Curso de historia de la América Central para uso de los institutos y escuelas normales (in Spanish). Arenales hijos. p. 71. Retrieved 6 August 2023 .
^ Surakiat, Pamaree (2005).
"THAI-BURMESE WARFARE DURING THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY AND THE GROWTH OF THE FIRST TOUNGOO EMPIRE" (PDF) . Journal of the Saim Society . 93 : 76. Retrieved 6 August 2023 .
^ Bender, Harold Stauffer (1971).
Conrad Grebel, c. 1498-1526 : the founder of the Swiss Brethren sometimes called Anabaptists . Scottdale: Herald Press. p. 162.
ISBN
978-0-8361-1123-1 . Retrieved 6 August 2023 .
^ Phil Harris; Andrew Lock; Patricia Rees (20 April 2000).
Machiavelli, Marketing and Management . Routledge. p. 13.
ISBN
978-1-134-60568-2 .
^ Panton, James (February 24, 2011).
Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy . Scarecrow Press. p. 92.
ISBN
978-0-8108-7497-8 .
^ Richard Ford Heath (1929).
Albrecht Dürer, 1471-1528 . S. Low, Marston. p. 87.