From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Month in 1919
The following events occurred in January 1919 :
Former U.S. President
Theodore Roosevelt , dies at his home in
Long Island ,
New York .
The "
Big Four " at the
Paris Peace Conference : (from left to right)
David Lloyd George of the
United Kingdom ,
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of
Italy ,
Georges Clemenceau of
France and
Woodrow Wilson of the
United States .
German socialist leader
Rosa Luxemburg is assassinated during the
Spartacist uprising .
Soldiers on the
Brandenburg Gate in
Berlin during the
Spartacist uprising .
Edsel Ford , new president of the
Ford Motor Company
The
Bolsheviks declared a
Belarusian soviet republic in
Smolensk ,
Belarus after the
Red Army overthrew the
Belarusian Democratic Republic the day before.
[1]
Women were granted the
right to be candidates in federal elections in
Canada .
[2]
[3]
Men and women in the Czech area of
Czechoslovakia were granted equal voting rights in municipal elections.
[4]
British ocean liner
HMY Iolaire sank off the coast of
Stornoway ,
Scotland , killing over 200 passengers and crew.
[5]
Czechoslovak Legions occupied much of the self-proclaimed "free city" of
Pressburg (now Bratislava), enforcing its incorporation into the new republic of
Czechoslovakia .
[6]
U.S. Navy
troopship
USAT Northern Pacific ran aground off
Fire Island ,
New York , with about 2,500 soldiers on board. Men were transferred to other ships or onshore over the next three to four days.
[7]
The
Royal Yugoslav Army was established as the main land force for the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia .
[8]
Thomas Langton Church was elected for the fifth time as
Mayor of Toronto in
municipal elections .
[9]
Edsel Ford succeeded his father
Henry as head of the
Ford Motor Company .
[10]
An
assembly of
Andalusian nationalists in
Córdoba, Spain advocated for the end of centralized power in the country and the creation of a Spanish federation in its place.
[11]
The
Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team of
North Chicago, Illinois overthrew defending
Rose Bowl champions
Mare Island Marines of
California 17–0 in the fifth
Rose Bowl football game .
[12]
American judge
J. Harry Covington and attorney
Edward B. Burling founded
Covington & Burling in
Washington, D.C.
[13]
Bruce Fairchild Barton opened the Barton & Durstine Co. advertising agency in
New York City . It would merge with the agency Batten Co. in 1928 to become
BBDO .
[14]
In the
United Kingdom , the
Postmen's Federation ,
Postal and Telegraph Clerks' Association and
Fawcett Association merged to form the
Union of Post Office Workers .
[15]
The Franklin Springs Institute was established in
Franklin Springs, Georgia as a secondary religious school. In 1939, it received a charter to provide post-secondary education and was remained
Emmanuel College (with the high school portion renamed Emmanuel Academy).
[16]
Several rail stations were reopened in the
United Kingdom after being closed down during
World War I , including stations
Bridgend County Borough in
Wales ,
[17] and the
Dorking ,
Reedham ,
St Leonards stations in
England .
[18]
The weekly news magazines
Argia was first published, and remains the oldest publication in the
Basque language .
[19]
The short-lived Romanian literary magazine
Florile Dalbe was published by the cultural society
Academia Bârlădeană in
Bârlad ,
Romania .
[20]
The
Buckingham Curling Club was established in
Buckingham, Quebec .
[21]
Born:
Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa , Sudanese state leader, 5th
Prime Minister of Sudan , in
Ed Dueim ,
Sudan (d.
2006 );
J. D. Salinger , American writer, author of
The Catcher in the Rye and
Nine Stories , in
New York City (d.
2010 )
Born:
Carole Landis , American actress, known for film roles in
One Million B.C. and
Moon Over Miami , in
Fairchild, Wisconsin (d.
1948 , suicide);
Rocky Graziano , American boxer, World Middleweight Champion in 1947, in
New York City (d.
1990 )
Russian Civil War – The
Red Army 's
Caspian-Caucasian Front attacked the
White Army under command of
Anton Denikin in the
North Caucasus but failed to meet their initial objectives on the first day of battle.
[22]
Estonian War of Independence –
Finland sent 2,000 volunteer soldiers to assist
Estonia against the
Red Army .
[23]
The
18th Army of the
Imperial German Army was disbanded.
[24]
The
Third and
Fourth Aero Squadrons of the
United States Army Air Service were disbanded, only to be reformed months later to serve American territories in the
Pacific Ocean .
[25]
Born:
Charles Willeford , American writer, known for his crime novels
Cockfighter ,
Miami Blues , and
The Woman Chaser , in
Little Rock, Arkansas (d.
1988 );
Beatrice Hicks , American engineer, first female engineer to work for
Western Electric , co-founder and first president of the
Society of Women Engineers , in
Orange, New Jersey (d.
1979 )
Died:
Arthur Gould , Welsh rugby player,
fullback for
Newport from 1882 to 1898, and the
Wales national rugby union team from 1885 to 1897 (b.
1864 )
Signature page of the
Faisal–Weizmann Agreement , showing
Emir Faisal's caveat in
Arabic with
T. E. Lawrence 's appended translation of the caveat (since Faisal could not read or write English).
[27]
Anton Drexler , leader of the
German Workers' Party
Estonian War of Independence –
Estonia increased its fighting force to 13,000 men, allowing it to halt the
Red Army advance just 40 km from the Estonian capital of
Tallinn .
[37]
Spartacist uprising – The
Communist Party of Germany and the
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany called for a demonstration supporting
Emil Eichhorn to remain as head of the
Berlin police force, but it swelled unexpectedly into a mass demonstration of 200,000 people. Eichhorn proclaimed before the massive crowd: "I got my job from the [German] Revolution, and I shall give it up only to the Revolution." Many demonstrators occupied rail stations and newspapers while party members took control of the main Berlin police station.
An attempt to
overthrow Polish President
Józef Piłsudski ended in failure, with most of the participants arrested in
Warsaw . Piłsudski forwent any trials against the conspirators in the interest of national unity, and proposed instead to dissolve the current administration under Prime Minister
Jędrzej Moraczewski .
Battle of Ławica – Polish forces in
Greater Poland descended on the German-held
airport near
Ławica and demanded the German garrison stationed at the airfield to surrender.
[41]
The
German Workers' Party , predecessor of the
Nazi Party , was formed by merging the Committee of Independent Workmen headed by
Anton Drexler with the
Political Worker's Circle headed by journalist
Karl Harrer .
[42]
Football clubs were formed in the following cities:
Eyüpspor
[43] in
Istanbul , and
Quissamã
[44]
Quissamã ,
Brazil .
Born:
Frederick Hammersley , American painter, member of the
abstract art movement in the
United States , in
Salt Lake City (d.
2009 );
Hector Abhayavardhana , Sri Lankan politician, founding member of the
Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma , in
Kandy ,
Ceylon (d.
2012 );
Herb Peterson , American food scientist, inventor of the
Egg McMuffin for
McDonald's , in
Chicago (d.
2008 )
Christmas Uprising – Montenegrin nationalists known as the
Greens launched a major assault on
Cetinje ,
Montenegro where the governing
Podgorica Assembly was based, resulting in the deaths of some of its members.
[45]
Russian Civil War – Faced with casualties climbing towards 18,000 men lost,
White Russian general
Alexander Kolchak ordered the
Siberian Army to hold their advance and defend the
Perm region in
Russia they now controlled.
[46]
The
Supreme People's Council of
Greater Poland was formed to lead an
uprising against
Germany that still held territory in the western Polish states following
World War I .
[47]
Battle of Ławica – Polish forces attacked German troops at the
airport near
Ławica ,
Greater Poland after they refused to surrender, and captured the airfield within 20 minutes along with 300 planes and 20 machine guns.
Spartacist uprising – The
German interim government formally removed
Emil Eichhorn from public office and ordered defense minister
Gustav Noske to mobilize volunteer mercenary units known as
Freikorps to curb the demonstrations.
[50] As a result, the
Communist Party of Germany and the
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany formed an interim revolutionary committee in an attempt to topple the German government.
[51]
The
10th Army of the
Imperial German Army was disbanded.
The world famous
dairy brand
Danone was founded in
Barcelona ,
Spain .
[53]
Born:
Roy Cochran , American athlete, two-time gold medalist at the
1948 Summer Olympics , in
Richton, Mississippi (d.
1981 )
Died:
Theodore Roosevelt , 26th
President of the United States (b.
1858 ),
Max Heindel , German-American occultist, founder of the
Rosicrucian Fellowship , author of
The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception (b.
1865 )
Rioting causes damage in
Buenos Aires during
Tragic Week .
Christmas Uprising – Montenegrin unionists with support by the
Serbian Army defeated the
Greens at
Cetinje ,
Montenegro and ended most of the organized rebellion against forming
Yugoslavia , although guerrilla resistance continued for many years.
Estonian War of Independence – Estonian forces launched a general counteroffensive against the
Red Army .
Spartacist uprising – The revolutionary committee called for a general strike in
Berlin . Around 500,000 demonstrators surged into downtown Berlin but did not occupy public buildings as the committee had planned.
Battle of Ławica – German planes bombed the
airfield near
Ławica ,
Greater Poland in retaliation for Polish troops capturing it the previous day.
Maritime workers in
Buenos Aires voted to strike while clashes between police and striking metal workers resulted in five people killed and another 20 wounded. The violent labor unrest marked the beginning of an
anarchist uprising
Argentina later described as
Tragic Week .
[31]
The capital of the
soviet republic in
Belarus was relocated to
Minsk .
The
11th Army of the
Imperial German Army was disbanded.
New subway stations were added to the
IRT Pelham Line in
New York City , including
Brook Avenue ,
Cypress Avenue ,
East 143rd Street ,
East 149th Street ,
Hunts Point Avenue , and
Longwood Avenue .
[57]
The
Norwegian Statistical Association was established.
[58]
Born:
Robert Duncan , American poet, member of the
San Francisco Renaissance , in
Oakland, California (d.
1988 );
Dorothy Lavinia Brown , American surgeon and politician, first female African-American surgeon in
Southeastern United States and first to serve in the
Tennessee General Assembly , in
Philadelphia (d.
2004 );
George Stephen Morrison , American naval officer, commander of the
United States Navy forces during the
Gulf of Tonkin incident , recipient of the
Navy Distinguished Service Medal ,
Legion of Merit ,
Air Medal and
Bronze Star Medal , in
Rome, Georgia (d.
2008 )
Died:
Henry Ware Eliot , American industrialist and philanthropist, lead construction for much of
St. Louis and president of the
St. Louis Academy of Science , father to poet
T. S. Eliot (b.
1843 );
Hiram Gill , American politician, 27th
Mayor of Seattle (b.
1866 )
Partisans loyal to the
Spartacist uprising set up barricades in
Berlin
Russian Civil War – The
Red Army
attacked the
White
Don Army under command of
Pyotr Krasnov at
Voronezh in south
Russia , starting with the capture of
Povorino and its railline.
[22]
A national assembly was held in
Mediaș ,
Transylvania where support was declared to unite with
Romania .
[59]
[60]
The
Hutsul Republic was declared after a successful uprising against occupying Hungarian forces in
Rakhiv (now part of the western
Ukraine ).
[61]
Spartacist uprising – The revolutionary committee splintered when the socialist half invited German president
Friedrich Ebert to talks. Material was found that the government was behind the mobilization of the
Freikorps , causing the communist committee members that were also part of the
Spartacus League to withdraw in protest and call on its members to engage in armed combat.
Tragic Week – A general strike grounded the
Buenos Aires waterfront and all ship movements in the harbor.
[31]
The funeral of former
U.S. President
Theodore Roosevelt was held at Christ Church Oyster Bay in
Long Island ,
New York .
[62]
The
Maeda Corporation was established in
Japan .
[63]
[64]
The
American Society of Cinematographers was established in
Hollywood .
[65]
Born:
Harlan Lewis , American biologist, developed early theories
quantum evolution , in
Redlands, California (d.
2008 );
Norberto Yácono , Argentine football player,
defender for the
Club Atlético River Plate and
Club América from 1938 to 1958, in
Buenos Aires (d.
1985 )
Died:
J. Franklin Bell , American army officer, 4th
Chief of Staff of the United States Army (b.
1856 );
Jim O'Rourke , American baseball player, left fielder for various major league teams including the
Boston Red Stockings and
New York Giants from 1873 to 1904 (b.
1850 )
Spartacist uprising – German president
Friedrich Ebert ordered the
Freikorps in
Berlin to crack down on armed members of the
Spartacus League .
Battle of Ławica – The
Polish Air Force launched their first aerial attack against a foreign power, when six planes bombed German military units at the airport near
Frankfurt . While only two structures were lost, the destruction was enough to shock German civilians who escaped much of the fighting from
World War I . Operations at the airport ceased due to its vulnerability.
Tragic Week – A general strike grounded the
Buenos Aires waterfront and all ship movements in the harbor.
[31]
German battleship
Baden arrived at
Scapa Flow off the coast of
Scotland , the last of the 74 vessels of the
High Seas Fleet to be interned by the
Royal Navy and wait for their fate to be decided at the upcoming
Paris Peace Conference .
[67]
The
Guard Battalion was established to defend
Tallinn ,
Estonia .
[68]
A memorial committee was organized for the late
U.S. President
Theodore Roosevelt , eventually becoming the
Theodore Roosevelt Association .
[69]
In Luxembourg group of socialist and liberal deputies, tabled a motion to make Luxembourg a republic. A crowd gathered at the barracks of the
Corps of Volunteers , close to the Chamber. Then
Émile Servais , a left-wing politician, walked out, addressed the crowd and demanded a republic.
The crowd then rushed the Chamber and the deputies called in the Corps of Volunteers but the soldiers refused the orders to disperse the crowd. Part of the deputies then fled the Chamber. The remaining deputies, mainly left-wing,
Committee of Public Safety with Servais as its leader. The committee had no public support and the
French Army under the command of General de La Tour soon quelled the turmoil.
[70]
Born:
William Morris Meredith Jr. , American poet, 25th
United States Poet Laureate , recipient of the
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for Partial Accounts: New and Selected Poems , in
New York City (d.
2007 );
Micky Axton , American air force officer, one of the first three members of the
Women Airforce Service Pilots , first women to fly a
Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, in
Coffeyville, Kansas (d.
2010 );
György Bulányi , Hungarian clergy, advocate of the
conscientious objector , in
Budapest (d.
2010 );
Janko Bobetko , Croatian army officer, second
Chief of the General Staff for Croatia Armed Forces , in
Sisak ,
Croatia (d.
2003 )
Soldiers with the
Freikorps are established to suppress the
Spartacist uprising in
Berlin .
Workers' councils in
Berlin voted to end the
general strike , ending the
Spartacist uprising .
Tragic Week – Argentine marines successfully thwarted an attempt by anarchists to obtain arms from local police stations in
Buenos Aires .
[31]
[83]
The
Second Army of the
Imperial German Army was disbanded.
The
154th Infantry Regiment of the
United States Army was disbanded at
Camp Beauregard ,
Louisiana .
[84]
The
Washington National Opera debuted in
Washington, D.C. , with the performance of
The Pirates of Penzance . The company operated until 1936.
[85]
The
Yiddish newspaper
The Red Truth was first published in
Riga ,
Latvia as the mouthpiece for the
Communist Party of Latvia . It ceased publication five months later when the
Red Army lost control of
Riga .
[86]
Born:
Robert Stack , American actor, best known as
Eliot Ness in the 1950s television series
The Untouchables , nominated for the
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in
Written on the Wind , in
Los Angeles (d.
2003 );
Igor Gouzenko , Russian spy, known for
defecting to
Canada in 1945 with 109 Soviet documents, in
Dmitrov ,
Russia (d.
1982 )
Estonian War of Independence – Estonian forces liberated
Tartu from the
Red Army .
Tragic Week – Federal government troops successfully quelled the
anarchist uprising in
Buenos Aires , with some sources putting the death toll as high as 700 killed and 2,000 injured, while more conservative sources put the toll at 100 killed and 400 injured. The
Buenos Aires police force had three officers killed and 78 injured. In the aftermath, an estimated 50,000 people were jailed.
[31]
[88]
Jorge Meléndez was acclaimed as
President of El Salvador after running as sole candidate in the
presidential election .
[89]
[90]
The
No. 259 Squadron of the
Royal Air Force was disbanded.
[91]
The
Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church was established in
Tamil Nadu ,
India .
[92]
French composer
Henry Février was granted leave from military service to premiere his opera
Gismonda at the
Lyric Opera of Chicago , with opera star
Mary Garden in the title role. The opera was based on the French play
Gismonda by
Victorien Sardou .
[93]
Born:
Giulio Andreotti , Italian state leader, 41st
Prime Minister of Italy , in
Rome (d.
2013 );
Andy Rooney , American journalist, long-running opinion commentator for
60 Minutes , in
Albany, New York (d.
2011 );
Rhena Schweitzer Miller , American activist, director of
Hôpital Albert Schweitzer , daughter of
Albert Schweitzer , in
Strasbourg (d.
2009 )
Kaifi Azmi , Indian poet, member of the
Progressive Writers' Movement , in
Azamgarh district ,
India (d.
2002 )
Wreckage in
Boston after a large storage tank filled with
molasses
ruptured .
A wave of
molasses released from an exploding storage tank swept through
Boston , killing 21 and injuring 150.
[97]
Brigadier General
Norman MacEwen with pilots Major A.C.S. Maclaren and Captain Robert Halley landed in
Karachi to completed the first "through-flight" from
England to
India using a
Handley Page aircraft .
[98]
The Islamic school
Sumatera Thawalib was established in
West Sumatra ,
Indonesia , and became one of the major promoters of
Islamic modernism .
[99]
Boris Karloff made his film debut in the
Pearl White action film
The Lightning Raider .
[100]
The sports club
Tunis was established and became noted for its champion
football ,
handball and
volleyball teams. Their home stadium is
Stade El Menzah in
El Menzah ,
Tunis .
[101]
Born:
George Cadle Price , Belizean state leader, first
Prime Minister of Belize , in
Belize City (d.
2011 );
Robert Harold Davidson , American marine officer, commander of the
2nd Battalion, 23rd Marines during
World War II , recipient of the
Silver Star and
Bronze Star Medal , in
Springfield, Massachusetts (d.
1982 );
Åke Seyffarth , Swedish speed skater, gold and silver medalist in the
1948 Winter Olympics , in
Stockholm (d.
1998 )
The
Paris Peace Conference opened in
France , with delegates from 27 nations attending for meetings at the
Palace of Versailles .
[106]
[107]
Estonian War of Independence – Estonian forces liberated
Laagna and
Narva , expelling the
Red Army from northern
Estonia .
Battle of Kiev – The
Red Army launched an offensive to capture
Kiev .
[108]
Polish Prime Minister
Jędrzej Moraczewski resigned and was replaced by
Ignacy Jan Paderewski in the
state seat .
[109]
Luigi Sturzo , a priest backed by
Pope Benedict , established the
Italian People's Party to oppose the
Italian Socialist Party , with support from political groups including the
Conservative Catholics . The socialist party supported various social reforms, including the foundations for a
welfare state ,
women's suffrage and
proportional representation in elections.
[110]
Prince John , the youngest son of
King George and
Queen Mary , died in his sleep following a severe epileptic seizure at
Wood Farm at 5:30 p.m.
[111] John, 13, had suffered from epilepsy for many years, which may have contributed to a learning disorder and by modern standards a form of autism. Queen Mary expressed relief as well as sorrow for her son's death in a letter to a close friend: "For him it is a great relief, as his malady was becoming worse as he grew older, & he has thus been spared much suffering. I cannot say how grateful we feel to God for having taken him in such a peaceful way, he just slept quietly into his heavenly home, no pain no struggle, just peace for the poor little troubled spirit which had been a great anxiety to us for many years, ever since he was four years old."
[112]
W. O. Bentley and his brother began to manufacture their own brand of automobile at
Cricklewood ,
London ,
England . They registered
Bentley Motors Ltd. as the name of their company in August.
[113]
The
Polish Red Cross was established during a meeting of all the Polish charities that followed the principles of the
International Red Cross .
[114]
Russian Civil War – The
Red Army launched a counteroffensive to recapture the cities of
Kungur and
Perm lost to the
Siberian Army in
Russia .
[115]
The first
elections of the
Weimar Republic in
Germany resulted in the
Social Democratic Party of Germany capturing more seats (38%) than any other party in the
Weimar National Assembly . It was also the first German election held using
proportional representation , with a voting age of 20 (lowered from 25) and allowing
women's suffrage , resulting in an 82% voter turnout.
[116]
[117]
Portuguese counter-revolutionary
Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro proclaimed the
Monarchy of the North in
northern Portugal in an attempt to restore the monarchy, despite having no official sanction from deposed
King Manuel .
[118]
Battle of Shenkursk – An
Allied force of 1,100 American, British and Canadian and
White Russian soldiers fought a
Red Army force of 3,000 near
Shenkursk ,
Russia . Shelling followed by a bayonet charge of 1,000 Red Army soldiers was enough to force a post of 50 American and White Russian soldiers to retreat in disorder out of one villages near the city.
[119]
French aviator
Jules Védrines claimed a 25,000 franc prize by landing a
Caudron aircraft on the roof of a department store in
Paris , though he was injured and his aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
[120]
The
17th Army of the
Imperial German Army was disbanded.
The
Indian Institute of Technology (ITT BHU) was established as the technical arm of
Banaras Hindu University in
Varanasi ,
India .
[121]
The
Komfarband of Bielorussia and Lithuania , a short-lived Jewish communist political organization, was formed as an independent of the
Communist Party of Byelorussia . However, it was dissolved six months later.
[122]
The
Cathedral of Our Lady of Perpetual Help was established in
Oklahoma City .
[123]
Ravished Armenia , the first film to depict the
Armenian genocide of 1915, was released by
First National Pictures . It was adapted from the
autobiography by
Aurora Mardiganian , a survivor of the genocide who also starred in the film. One portion of the film has survived, with a 24-minute sequence restored in 2009.
[124]
Two football clubs were formed in
Germany :
Glückauf Brieske-Senftenberg
[125] in
Senftenberg , and Prueßen Speldorf in
Mülheim , before it merged later that year with another club to become
Speldorf .
[126]
Born:
Wasfi Tal , Jordanian state leader, 15th
Prime Minister of Jordan , in
Irbid ,
Jordan (d.
1972 , assassinated);
Simone Melchior , French explorer, first woman to become a
scuba diver , wife and business partner of undersea explorer
Jacques Cousteau , in
Toulon ,
France (d.
1990 )
Estonian War of Independence – Estonian forces
defeated Russian forces at
Udria ,
Estonia . In all, Estonian forces advanced 200 km in 11 days, and set up a new front along the
Narva River .
Battle of Shenkursk – Members of the
Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery kept the
Red Army at bay near
Shenkursk ,
Russia while much of the retreating American force regrouped.
The
American Expeditionary Forces closed down their military hospitals in
Châtel-Guyon ,
France , when
Hospital No. 20 discharged its last patient.
[128]
The
Drummoyne Rowing Club was established in
Iron Cove ,
Sydney ,
Australia .
[129]
The fraternity
Rho Pi Phi was established at the
Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences .
[130]
Born:
Silva Kaputikyan , Armenian poet and activist, known for poems including "A word to my son", advocate for awareness of the
Armenian genocide and member of the
Karabakh movement , in
Yerevan ,
Armenia (d.
2006 );
Lucille Dumont , Canadian singer, best known for promoting
Quebec popular music from the 1930s to the 1960s, recipient of the
Order of Canada , in
Montreal (d.
2016 )
Cover page of the
Irish Declaration of Independence
The
Dáil Éireann met for the first time in
Mansion House, Dublin . It was composed of
Sinn Féin members
elected in the United Kingdom
1918 general election who, in accordance with their
manifesto , had not taken their seats in the
Parliament of the United Kingdom but chose instead to draft a new
constitution and
declare an independent
Irish Republic .
[131]
Two
Royal Irish Constabulary officers were killed in an
ambush at
Soloheadbeg in
Tipperary ,
Ireland , igniting the
Irish War of Independence .
[132]
Russian Civil War – The
9th Red Army
captured
Uryupinsk in south
Russia from the
White
Don Army , completing the successful
Voronezh–Povorino Operation
[22]
Seattle shipyard workers went on strike, leading to a
citywide general strike two weeks later.
[133]
The
Eighth Army of the
Imperial German Army was disbanded.
German submarine
SM UC-40 foundered in the
North Sea while en route for formal surrender with the loss of a crew member.
[134]
Born:
Eric Brown , British air naval officer, flew the most test flights of all pilots in the
Royal Navy , recipient of the
Distinguished Service Cross and
Air Force Cross , in
Leith ,
Scotland (d.
2016 );
Jinx Falkenburg , model and actress, known for her radio and television collaborations with husband
Tex McCrary and film roles such as
Cover Girl , in
Barcelona (d.
2003 )
Died:
Gojong , Korean noble, first
Emperor of Korea (b.
1852 );
Ahmed Muhtar Pasha , Turkish state leader,
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire under
Mehmed V (b.
1839 )
An
agreement was signed between the
Ukrainian People's Republic and
West Ukrainian People's Republic in
Kiev , symbolically uniting them as one
Ukraine even though both nations retained separate governments and armed forces.
[135]
Battle of Kiev – The
Red Army occupied
Nizhyn ,
Ukraine .
[136]
Battle of Shenkursk – Canadian, American and Russian soldiers retreated a second time out of a village towards
Shenkursk ,
Russia .
The
Romanian Army controlled most of the territory in
Transylvania up to the
Maros River , which had been declared the demarcation line between
Hungary and the
Allies .
The first meeting of the
Palestine Arab Congress was held in
Jerusalem with
Aref al-Dajani presiding as chairman.
[139]
The
Turkestan Army was established to defend the
Transcaspian region from
Russia .
[140]
The
No. 244 Squadron of the
Royal Air Force disbanded.
[141]
The
Irish Republic established the
Department of Defence with
Richard Mulcahy as minister,
[142]
Department of Finance with
Eoin MacNeill as minister,
[143]
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade with
George Noble Plunkett as minister,
[144] and
Department of Justice with
Michael Collins as minister.
[145]
The last cartoon of
Baron Bean was published by the
King Features Syndicate , allowing creator
George Herriman to focus on
Krazy Kat .
[146]
Born:
James Failla , American gangster, member of the
Gambino crime family , in
New York City (d.
1999 );
Friedrich Geisshardt , German air force pilot, commander of
Jagdgeschwader 26 for the
Luftwaffe during
World War II , recipient of the
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross , in
Sonnefeld ,
Germany (d.
1943 , killed in action)
Died:
Carl Larsson , Swedish painter, member of the
Arts and Crafts movement , known for works such as
Midvinterblot (b.
1853 )
Polish–Czechoslovak War – A small war broke out between
Czechoslovakia and
Poland in the disputed region of
Cieszyn Silesia (now part of
Poland ) after
Poland refused to withdraw its forces from the region. On the first day of fighting, Czech forces
attacked and captured the border cities of
Bohumín and
Karviná .
[147]
Khotyn Uprising – An uprising broke out in Ukraine city of
Khotyn ,
Bessarabia that was under occupation of
Romania , with the rebel force growing to the size of 30,000 armed militia.
[148]
The British government declared
County Tipperary a Special Military Area under the
Defence of the Realm Act following violence at
Soloheadbeg ,
Ireland .
[149]
[150]
Battle of Shenkursk – Russian shelling forced Allies soldiers to retreat a third time into
Shenkursk ,
Russia .
The "Harbour Riot" broke out in
Glasgow between sailors along racial lines.
[29]
The independent Finnish state of
North Ingria was established on the
Karelian Isthmus where the borders of
Finland and
Russia meet. It was integrated into
Russia in 1920.
[152]
Born:
Hans Hass , Austrian biologist, known for pioneering
underwater diving to study coral reefs, stingrays and sharks, in
Vienna (d.
2013 );
Ernie Kovacs , American comedian, known for his collaborations with wife
Edie Adams in creating the television concept of sketch comedy, in
Trenton, New Jersey (d.
1962 , killed in a car accident);
Bob Paisley , English football player,
defender for
Liverpool from 1939 and 1954, and manager from 1974 to 1983, in
Hetton-le-Hole ,
England (d.
1996 )
Battle of Skoczów – Czech forces forced the
Polish Army back to the town of
Drogomyśl ,
Poland .
Battle of Kiev – The
Red Army captured
Brovary ,
Ukraine .
[108]
Battle of Shenkursk – With the
Red Army surrounding most of
Shenkursk ,
Russia ,
Allied Commander
General
Edmund Ironside ordered the remaining American, Canadian and British force to break out and escape towards
Arkhangelsk ,
Russia .
[154]
The
First and
19th Armies of the
Imperial German Army were disbanded.
The
Komancza Republic was formally dissolved after
Poland repressed attempts for it to unite with the
West Ukrainian People's Republic .
[155]
The
Unionist Anti-Partition League was established in opposition to the
Irish Unionist Alliance due to disagreements overs the
partition of Ireland .
[156]
Born:
Leon Kirchner , American composer, recipient of the
Pulitzer Prize for Music for his composition String Quartet No. 3 , in
New York City (d.
2009 );
William Copley , American artist, member of the
Surrealism movement in the
United States , in
New York City (d.
1996 );
Coleman Francis , American film-maker, known for his low- budget films
The Beast of Yucca Flats ,
The Skydivers and
Red Zone Cuba , in
Greer County, Oklahoma (d.
1973 )
Died:
Ismail Qemali , Albanian state leader, first
Prime Minister and
President of Albania (b.
1844 )
Paris Peace Conference – A draft proposal to create the
League of Nations , produced by British
British Foreign Under-Secretary
Robert Cecil and South African dignitary
Jan Smuts , was approved in
Paris .
[157] The same day, the
Commission of Responsibilities was set up to investigate the background causes of
World War I and recommend persecution of individuals for war crimes.
[158]
[159]
[160]
Battle of Shenkursk – The
Allies were able to escape
Shenkursk ,
Russia , despite having transported 100 wounded and losing another 39 men. Despite the
Red Army losing 206 men, they had successfully destroyed the offensive capability of the Allies to assist the
White Russians in the
Russian Civil War .
The
Hotel Pennsylvania opened in
Manhattan ,
New York City and became the world's most popular hotel.
[162]
Born:
Edwin Newman , American journalist, best known for his collaborations with
NBC on the news shows
Meet the Press and
Today , in
New York City (d.
2010 )
Poland held the first
elections since gaining independence, with voter turnout between 70% and 90% allowing a balanced parliament of right, center and left-wing parties despite boycotts from the
Communist Party of Poland and the
General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland .
[163] Five women —
Gabriela Balicka-Iwanowska ,
Jadwiga Dziubińska , Irena Kosmowska, Maria Moczydłowska, and
Zofia Moraczewska — were elected to the
Polish Parliament .
[164]
The
Free State of Prussia elected a new
constituent assembly to replace the older
Prussian assembly in place since 1849.
[165]
Czech soldiers murdered 20 Polish prisoners of war in the village of
Stonava ,
Czechoslovakia .
[166]
The Catholic National Conservative parties of
Moravia and
Bohemia merged to form the
Czechoslovak People's Party .
[167]
Two pilots with the
French Air Force flew a
Bréguet airplane across the
Mediterranean Sea for the first time, covering 1,609 km (1,000 mi) in a round trip.
[168]
The
American Expeditionary Forces closed down their military
Hospital No. 238 in
Rimaucourt ,
France , discharging its last patient following the end of
World War I .
[169]
Limerick beat
Wexford 9-5 and 1–3 at the
league final match in
Dublin to win the
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship .
[170]
The
Finnish Workers' Sports Federation was established as the governing body for all amateur sports programs in
Finland .
[171]
Born:
Valentino Mazzola , Italian football player,
forward for
Venezia and
Torino from 1939 to 1949, in
Cassano d'Adda ,
Italy (d.
1949 , killed in a plane crash);
Tom Aherne , Irish football player, member of the
Ireland national football team from 1946 to 1953 and
Belfast and
Luton clubs from 1946 to 1957, in
Limerick (d.
1999 );
Bill Nicholson , English football player,
midfielder for
Tottenham from 1938 to 1955 and the
England national football team in 1951, in
Scarborough, North Yorkshire ,
England (d.
2004 )
Battle of Skoczów – Czech forces occupied
Cieszyn Silesia without resistance while Polish forces retreated over the
Vistula River .
Allied forces began to hold off an extended siege by the
Red Army at the village of
Vystavka ,
Russia but eventually fell back to
Kitsa, Russia by April.
Serbian soldiers under command of
Rudolf Maister
fired into a crowd of protesters of German ethnicity in
Marburg ,
Slovenia , killing between 9 and 13 people and wounding another 60 persons. Marburg had formally been part of
Austria-Hungary until it dissolved at the end of
World War I .
[172]
A
general strike was called during a meeting of 3,000 workers at
St. Andrew's Halls in
Glasgow . The strikers demanded that the working week be reduced to 40 hours to allow more employment for soldiers returning to civilian life after the end of
World War I .
[29]
[173]
The
Waverley Amateur Radio Society was established in
Sydney the oldest continuously licensed amateur radio club in
Australia .
[174]
Born:
Ross Bagdasarian , American musician and actor, creator of
Alvin and the Chipmunks , in
Fresno, California (d.
1972 )
Died:
Endre Ady , Hungarian poet, noted editor and writer for the Hungarian literary journal
Nyugat (b.
1877 );
Nikolai Ivanov , Russian army officer, noted commander of the artillery units during the
Battle of Galicia in
World War I , recipient of the
Order of St. George ,
Order of Saint Vladimir ,
Order of Saint Stanislaus , and
Order of Saint Anna (b.
1851 )
Russian Civil War – Despite advances of 20 km to 40 km into
White Russian held territory, the
Red Army was forced to call off
Perm Operation in eastern
Russia .
[175]
The
Council of People's Commissars of the Ukraine was established as the governing body of the
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic .
[32]
The
Fourth Army of the
Imperial German Army was disbanded.
A firing squad executed Russian Grand Dukes
Paul Alexandrovich ,
Dmitry Konstantinovich ,
George Mikhailovich , and
Nicholas Mikhailovich in
Petrograd under orders by the
Cheka secret police.
[176]
[177]
Masaryk University was established in
Brno (then part of
Czechoslovakia ) and is now the second largest university in the
Czech Republic .
[178]
The weekly newspaper
Liepāja Trade Unionist was published in
Liepāja ,
Latvia to replace the banned newspaper Darba .
[179]
Born:
Gabby Gabreski , American air force officer, commander of the
56th Fighter Group during
World War II and the
51st Fighter Wing during the
Korean War , recipient of 13
Distinguished Flying Crosses , seven
Air Medals , two
Silver Stars , and the
Distinguished Service Cross , in
Oil City, Pennsylvania (d.
2002 )
Died:
Henry Pittock , American journalist, publisher of the state newspaper
The Oregonian (b.
1835 );
Eddie Santry , American boxer, World Featherweight Champion from 1899 to 1900 (b.
1876 );
Franz Mehring , German communist and revolutionary socialist politician (b.
1846 )
Paris Peace Conference – Polish diplomat
Roman Dmowski met with the
Supreme War Council of the
Allies , asserting Polish rights to the German-occupied territories, including
Greater Poland which was embroiled in an
uprising against
Germany .
[180]
The
Sixth Army of the
Imperial German Army was disbanded.
The
United States Navy closed its air naval base at
Whiddy Island ,
Ireland following the end of
World War I .
[181]
The
American Expeditionary Forces closed down their military hospital Bazoilles-sur-Meuse,
France , with
Hospital No. 116 discharging its last patient following the end of
World War I .
Born:
Young-Oak Kim , American army officer, commander of the
31st Infantry Regiment during the
Korean War , first American of racial minority to command army units, recipient of the
Presidential Medal of Freedom ,
Distinguished Service Cross ,
Legion of Honour ,
Croix de Guerre , two
Silver Stars , and the
Order of Military Merit , in
Los Angeles (d.
2005 );
Aurelia Browder , American activist, participant in the
Montgomery bus boycott , in
Montgomery, Alabama (d.
1971 )
Died:
Aram Manukian , Armenian revolutionary leader, credited as one of the founders of the
First Republic of Armenia (b.
1879 )
Battle of Skoczów – Czech forces broke through the Polish line and forced enemy units back to
Skoczów ,
Poland .
The strike in
Glasgow spread when 40,000 workers from the shipyards around the
River Clyde and thousands more from the nearby
Lanarkshire and
Stirlingshire coal mines joined in the protest, making it the largest strike for
Scotland since
1820 .
[183] The widespread labor dispute forced the British
War Cabinet to enact military intervention in
Glasgow .
[184]
The soviet council in
Minsk declared they were independent from
Russia and named the country the
Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia .
The
Third ,
Fifth , and
Seventh Armies of the
Imperial German Army were disbanded.
The church and parish of
Inmaculado Corazón de María was established in
Montevideo .
[185]
The
Chinchilla Digger Statue was unveiled by
Hamilton Goold-Adams ,
Governor of Queensland , in
Chinchilla, Queensland ,
Australia as a memorial for the fallen Australian soldiers from
World War I .
[186]
Born:
Orton Chirwa , Malawian lawyer and activist, major critic of the
Hastings Banda regime, husband to
Vera Chirwa (d.
1992 );
Fred Korematsu , American activist, opponent of the
internment of Japanese Americans during
World War II , recipient of the
Presidential Medal of Freedom , in
Oakland, California (d.
2005 );
Arthur MacDonald , Australian army officer,
Chief of Army from 1975 to 1977 and
Chief of the Defence Force from 1977 to 1979, recipient of the
Order of the British Empire and
Order of the Bath , in
Rockhampton ,
Australia (d.
1995 )
Died:
Sam Steele , Canadian law enforcer and army officer, commander of the
North-West Mounted Police
Yukon detachment during the
Klondike Gold Rush , commander of the
Lord Strathcona's Horse Regiment during the
Second Boer War , recipient of the
Order of the Bath and
Order of St Michael and St George (b.
1849 )
Scottish labour leaders
David Kirkwood and
Willie Gallacher under arrest by police following a
riot in
Glasgow .
Estonian War of Independence – A combined force of 683 Estonian and Finnish soldiers
defeated 1,200 Soviet-backed
Latvian Riflemen at
Paju ,
Estonia . The Riflemen lost 300 casualties while the Estonian-Finnish force lost 156 including their own commanding officer
Julius Kuperjanov , who died from wounds sustained in the battle two days later.
Polish–Czechoslovak War –
Czechoslovakia called off attacking
Skoczów ,
Poland after the
Allies pressured them to agree to a cease fire with
Poland , ending the conflict.
The
British Army was called in to deal with
riots during a mass gathering of 20,000 to 60,000 strikers in
George Square ,
Glasgow . The troops did not arrive until the riot was over.
[188] Following the riot, labor leaders
William Gallacher ,
David Kirkwood , and
Manny Shinwell were arrested.
[189]
[190]
The famed
Antarctic exploration ship
Nimrod ran aground during a storm off the coast of
Norfolk ,
England , and broke apart, killing 10 of the 12 crew on board.
[191]
The
168th Infantry Brigade of the
British Army was disbanded.
[192]
The
12th Infantry Division of the
United States Army was disbanded.
[193]
Born:
Morteza Motahhari , Iranian religious leader, first head of the
Council of the Islamic Revolution , in
Fariman ,
Persia (d.
1979 , assassinated);
Jackie Robinson , American baseball player, first African-American major league baseball player, second baseman for the
Brooklyn Dodgers from 1947 to 1956,
1955 World Series champion, in
Cairo, Georgia (d.
1972 )
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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Palestine Factionalism in the National Movement (1919-1939)
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966-504-237-8 (t. 3).
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^
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^
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^ Harsch, Donna (2000). German Social Democracy and the Rise of Nazism . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 129.
^
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^
Stručná Historie ČSL a KDU-ČSL KDU-ČSL
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^ Walicki, Andrzej. "The Troubling Legacy of Roman Dmowski," East European Politics & Societies (2000), p. 13
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^ CAB 23/9/9, 'War Cabinet, Minutes of Meeting 523, 31 January 1919'
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^
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