From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Month of 1919
The following events occurred in September 1919 :
Governor of Massachusetts
Calvin Coolidge inspects the militia during the
Boston police strike .
Austrian chancellor
Karl Renner addresses the delegates during the signing of the
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye that formally dissolved the
Austrian Empire and established the
First Austrian Republic .
A
massive fire at an oil refinery in
Brooklyn sends over 300 to hospital.
American communist leaders
C. E. Ruthenberg and
Louis C. Fraina formed the
Communist Party of America after splintering from the
Socialist Labor Party of America during the
national convention in
Chicago .
[1]
Edward, Prince of Wales opened the third parliamentary session of the
13th Canadian Parliament .
[2]
The
59th Infantry Division of the
British Army was disbanded along with its
mortar brigade .
[3]
The
Royal Air Force disbanded air group
No. 15 .
[4]
The
Baku State University was established in
Baku ,
Azerbaijan .
[5]
The
Forestry Commission was established in the
United Kingdom .
[6]
Russian filmmaker
Vladimir Gardin founded the Moscow Film School (now the
Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography ), which continues to be the longest-running active film school in the world.
[7]
United Artists released their first film,
His Majesty, the American starring
Douglas Fairbanks and directed by
Joseph Henabery .
[8]
New subway stations were added to the
BMT Broadway Line in
New York City , including
Fifth Avenue and
Lexington Avenue .
[9]
The Norwegian newspaper
Agder Tidend began publishing in
Kristiansand ,
Norway .
[10]
Sports club
Vidar was established in
Oslo , where it is known for its
track and field ,
triathlon and
archery programs.
[11]
Born:
Gladys Davis , Canadian baseball player,
shortstop and
outfielder of the
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League from 1943 to 1946, in
Toronto (d.
1991 );
Mahmud Ali , Pakistani politician, founder of the
Ganatantri Dal political party, in
Sunamganj ,
British India (d.
2006 )
Prominent Turkish nationalists at the
Sivas Congress .
The
Turkish National Movement
assembled in
Sivas ,
Turkey to discuss formation of a future Turkish government following the dissolution of the
Ottoman Empire .
[19]
Bill Johnston defeated
Bill Tilden 6–4, 6–4, 6–3 in the
men's singles at the
U.S. National Championships while
Norman Brookes and
Gerald Patterson defeated Tilden and
Vincent Richards 8–6, 6–3, 4–6, 4–6, 6–2 in the men's doubles.
[20]
The football club
Kapfenberger SV was established in
Kapfenberg ,
Austria .
[21]
Born:
Howard Morris , American actor, best known for the role of
Ernest T. Bass in the 1960s television comedy
The Andy Griffith Show , in
New York City (d.
2005 );
Émile Bouchard , Canadian hockey player,
defenceman for the
Montreal Canadiens from 1941 to 1956, four-time
Stanley Cup champion, in
Montreal (d.
2012 );
Phil Terranova , American boxer,
World Featherweight Champion in 1943, in
New York City (d.
2000 )
A
United States Army motor convoy arrived in
San Francisco to complete a nearly
two-month continental journey by vehicle across the
United States . Information collected during the trek contributed to the development of the
U.S. Highway System .
[22]
The
actors' strike ended with the
Producing Managers' Association signing a new basic agreement with the
Actors' Equity Association and dropping all lawsuits.
[23]
The
Socialist Party of Transylvania was established in
Sibiu ,
Romania .
[24]
The
George-Étienne Cartier Monument , sculpted by
George William Hill , was unveiled in
Mount Royal ,
Montreal .
[25]
Born:
Lee Archer , American air force officer, commander of the
332d Fighter Group , also known as the
Tuskegee Airmen , during
World War II , recipient of the
Distinguished Flying Cross , nine
Air Medals , and two
Commendation Medals , in
Yonkers, New York (d.
2010 )
Died:
Lord Charles Beresford , British naval officer, recipient of the
Victoria Cross for action during the
Anglo-Zulu War ,
Order of the Bath and
Royal Victorian Order (b.
1846 )
The first
Waldorf school opened in
Stuttgart ,
Germany with 256 students enrolled. The school's
curriculum was based on
anthroposophy developed by German philosopher
Rudolf Steiner . The independent school has grown to its present size of 1,150 schools in 75 countries.
[26]
Fairmount Bagel , the first bagel bakery in
Montreal , opened in the
Mile End neighbourhood of the
Plateau-Mont-Royal borough on
Saint-Laurent Boulevard . It moved to its current location on 74 Fairmount Avenue West in 1949.
[27]
Popular comic duo
Roscoe Arbuckle and
Buster Keaton released their next film hit
Back Stage through
Paramount Pictures .
[28]
Born:
Louise Bennett-Coverley , Jamaican poet, promoter of
Jamaican Patois , in
Kingston, Jamaica (d.
2006 );
Johanna von Trapp , sixth child of
Georg von Trapp and member of the
Trapp Family Singers , in
Zell am See ,
Austria (d.
1994 )
SS Valbanera
A
hurricane struck the
Caribbean , resulting in the sinking of Spanish steamship
Valbanera with the loss of all 488 passengers and crew on-board off
Cuba ,
[29]
[30] while British steamer Corydon ran aground and sank off
The Bahamas with 27 crew killed.
[31]
Minnesota ratified the
Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which gave voting rights to women.
[32]
British soldiers rioted in
Fermoy ,
Ireland following an inquest on the previous death of a British soldier that failed to produce any murder charges.
[33]
Chemical manufacturer
Daicel was established in
Osaka from a merger of eight regional companies.
[34]
Born:
Manfred Meurer , German air force officer, commander of
Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 for the
Luftwaffe during
World War II , recipient of the
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross , in
Hamburg (d.
1944 , killed in action);
Lyudmila Tselikovskaya , Russian actress, known for her film roles including
Ivan the Terrible , recipient of the
People's Artist , in
Astrakhan ,
Russia (d.
1992 )
The majority of the 1,500 officers with the
Boston Police Department
went on strike after Police Commissioner
Edwin Upton Curtis denied them the right to form a union.
[35]
John Howatt Bell became
Premier of Prince Edward Island , replacing
Aubin-Edmond Arsenault following his defeat by Bell in provincial elections held in July.
[36]
Born:
Maria Lassnig , Austrian painter, member of the Hundsgruppe , first female recipient of the
Grand Austrian State Prize and the
Austrian Decoration for Science and Art , in
Kappel am Krappfeld ,
Austria (d.
2014 );
Barbara Fiske Calhoun , American comic book artist, pioneer female artist during the
Golden Age of Comic Books , co-founder of the
Quarry Hill Creative Center , in
Tucson, Arizona (d.
2014 );
John Ljunggren , Swedish speed walker, gold medalist at the
1948 Summer Olympics , bronze medalist at the
1956 Summer Olympics , and silver medalist at the
1960 Summer Olympics , in
Forsheda ,
Sweden (d.
2000 )
Died:
John Mitchell , American labor leader, president of the
United Mine Workers of America from 1898 to 1908 (b.
1870 )
The Seattle Star headlines 1,000 lost to a
hurricane hitting
Florida and
Texas .
The
Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed, formally ending
World War I for
Austria-Hungary and dissolving the
Austrian Empire .
[37] The borders of
Austria were reduced further with articles forbidding the country from unifying with
Germany , leading to the establishment of the
First Austrian Republic .
[38] It also granted sovereignty to
Carpathian Ruthenia using territory in what is now western
Ukraine and eastern
Slovakia .
[39]
A
hurricane struck
Goulds, Florida before moving through the
Florida Keys , killing 600 people in the
Florida Keys and
Corpus Christi, Texas . Most of the casualties, roughly 500, were caught in one of 10 boats caught out at sea during the hurricane.
[40]
Boston experienced an overnight spike in crime at the onset of the
police strike , forcing
Massachusetts Governor
Calvin Coolidge to order 5,000
State Guards to retain order in the city.
[41]
The
New Hampshire Senate ratified the
19th amendment with a vote of 14 for and 10 against.
The first
Veterans Day Parade was held in
New York City , with
General
John J. Pershing of the
American Expeditionary Forces in attendance.
[43]
Public sympathy for five sailors convicted of mutiny while serving on
Royal Australian Navy
battlecruiser
HMAS Australia in June forced the navy to reduce sentences for the participants.
[44]
The 1919
Schneider Trophy race, the first since 1914, was flown at
Bournemouth ,
England . However, poor weather conditions forced many of the competing planes to ground for safety, including Schneider Cup favorite
Harry Hawker who was forced to land his
Sopwith seaplane due to heavy fog.
[45] Other planes making debuts at the competition but were grounded that day included the
Avro 539 ,
Grahame-White Bantam , and the
Sea Lion .
[46]
Football and sports clubs were established in the following cities:
Spartak Pleven
[47] in
Pleven ,
Bulgaria , and
Desamparados in
San Juan, Argentina which currently plays in
Torneo Argentino B .
[48]
Newly arrived
Massachusetts State Guards try to keep order in
Scollay Square ,
Boston after the city's police enforce went on
strike .
Russian Civil War – The
White Army foiled attempts by the
Red Army to recapture the city of Tsaritsyn (now
Volgograd ). This ultimately led to the end of the counteroffensive.
Violence peaked during the
Boston police strike , with riots and disorder. At one point, mounted
State Guards charged a crowd, resulting in one death. In total, nine people were killed in violence around the city.
[49]
The
Turkish National Movement established the
Committee of Representation in
Sivas ,
Turkey as the executive branch of the
General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire .
[50]
Italian
World War I ace
Giovanni Ancillotto made a six-hour nonstop flight from
Rome to
Warsaw , where
Ignacy Jan Paderewski ,
Prime Minister of Poland greeted him personally upon his arrival. Ultimately, the flight resulted in
Italy selling 75
Ansaldo
biplanes to the
Polish Air Force .
[51]
Archbishop
Michael Gallagher of the
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit established the
Sacred Heart Major Seminary in
Detroit .
[52]
Born:
Daphne Odjig , Canadian indigenous artist, member of the
Indian Group of Seven , in
Wiikwemkoong ,
Ontario (b.
2016 );
Reed Whittemore , American poet, 28th
United States Poet Laureate , in
New Haven, Connecticut (d.
2012 )
Residents of
Fiume cheering the arrival of
Gabriele D'Annunzio and his Legionari in September 1919, when Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants.
Russian Civil War – General
Anton Denikin of the
White Army ordered his troops to concentrate on breaking the
Red Army on the
Southern Front in his attempt to
capture
Moscow .
[53]
Nationalist poet
Gabriele D'Annunzio led 2,600 Italian irredentist troops against a mixed force of Allied soldiers to
occupy the city of Fiume (now
Rijeka ,
Croatia ) where he announced it had been annexed to the
Kingdom of Italy .
[54]
[55]
The
Dáil Éireann was declared illegal by the British authorities, leading to raids on
Sinn Féin centres and resulting in Irish nationalist leader
Ernest Blythe being arrested.
[56]
First
gold fixing took place in London.
Samuel Gompers , president of the
American Federation of Labor , called for an end to the
Boston police strike on the basis the city would suspend judgement on whether the police force could form a union, which was accepted by the police.
[57]
The
Babeș-Bolyai University was established in
Cluj-Napoca ,
Romania as one of the five elite universities in the country.
[58]
The
Women's Peace Society was established in the
United States after several members of the
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom resigned in protest over "a fundamental lack of unity in the membership as a whole and in the executive committee".
[59]
[60]
The
Academia Mexicana de la Historia was established in
Mexico City to research and promote the
history of Mexico .
[61]
The film
Country Maiden , directed and produced by
José Nepomuceno , became the first domestic cinematic production to be released in the
Philippines .
[62]
Adolf Hitler attends, for the very first time, a meeting of the
German Workers' Party in Munich. The party will soon be renamed the
National Socialist German Workers' Party .
[63]
Died:
Leonid Andreyev , Russian writer, author of plays and fiction including
He Who Gets Slapped and
Poor Murderer (b.
1871 );
Thomas Frederick Price , American missionary, co-founder of
Maryknoll (b.
1860 )
The
Boston police strike formally ended with most of the 1,100 striking police officers fired and replaced with more than 1,500 new officers from a pool of
World War I veterans, despite objections from the
Mayor of Boston and
Massachusetts Governor
Calvin Coolidge .
[64]
A
massive fire broke out at an oil refinery operated by
Standard Oil in
Greenpoint, Brooklyn ,
New York City . Over a thousand firefighters fought the blaze over the next three days, with 300 treated for burns and minor injuries. Total damages were estimated at $5,000,000 ($87,869,500 in 2024).
[65]
The
Royal Air Force disbanded squadron
No. 261 at
Felixstowe ,
England .
[66]
The
General Confederation of Labour was established in
Portugal .
[67]
The
Australian Imperial Force cricket tour wrapped in
England against the
Mitcham Cricket Club , winning the match by five wickets. The Australians would tour next in
South Africa .
[68]
Born:
Milton Rubenfeld , American air force officer, co-founder of the
Israeli Air Force , father of
Paul Reubens , in
Peekskill, New York (d.
2004 );
Olle Anderberg , Swedish wrestler, silver medalist at the
1948 Summer Olympics and gold medalist at the
1952 Summer Olympics , in
Asmundtorp ,
Sweden (d.
2003 )
Born:
George Weidenfeld , Austrian-English publisher, co-founder of
Weidenfeld & Nicolson , in
Vienna (d.
2016 );
Mary Midgley , English philosopher, promoter of animal rights and environmentalism, author of Beat and Man , in
London (d.
2018 )
Participants of the
Alaşehir Congress
The
Turkish National Movement held a nine-day
congress in
Alaşehir ,
Turkey to discuss further means to retain sovereignty from
Greece in the
Turkish War of Independence .
[74]
Sports club
Egersund was established in
Egersund ,
Norway with programs in
football ,
handball and athletics.
[75]
Born:
Andy Russell , American singer, known for Latin and adult contemporary hit including "
What a Diff'rence a Day Makes " and "
It's Such a Pretty World Today ", in
Los Angeles (d.
1992 );
Bill Daley , American football player,
linebacker for the
Minnesota Golden Gophers football club and
Michigan Wolverines football club in 1942 and 1943, in
Melrose, Minnesota (d.
2015 );
Lawrence Dobkin , American television director, best known as the narrator for the 1960s television crime series
Naked City , in
New York City (d.
2002 )
Died:
Alfred Parland , Russian architect, designer of many churches in
Moscow including
Church of the Savior on Blood (b.
1842 )
Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes (CMA) commenced a regular service between
Paris and
London , using ex-military
Bréguet aircraft .
[90]
The Banat Social Democratic Party was established in
Banat ,
Romania , evolving into the
Banat Socialist Party the following year.
[91]
Born:
Josiah Zion Gumede , Zimbabwean state leader, first
President of Zimbabwe Rhodesia , in
Bubi District ,
Southern Rhodesia (d.
1989 );
Ned Harkness , Canadian-American hockey coach, managed the
RPI Engineers men's ice hockey and
Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey teams from 1949 and 1970, coach and administrator for the
Detroit Red Wings from 1970 to 1974, in
Ottawa (d.
2008 )
Born:
Mike Holovak , American football player and coach,
fullback for the
Boston College Eagles football team in 1942, and
Los Angeles Rams and
Chicago Bears from 1946 to 1948, coach for the
Boston Patriots and
New York Jets from 1951 to 1976, general manager for
Houston Oilers from 1989 to 1993, in
Lansford, Pennsylvania (d.
2008 );
Roy Marlin Voris , American naval air force officer, commander of the
VFA-101 and
VFA-2 squadrons during
World War II , founder of the
Blue Angels demonstration squadron, three-time recipient of
Distinguished Flying Cross and eleven
Air Medals , in
Los Angeles (d.
2005 )
Babe Ruth scored four runs for the
Boston Red Sox against the
Washington Senators in
Fenway Park , tying the single season record of 27 home runs set by
Ned Williamson in 1884. He broke record four days later against the
New York Yankees at the
Polo Grounds and set a new season record of 29 with a homer against Senators again. The Red Sox, however, finished the season in sixth place.
[92]
[93]
East Perth 10.8 (68) defeated
East Fremantle 7.4 (46) to win their first
West Australian Football League championship.
[94]
Pro golfer
Jim Barnes successfully defended his
title against challenger
Fred McLeod , defeating him 6 & 5 in the
final PGA championship at the
Engineers Country Club in
Roslyn Harbor, New York .
[95]
A
rail station opened to serve the
Frankston railway line in
Edithvale, Victoria ,
Australia .
[96]
The football club
Cray Valley was established, playing their first game against Hamilton House and winning 7–0.
[97]
Born:
William Crumm , American air force officer, commander of the
3rd Air Division during the
Vietnam War , two-time recipient of the
Legion of Merit ,
Distinguished Flying Cross , four
Air Medals , and the
Bronze Star Medal , in
New York City (d.
1967 , killed in an airplane crash)
Died:
Ramón Barros Luco , Chilean state leader, 16th
President of Chile (b.
1835 );
J. W. Comer , American industrialist, plantation and mine owner in
Barbour County, Alabama , brother to
B. B. Comer (b.
1845 );
Cy Seymour , American baseball player, outfielder and pitcher for the
New York Giants ,
Baltimore Orioles ,
Cincinnati Reds , and
Boston Braves from 1896 to 1913 (b.
1872 )
Russian Civil War –
White forces captured the city of
Kursk ,
Russia .
[98]
The
Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers attempted to organize in the
United States steel industry by calling a
general strike .
[99]
Authorities in
Kaunas ,
Lithuania arrested and charged 117 people involved in an
attempt to overthrow the government of
Mykolas Sleževičius . The conspiracy had been backed by the
Polish Military Organisation and support of the
Józef Piłsudski government in
Poland .
[100]
Chicago White Sox
first baseman
Chick Gandil
conspired with seven other teammates at
The Ansonia hotel in
New York City to intentionally lose the upcoming
World Series against the
Cincinnati Reds in exchange of gambling money from racketeer
Arnold Rothstein that in some cases was nine times the actual baseball club's salary.
[101]
Hurling team
Cork defeated
Dublin 6–4 to 2–4 in front of the crowd of 14,300 spectators at
Croke Park ,
Dublin to win the
33rd staging of the
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship .
[102]
The
British Symphony Orchestra made its public debut at
Royal Albert Hall in
London .
[103]
The football club
Mačva Šabac was established in
Šabac ,
Serbia .
[104]
Born:
Fazlur Rahman Malik , Pakistani theologian, promoter of
liberalism and progressivism within Islam , in
Hazara District ,
British India (d.
1988 );
Mario Bunge , Argentine-Canadian philosopher, developed concepts such as
sociotechnology and
systemics , in
Buenos Aires (d.
2020 )
Born:
Jonas M. Platt , American marine officer,
assistant division commander of the
3rd Marine Division during the
Vietnam War , recipient of the
Navy Distinguished Service Medal ,
Legion of Merit ,
Silver Star , and
Bronze Star Medal , in
New York City (d.
2000 );
Jim McCairns , British air force officer, member of the
No. 56 and
No. 3 Squadrons as well as the
Special Operations Executive during
World War II , recipient of the
Distinguished Flying Cross ,
Military Medal , and
Croix de Guerre , in
Niagara Falls, New York (d.
1948 , killed in a plane crash)
The
Red Army of Turin , a paramilitary group set up to protect socialist groups, engaged in a firefight with police and soldiers in
Turin after authorities fired on crowds attending a banned protect demonstration by the Socialist Party of Turin against Italian nationalists seizing the port city of
Fiume in
Croatia .
[110]
An Italian
Savoia 13 became the only competing aircraft to complete the 1919
Schneider Trophy race after poor weather grounded so many others, but it was disqualified for missing a turning buoy. When judges asked pilot Guido Janello to complete another lap, he ran out of fuel.
[111]
The first meeting of the
National Catholic Welfare Council was held at the
Catholic University of America in
Washington, D.C. , with
Edward Joseph Hanna ,
Archbishop of San Francisco , elected as the first chair.
[112]
Born:
Spurgeon Neel , American army medical officer, first commander of the
United States Army Health Services Command , best known for pioneering
medical evacuation for battlefield casualties using aircraft, recipient of the
Distinguished Service Medal ,
Legion of Merit , and
Bronze Star Medal , in
Memphis, Tennessee (d.
2003 )
Died:
Frank Laver , Australian cricketer, batsman for the
Australia national cricket team from 1899 to 1909 (b.
1869 )
U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson delivered his last
public speech in
Pueblo, Colorado before he collapsed. He returned to
Washington, D.C. to recover but would suffer a debilitating stroke days later that rendered him unable to make public appearances.
[113]
The
74th Aero Squadron of the
United States Army Air Service was disbanded at
Langley Field ,
Virginia .
[114]
The
Socialist Workers Party was established in
Jaffa ,
Palestine , the precursor to the
Palestine Communist Party .
[115]
Moravian composer
Leoš Janáček established the
Brno Conservatory in
Brno ,
Moravia (then part of
Czechoslovakia ).
[116]
The football club
Reggiana was established in
Reggio Emilia ,
Italy .
[117]
Born:
Tom Carnegie , American sports broadcaster, longtime public announcer for the
Indianapolis Motor Speedway from 1946 to 2006, in
Norwalk, Connecticut (d.
2011 )
Died:
Charles Lang Freer , American industrialist, founder of the
American Car and Foundry Company , amassed an art collection of over 5,000 pieces that were donated to the
Smithsonian Institution (b.
1854 )
Russian Civil War – The
Black Army under command of
Nestor Makhno
defeated a
White Russian force southeast of
Uman ,
Ukraine , inflicting 4,000 casualties. The success began to provide needed relief for the besieged
Bolsheviks in
Moscow as more White troops had to be directed south to answer the Black Army threat.
[118]
The
fifth cabinet of the
Ion I. C. Brătianu administration was dissolved in
Romania and replaced by a
cabinet under the
Artur Văitoianu administration.
[119]
Born:
Ezio Loik , Italian football player,
midfielder for
Torino and the
Italy national football team from 1942 to 1949, in
Fiume ,
Italian Regency of Carnaro (d.
1949 , killed in the
Superga air disaster )
Died:
Francis Bertie , British diplomat,
Ambassador to Italy from 1903 to 1905, and
Ambassador to France from 1905 to 1918 (b.
1844 )
Russian Civil War – Faced with the possibility of losing
Moscow to the
White Army , the
Red Army
Southern Front was split in two and the
Southeastern Front was established. An underground party committee was set up within the Russian capital while the public face of the Soviet government began evacuating to
Vologda ,
Russia .
[120]
The
Amherst Internment Camp , the largest POW camp in
Canada during
World War I , was closed in
Amherst, Nova Scotia .
[121]
The
National Union of Railwaymen called on all railway workers in the
United Kingdom to
strike .
[122]
The
Oslo Philharmonic performed their first concert in
Oslo with Finnish musician
Georg Schnéevoigt as conductor.
Sturt and
North Adelaide drew 5.9 (39) apiece in the
South Australian Football League
Grand Final .
[123]
Born:
Charles H. Percy , American politician, U.S Senator of Illinois from 1967 till 1985, in
Pensacola, Florida (d.
2011 );
Sandy Gunn , Scottish air force officer, member of the
No. 1 Photo Reconnaissance and escape team from the German POW camp
Stalag Luft III , in
Auchterarder ,
Scotland (d.
1944 , executed)
Died:
Luisa Cappiani , Austrian opera singer and educator, founding member of the
American Federation of Musicians and
Music Teachers National Association (b.
1829 );
Gardner Dow , American college football player for the
Connecticut Aggies , after sustaining a traumatic brain injury in a game (b.
1898 );
Adelina Patti , Italian opera singer, known for her opera recordings for the
Gramophone Company (b.
1843 )
Photo of Will Brown, after he was burned to death by a lynch mob in
Omaha, Nebraska .
[124]
Red Summer – A mob of 10,000 whites overran the police station and courthouse in
Omaha, Nebraska and
lynched black prisoner Will Brown, who was alleged to have raped a white woman despite conflicting evidence. The resulting violence lead to over $1 million in property damages. Mayor
Edward Parsons Smith was nearly killed from an attempted hanging; Smith had been at the courthouse and ventured out to try to reason with a crowd when a gunshot rang out that the crowd assumed had come from him. Federal troops under command of
Leonard Wood arrived and quelled the violence the following day. Despite over a hundred arrests, none of the white rioters were ever convicted.
[125]
The majority of voters in a
referendum in
Luxembourg voted to retain the monarchy with
Grand Duchess Charlotte as head of state and an economic union with
France .
[126]
The
University of Latvia was established in
Riga .
[127]
Gaelic football team
Kildare defeated
Galway 2–5 to 0–1 in front of the crowd of 32,000 spectators at
Croke Park ,
Dublin to win the
33rd staging of the
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship .
[128]
Belgian cyclist
Léon Devos won the
ninth
Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycling race, completing the 237 km racing route in 9 hours, 20 minutes, 30 seconds.
[129]
The
Lithuanian Labour Federation was established as the
national trade union center of
Lithuania .
[130]
The
Indian Cane Growers Association was established in
Ba Province ,
Fiji .
[131]
Born:
Nicholas Goodhart , British aviation engineer, designer of the
optical landing system used on
aircraft carriers , in
Inkpen ,
England (d.
2011 );
Tom Harmon , American football player,
halfback for the
Michigan Wolverines football team in 1941 and the
Los Angeles Rams from 1946 to 1947, in
Rensselaer, Indiana (d.
1990 )
Red Summer – Spurned by rumors that an attempt to form a sharecroppers union in
Elaine, Arkansas was a cover for a "socialist" insurrection, a clash between whites and blacks outside a black church resulted in the shooting death of a white man.
[137] Hundreds of white men formed a militia and began
attacking rural black communities, resulting in 100 to 237 black deaths over two days before requested federal troops arrived to disarm the rioters. Because the white militia had claimed they were stopping a rebellion, federal troops arrested nearly 300 blacks and 122 were convicted in court, including 12 for murder. The
NAACP intervened and appealed the 12 convictions through the
Supreme Court of the United States , who
overturned the convictions on the basis the mob-dominated trials deprived the defendants of due process.
[138]
The
Utah House of Representatives followed the state senate and ratified the
19th Amendment .
[139]
The
3rd Operation Group of the
United States Army Air Service was established for service in the
Panama Canal Zone .
[140]
The
John Brown University officially opened for classes in
Siloam Springs, Arkansas .
[141]
The stage comedy
The Gold Diggers by
Avery Hopwood premiered on Broadway with
Ina Claire in the lead role. The play was a hit with 720 performances and grossing $1.9 million. Many credit the play for popularizing the term "gold digger" to refer to women who seek wealthy men as marriage partners.
[142]
[143]
Born:
Patricia Neway , American opera singer, best known for her collaboration with
New York City Opera , in
New York City (d.
2012 );
William L. Guy , American politician, 26th
Governor of North Dakota , in
Devils Lake, North Dakota (d.
2013 )
References
^ Daniel Bell, "Editor's Note" to Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892-1953," p. 103
^
"13th Parliament" . ParlInfo . Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 17 November 2018 .
^ Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007,
ISBN
1-847347-39-8 , p. 23
^ Barrass, M. B. (2011).
"A History of RAF Organisation : Groups 10–19" . rafweb.org . Archived from
the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2012 .
^
"History of M'Baku State University" (in Russian). Retrieved 2015-07-18 .
^
"History of the Forestry Commission" . Forestry Commission. Retrieved 2010-10-22 .
^
"Official information" . VGIK (in Russian). Retrieved 8 December 2018 .
^ Balio, Tino (2009).
United Artists: The Company Built by the Stars .
University of Wisconsin Press . p.
39 .
ISBN
978-0-299-23004-3 .
^
New York Times ,
Subway to Open Two New Stations , August 31, 1919, p. 25
^ Ohman-Nielsen, May Brith (2010). "Agder Tidend ". In Idar Flo (ed.). Norske aviser fra A til Å . Volume four of
Norsk presses historie 1660–2010 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. p. 27.
ISBN
978-82-15-01604-7 .
^
"About SK Vidar 1919-1929" . SK Vidar (in Norwegian). Retrieved 21 December 2019 .
^ Landsea, Chris; et al. (April 2014).
"Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT" . Miami, Florida:
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Retrieved January 17, 2015 .
^ "Stagehands now run theatre strike". New York Times . 2 September 1919.
ProQuest
100476881 .
^
"Det Dansk-Baltiske Auxiliær Corps" (in Danish). Dansk Militærhistorie. 1 May 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016 .
^ Howe, Quincy (1949).
A World History of Our Own Times . Simon and Schuster. p.
74 .
ASIN
B0011VZAL6 .
^ Katz, Hélèna (2010). Cold Cases: Famous Unsolved Mysteries, Crimes, and Disappearances in America . Santa Barbara, CA:
ABC-CLIO . p. 61.
ISBN
9780313376924 .
^ Thomas Keller (October 2012).
Emil Franzel (1901 ? 1976): Biografie eines sudetendeutschen Intellektuellen . Diplomica Verlag. p. 22.
ISBN
978-3-8428-8726-8 .
^
"Babson's History" . Babson College . Retrieved 8 December 2018 .
^ Heper, Metin; Criss, Nur Bilge (21 January 2009).
Historical Dictionary of Turkey . Scarecrow Press. p. 277.
ISBN
978-0-8108-6281-4 .
^
"Johnston Takes Crown in Tennis" (PDF) . The New York Times . September 5, 1919.
^
"Club History" . KSV 1919 (in German). Retrieved 24 December 2018 .
^ Jackson, 1st Lt Elwell (October 31, 1919). First Transcontinental Motor Convoy (Report). {{
cite report }}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link )
(also published in Mechanical Eng., vol. 42, no. 3, March 1910, pp. 145–150 and 205, 16 figs.)
^ Faulkender, Robert E. (1979). Historical Development and Basic Politics of the Actors' Equity Association . University Microfilms International. pp. 47–51.
^ Mușat, Mircea; Ardeleanu, Ion (1982).
Political life in Romania 1918-1921 . București: Editura Academiei Republici Socialiste România. p. 244.
^
"Cartier returns" .
Montreal Gazette . May 23, 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2010 .
^ Zdrazil, Tomas (2018). "Theorie-Praxis Verhältnis in der Waldorfpädagogik". In Kern, Holger; Zdrazil, Tomas; Götte, Wenzel Michael (eds.). Lehrerbildung in der Waldorfschule . Weinheim, DE: Juventa. p. 34.
ISBN
9783779938293 .
^ Brownstein, Bill (September 7, 2019).
"Montreal's Fairmount Bagel marks 100-year milestone" .
Montreal Gazette .
^ Knopf, Robert (2 August 1999).
The Theater and Cinema of Buster Keaton . Princeton University Press. p. 181.
ISBN
978-0-691-00442-6 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 .
^ Decker, Benton C. (Spring 2005).
"Loss of the Spanish Steamship Valbanera " (PDF) . Florida Keys Sea Heritage Journal . 15 (3): 14–15.
^
"Decker is Convinced Wreck is Valbanera" (PDF) .
The New York Times . 21 September 1919.
^ Staff Writer (September 12, 1919). "27 Lives Lost When Ward Liner Corydon Founders In Storm". The Hartford Courant . Viewed March 14, 2010.
^ Harper, Ida Husted, ed. (1922).
History of Woman Suffrage . Vol. 6: 1900-1920. Rochester, New York: J. J. Little & Ives Company for the
National Woman Suffrage Association . p.
323 .
OCLC
963795738 .
^ Cottrell, Peter (2009).
The War for Ireland, 1913–1923 . Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p.
92 .
ISBN
978-1-84603-9966 .
^
"History of Daicel" . Daicel . Retrieved 29 August 2018 .
^ Philip S. Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States , v. 8 Postwar Struggles, 1918–1920 (NY: International Publishers, 1988),
ISBN
9780717800926 , p. 95
^
"John Howatt Bell" . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . University of Toronto Press. 1979–2016.
^
"Austrian treaty signed in amity" .
The New York Times . 11 September 1919. p. 12.
^
"Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Austria; Protocol, Declaration and Special Declaration [1920] ATS 3" . Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 2011-06-15 .
^
"Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Austria; Protocol, Declaration and Special Declaration [1920] ATS 3" . www.austlii.edu.au .
^ Ellis, Michael J. (1988). The Hurricane Almanac . Corpus Christi: Hurricane Publications, Inc.,
ISBN
0-9618707-1-0
^ Joseph Slater, "Labor and the Boston Police Strike of 1919," in Aaron Brenner, Benjamin Day, and Immanuel Ness, eds., The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2009), p. 247
^
"New York City parade honors World War I veterans" . History.com . Retrieved 18 December 2019 .
^ Frame, Tom; Baker, Kevin (2000). Mutiny! Naval Insurrections in Australia and New Zealand . St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. p. 106.
ISBN
1-86508-351-8 .
OCLC
46882022 .
^ "
Schneider Cup Contest ". Flight , 18 September 1919, p. 1249
^ Jackson, A.J. (1974). British Civil Aircraft since 1919 Volume 2 . London: Putnam. pp. 290, 316, 382.
ISBN
0-370-10010-7 .
^
"History" . PFC Spartak (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 6 January 2019 .
^
"Sportivo Desamparados (San Juan)" . Interior Futbolero . Retrieved 31 August 2018 .
^
"Battle in Boston Streets" . New York Times . September 11, 1919. Retrieved September 16, 2014 .
^ Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: Nutuk ,
ISBN
975-8980-40-8 , p.54
^
"italystl.com Italy's Aeronautical Policy of the 1920's (the Goodwill Tours)" . Archived from
the original on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2019-12-14 .
^
"History" . Sacred Heart Major Seminary . Retrieved 8 December 2018 .
^ Denikin A.I. Campaign to Moscow. Kiev. Military publishing house, 1990, p. 15
^
D'Annunzio in Fiume With Armed Forces , The New York Times, September 14, 1919
^
Italian 6th Corps Disobeys Orders , The New York Times, September 15, 1919
^ Mackay, James (1996).
Michael Collins: A Life . Edinburgh: Mainstream. p.
132 .
ISBN
1851588574 .
^
"Plan Proposed by Gompers to Suspend Strike Which Boston Police Union Has Accepted" (PDF) . New York Times . September 13, 1919. Retrieved September 17, 2014 .
^
"Babes-Bolyai University - short history" . Babes-Bolyai University (in Romanian). Retrieved 8 December 2018 .
^
"Women's Peace Society" .
Swarthmore . Retrieved 2009-07-29 .
^ Harriet Hyman Alonso (1993).
"Former Suffragists for Peace during the Interwar Years, 1919-1935" . Peace As a Women's Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights . Syracuse University Press. pp. 85–124.
ISBN
978-0-8156-0269-9 .
^
"Historia de la academia" . Acadmexhistoria . Academia Mexicana de la Historia. Retrieved 7 September 2018 .
^ Quirino, Joe (1983). Don Jose and the Early Philippine Cinema: Volume One of the Trilogy "History of the Philippine Cinema" (1st ed.). Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
^ Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler:1889-1936 Hubris (Kindle ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
^ Philip S. Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States , v. 8 Postwar Struggles, 1918–1920 (NY: International Publishers, 1988),
ISBN
9780717800926 , p. 98
^
New-York Tribune (September 21, 1919).
"The Greatest Fire New York Has Ever Known" .
New-York Tribune . New York: Greeley & McElrath. pp. 1–20.
ISSN
2158-2661 .
OCLC
9388331 . Retrieved September 21, 2019 .
^ Rawlings, John D.R. Coastal, Support and Special Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft . London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1982.
ISBN
0-7106-0187-5 , p. 185
^ Bayerlein, Bernhard; van der Linden, Marcel (1990). "Revolutionary Syndicalism in Portugal". In van der Linden, Marcel; Thorpe, Wayne (eds.). Revolutionary Syndicalism: an International Perspective . Aldershot: Scolar Press. pp. 155–166.
ISBN
0-85967-815-6 .
^
"Mitcham v Australian Imperial Forces in 1919" . CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 April 2014 .
^
"St Finbarr's GAA Club 1876-1933" . Cork Past and Present website. Retrieved 10 November 2017 .
^ RUSG (8 January 2017).
"Het Joseph Marienstadion" .
^
"Chronicle" . SV Gonsenheim (in German). Retrieved 2 January 2019 .
^ World Press Review .
"Reconstructing Iraq" . June 2003 (vol. 50, No. 6)
^
Kurz-Chronik (in German) SV Alsenborn website – A short history of the club, accessed: 15 November 2008
^ Büyük Larousse, vol. 1, p. 326, Milliyet Gazetesi Yayınları, "Alaşehir Kongresi"
^
"The history of EIK" . Egersunds IK. Archived from
the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2013 .
^ Denikin 1990, p. 15
^
"Anthony Amend. in Alabama Is Refused—Settled for next 4 Years" .
The Selma Journal . Selma, Alabama. 17 September 1919. p. 1. Retrieved 17 December 2018 – via
Newspapers.com .
^
"Adam's Rib in Alabama" .
The Montgomery Advertiser . Montgomery, Alabama. 9 September 1953. p. 4. Retrieved 17 December 2018 – via
Newspapers.com .
^
"The Girls Championship" .
The Glasgow Herald . 19 September 1919. p. 12.
^
"Country Report Netherlands" . European Database: Women in Decision-making . Retrieved 2012-10-31 .
^ Nwanazia, Chuka (30 October 2018).
"The Fight for Women's Suffrage in the Netherlands" . Dutch Review. Retrieved 30 November 2018 .
^
"University" . Univerza v Ljubljani .
^
"Om SF" (in Swedish). AB Svensk Filmindustri.
Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012 .
^ Kreimeier, Klaus (1996).
The Ufa Story: A History of Germany's Greatest Film Company, 1918–1945 . University of California Press. p.
56 .
ISBN
9780520220690 . premiere of Passion.
^ Silberman, Marc (1995).
German Cinema: Texts in Context . Detroit: Wayne State University. p. 3.
ISBN
978-0814325605 .
^ Finler, Joel W. (April 2, 1992),
The Hollywood Story (Second ed.), Mandarin, p.
472 ,
ISBN
0-7493-0637-8
^
"About Us" . Romanian National Opera, Cluj-Napoca . Retrieved 12 December 2018 .
^ Rodolfo Rodrigues (2009). Escudos dos Times do Mundo Inteiro . Panda Books. p. 85.
^ Sherwood, Tim. 1999. Coming in to Land: A Short History of Hounslow, Hanworth and Heston Aerodromes 1911-1946.
Heritage Publications (Hounslow Library)
ISBN
1-899144-30-7
^ Institutul de Istorie (Academia Republicii Populare Romîne). [Studii și materiale de istorie contemporană] , Vol. 2. [București]: Editura Academia Republicii Populare Romîne, 1962. p. 135
^
Creamer, Robert W. (1992) [1974].
Babe: The Legend Comes to Life (First Fireside ed.). New York:
Simon & Schuster . p.
203 .
ISBN
978-0-671-76070-0 .
^
Montville, Leigh (2006). The Big Bam: The Life and Times of Babe Ruth . New York: Broadway Books. pp. 88–90.
ISBN
978-0-7679-1971-5 .
^ "
STATE PREMIERSHIP. EAST PERTH BEAT RAILWAYS. " –
Western Argus . Published Tuesday, 7 October 1919. Retrieved from Trove , 7 September 2011.
^
"Barnes Retains Professional Golfers Association Crown, Beating McLeod" (PDF) .
The New York Times .
New York, New York . September 21, 1919. Retrieved March 22, 2011 .
^
"Edithvale" . ViCSIG - Infrastructure . Retrieved 28 December 2019 .
^
"CRAY VALLEY (PM) FC – OUR HISTORY 1919-2017" . Cray Valley FC . Retrieved 24 December 2018 .
^ Denikin 1990, p. 15
^ Brody, David. Steelworkers in America: The Nonunion Era. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1969.
ISBN
0-252-06713-4 , pp. 233-34
^ Lesčius, Vytautas (2004).
Lietuvos kariuomenė nepriklausomybės kovose 1918–1920 (PDF) . Lietuvos kariuomenės istorija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius:
General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania . pp. 269–270.
ISBN
9955-423-23-4 .
^
Asinof, Eliot . Eight Men Out . New York: Henry Holt. 1963.
ISBN
0-8050-6537-7 , pp. 289-291
^
"All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Roll of Honour" . The GAA website. Archived from
the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011 .
^ "The British Symphony Orchestra". The Musical Times . 60 (920): 557. 1 October 1919.
JSTOR
3701785 .
^
"Beginning (1919-1926)" . FK Mačva Šabac (in Serbian). Retrieved 6 January 2019 .
^ Platform of the Committee of 48: Unanimously Adopted at the First National Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, Dec. 9-12, 1919: Together with Supporting Argument, Resolutions, and Methods of Political Procedure. New York: The Committee of 48, n.d. [1919]; p. 14
^
"Herr Arnes Pengar (1919): Kommentar Svensk filmografi" .
Swedish Film Database (in Swedish).
Swedish Film Institute . Retrieved 2011-07-01 .
^
"The AFA - History" . AFA . Archived from
the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2018 .
^
"Club History" . Clube de Futeboll "Os Beleneses" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 January 2019 .
^
"History of Notre-Dame-du-Nord" . Chambre de Commerce de Notre-Dame-du-Nord. Retrieved 2011-01-02 .
^ 'The Red Army of Turin',
Workers' Dreadnought , Vol VI No.31 25 October 1919 p. 1122
^ Eves, Edward. The Schneider Trophy Story . Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 2001.
ISBN
1-84037-257-5 , p. 241
^ Richard Gribble.
"Roman Catholicism and U.S. foreign policy - 1919-1935: a clash of policies" . Journal of Church and State (Winter, 2008). Retrieved 2009-01-05 .
^ Glass, Andrew.
"President Woodrow Wilson collapses in Pueblo, Colo., Sept. 25, 1919" . Politico . Retrieved 18 May 2019 .
^ Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969].
Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp. 270–271.
ISBN
0-405-12194-6 .
LCCN
70605402 .
OCLC
72556 .
^ Offenberg, Mario. Kommunismus in Palästina: Nation u. Klasse in d. antikolonialen Revolution . Marburger Abhandlungen zur politischen Wissenschaft, Bd. 29.
Meisenheim am Glan : Hain, 1975. p. 152, 156
^
"Brno Conservatory - History" . Brno Conservatory. Archived from
the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2011 .
^
"Story - The Age of the Pioneers" . Reggio Audace F.C . Retrieved 6 January 2019 .
^ Belash, Aleksandr Víktorovich;
Belash, Victor Fiódorovich (1993).
Dorogi Nestora Makhno: istoricheskoe povestvovanie [Roads of Nestor Makhno (Historical narration) ] (in Russian). Kiev: RVT︠S︡ "Proza". pp.
130 –134.
ISBN
978-5-7707-3814-8 .
OCLC
31740208 .
^ Stelian Neagoe - "Istoria guvernelor României de la începuturi - 1859 până în zilele noastre - 1995" (Ed. Machiavelli, Bucharest, 1995)
^ Denikin A.I. Campaign to Moscow. Kiev. Military publishing house, 1990, p. 15
^
"Parks Canada - Halifax Citadel National Historic Site - Internment Operations at the Halifax Citadel during the First World War" . Pc.gc.ca. 2014-06-26. Archived from
the original on 2015-05-10. Retrieved 2015-06-05 .
^ Wells, Jeffrey (2010). "The Nine Days' Strike of 1919".
Backtrack . 24 : 22–7, 120–4.
^
"Australian Football - SANFL Season 1919" . australianfootball.com. Retrieved 2015-08-15 .
^
Lewis, David Levering (2009). W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography .
Henry Holt and Company . p. 383.
ISBN
9781466843073 .
^ Menard, Orville D (1987).
"Tom Dennison, the Omaha Bee, and the 1919 Omaha Race Riot" (PDF) . Nebraska History . 68 (4): 152–65. Retrieved 14 May 2013 .
^
Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook , pp. 1244, 1252
ISBN
978-3-8329-5609-7
^ eng.lsm.lv; Šiliņš, Jānis (15 October 2018).
"The foundation of the Baltic Higher Technical School in 1918" . eng.lsm.lv . Retrieved 17 October 2018 .
^
"All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Roll of Honour" . The GAA website. Archived from
the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011 .
^
"1919 Liège-Bastogne-Liège" . BikeRaceInfo . Retrieved 17 January 2018 .
^ Vincent E McHale (1983) Political parties of Europe , Greenwood Press, p476
ISBN
0-313-23804-9
^ K.L. Gillion, The Fiji Indians: Challenge to European Dominance 1920-1946 , Australian National University, 1977
^
Nation To Decide Fiume Question; Italian Parliament Is Dissolved , The New York Times, September 30, 1919
^ Evening Capital News (September 30, 1919).
"Lynch Blacks In The South Who Attacked White Women" . Evening Capital News . Boise, Idaho.
ISSN
2471-7754 .
OCLC
18530685 . Retrieved September 8, 2019 .
^
"The history of Fortis BGL BNP Paribas"
Archived 2011-08-13 at the
Wayback Machine , BGL BNP Paribas . Retrieved 9 September 2011
^ Reh, H. (1994): Die DKG und die deutsche Keramik-Geschichte. In: cfi/Ber. der DKG 71 (7), S. 351-359.
^ Freedman, Eric M. (2001).
Habeas Corpus: Rethinking the Great Writ of Liberty .
New York University Press . p.
78 .
ISBN
9780814727171 .
^
"Elaine Massacre of 1919" . Encyclopedia of Arkansas . Retrieved 11 November 2019 .
^
"Utah Ratifies the Suffrage Amendment" .
The Ogden Standard . Ogden, Utah. 30 September 1919. p. 6. Retrieved 18 December 2018 – via
Newspapers.com .
^ Conaway, William.
"6th Bombardment Group (Heavy)" . VI Bomber Command In Defense Of The Panama Canal 1941 - 45 .
^
"Timeline - History" . John Brown University . Retrieved 3 October 2018 .
^ Gelsey, Erwin; Seymour, James (1980). Hove, Arthur (ed.). Gold Diggers of 1933 . Madison, Wisconsin: Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 23.
ISBN
0-299-08084-6 .
^ Timberlake, Craig (1954). The Bishop of Broadway: The Life & Work of David Belasco . New York: Library Publishers. p. 456.