From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Month in 1917
Copy of the decoded
Zimmermann Telegram by British intelligence.
British troops preparing for
raids on German defences in the
Ancre Valley in northern
France .
The first
assembly of
Sámi people , in
Trondheim ,
Norway .
The following events occurred in February 1917 :
Thursday, February 1, 1917
James Alexander Murray became
Premier of New Brunswick , replacing
George Johnson Clarke who resigned due to health issues. The term was short-lived and he was replaced by
Walter Edward Foster within a month.
British fishing boat
Inverlyon was shelled and sunk in the
Atlantic Ocean by German submarine
SM U-55 , with all crew surviving.
[1]
The
New Zealand Army Ordnance Department was established.
[2]
The
Medical Women's Federation was formed in the
United Kingdom to advocate women in the medical profession. The organization started with 190 members including noted physicians
Jane Harriett Walker ,
Catherine Chisholm ,
Florence Barrett , and
Louisa Aldrich-Blake .
[3]
New York City Subway transit stations for the
Astoria Line , including
Astoria Boulevard ,
Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard ,
Broadway ,
Queensboro Plaza ,
30th Avenue ,
36th Avenue , and
39th Avenue were opened for service.
[4]
[5]
Born:
James Harry Lacey , British air force officer, second-highest scoring
Royal Air Force
flying ace during the
Battle of Britain , recipient of the
Distinguished Flying Medal , in
Wetherby ,
England (d.
1989 )
Died:
Georg Andreas Bull , Norwegian architect, chief designer of the neighborhoods of
Homansbyen in
Oslo and major train station designer for
Norwegian State Railways (b.
1829 )
Friday, February 2, 1917
The
British Fifth Corps launched further
raids on German-held territory around the
Ancre Valley in
France , resulting in 671 British casualties and 176 German prisoners taken.
[6]
Bread
rationing was introduced in the
United Kingdom .
[7]
Greek cargo ship
Elikon was sunk in the
Atlantic Ocean off the coast of
Spain by German submarine
SM U-67 with her crew surviving.
[8]
The first major Australian film comedy,
Our Friends, the Hayseeds by
Beaumont Smith , premiered in
Sydney .
[9]
Born:
Đỗ Mười , Vietnamese state leader, 9th
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam , in
Thanh Trì district ,
Vietnam (d.
2018 );
Natalia Androsova , Russian noble, one of the two surviving members of the
House of Romanov following the
Russian Revolution , in
Tashkent ,
Russian Empire (d.
1999 );
Kishan Lal , Indian
field hockey player, team captain of the gold medal-winning team at the
1948 Summer Olympics , in
Mhow ,
India (d.
1980 )
Died:
Theophile T. Allain , American politician, member of the
Louisiana State Legislature from 1872 to 1886, considered the richest African-American businessman at the time (b.
1846 );
Alexander Walters , American religious leader and activist, bishop of the
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church and president of the
National Afro-American Council (b.
1858 )
Saturday, February 3, 1917
U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson announced to
United States Congress that the government was severing diplomatic ties with
Germany over the
Imperial German Navy 's decision to engage in unlimited
submarine warfare .
[10]
Irish nationalist party
Sinn Féin gained its first seat when candidate
George Noble Plunkett , father of
Joseph Plunkett , won the
North Roscommon constituency on an
abstentionism .
[11]
Senussi campaign — A British column dispatched to capture
Senussi rebel leader
Sayed Ahmed arrived at the
Siwa Oasis in
North Africa where they were met with resistance from 1,250 tribesmen sent to protect Ahmed.
[12]
American cargo ship
Housatonic was sunk in the
Atlantic Ocean by German submarine
SM U-53 , with her crew surviving.
[13]
The first issue of
West Africa magazine was published.
[14]
Born:
Shlomo Goren , Polish-Israeli religious leader, founding leader of the
Military Rabbinate , third
Chief Rabbinate of Israel , in
Zambrów , Poland (d.
1994 );
George G. Blackburn , Canadian soldier and writer, author of
The Guns of Normandy , in
Wales, Ontario (d.
2006 )
Died:
Robert McNab , New Zealand politician, 20th
Minister of Justice (b.
1864 );
Liang Cheng , Chinese diplomat,
Ambassador to the United States from 1902 to 1907 (b.
1864 )
Sunday, February 4, 1917
Monday, February 5, 1917
The new
constitution of
Mexico was adopted.
[17]
Both houses of the
United States Congress overrode a veto made by U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson to reinstate the
Immigration Act , which allowed more restrictions on immigration to the
United States .
[18]
The
United States Army force under command of
John J. Pershing reached
Columbus, New Mexico , ending the
Pancho Villa Expedition .
[19]
Senussi campaign —
Senussi rebels successfully held off a British convoy and allowed rebel leader
Sayed Ahmed to escape west to
Jaghbub ,
Libya .
Zimmermann Telegram – British intelligence officer William Reginald Hall, chief of
Room 40 for the
Admiralty , passed the decoded telegram sent by
German State Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Arthur Zimmermann to British Foreign Affairs. The telegram entailed a proposed military alliance between
Germany and
Mexico against the
United States should it enter
World War I .
[20]
The
Luftstreitkräfte , the air arm of the
Imperial German Army , established air squadron
Jagdstaffel 27 .
[21]
English writer
Hugh Kingsmill was taken prisoner while fighting in
France .
[22]
The
Roman Catholic Diocese of Santa Rosa de Osos was established in
Colombia .
[23]
Windhoek High School was established in
Windhoek ,
Namibia , as
South West Africa 's first secondary school and the oldest in the country.
[24]
Morosco Theatre opened on
Broadway in
New York City with the inaugural production of Canary Cottage by theater owner and producer
Oliver Morosco with music by
Earl Carroll .
[25]
Born:
Isuzu Yamada , Japanese actress, known for roles with popular Japanese film directors including
Akira Kurosawa for
The Lower Depths ,
Throne of Blood , and
Yojimbo , in
Osaka (d.
2012 )
Died:
Jaber II Al-Sabah , Kuwaiti noble, 8th
Emir of Kuwait (b.
1860 );
Paul Rubens , English songwriter, best known for his musicals including
The Shop Girl ,
San Toy , and
Florodora (b.
1875 )
Tuesday, February 6, 1917
The first
assembly of the
Sámi people was held in
Trondheim ,
Norway with the day officially recognized as
Sámi National Day .
[26]
Butte County, Idaho , and
Camas County, Idaho , were established. Butte County was created using portions of
Bingham ,
Blaine , and
Jefferson counties, with its county seat in
Arco, Idaho .
[27] Camas County was created using a portion of Blaine County with its seat in
Fairfield, Idaho .
[28]
Born:
José Alonso , Argentine labor leader, General Secretary of the
General Confederation of Labour from 1963 to 1970, in
Monserrat, Buenos Aires ,
Argentina (d.
1970 , assassinated);
Sonny Franzese , Italian-American gangster, underboss for the
Colombo crime family , oldest prisoner in the U.S. federal prison system, in
Naples (d.
2020 );
Zsa Zsa Gabor , Hungarian-American actress and socialite, known for her film roles in
Moulin Rouge and
Lovely to Look At , and her many public marriages including
Conrad Hilton and
George Sanders , in
Budapest (d.
2016 );
Arnold Spielberg , American electronics engineer, co-developer of the
GE-200 series
mainframe computer , father to film director
Steven Spielberg , in
Cincinnati (d.
2020 )
Wednesday, February 7, 1917
Thursday, February 8, 1917
French
flying ace
Georges Guynemer
Royal Navy
destroyer
HMS Ghurka struck a mine set by German submarine
SM UC-47 and sank in the
English Channel , killing all but five of her 79 crew.
[32]
Royal Navy
cruiser Liberty rammed and sunk German submarine
SM UC-46 in the
English Channel , killing all 26 crew on board.
[33]
Royal Navy
destroyer
HMS Thrasher depth charged, shelled and sunk German submarine
SM UC-39 in the
North Sea , killing seven of her crew.
[34]
French
flying ace
Georges Guynemer became the first
Allied pilot to shoot down a
German heavy bomber while flying a
SPAD aircraft.
[35]
The football club
Gimnasia y Esgrima de Concepción del Uruguay was established in
Concepción del Uruguay ,
Argentina .
[36]
Died:
Anton Haus , Austro-Hungarian naval officer,
Grand Admiral of the
Austro-Hungarian Navy from 1916 to 1917 (b.
1851 );
Frank Allan , Australian cricketer,
bowler for the
Australia national cricket team in 1878 to 1879 (b.
1849 );
Harry Page Woodward , British-Australian geologist, discovered the rich iron ore deposits existing in
Australia (b.
1858 )
Friday, February 9, 1917
German forces on the
Western Front commenced
Operation Alberich , an organized retreat and consolidation of army units scheduled over 35 days behind the
Hindenburg Line . The planned defensive line was 40–45 kilometres (25–28 mi) shorter and could be defended more effectively, freeing up 13 fewer divisions for action in the
Eastern Front .
British cargo ship
Mantola sank after being torpedoed the previous day in the
Atlantic Ocean by German submarine
U-81 . Seven crew were killed while abandoning ship while the survivors were rescued by
Royal Navy
sloop
HMS Laburnum .
[38]
Chung Ling High School was established in
George Town, Penang ,
Malaysia with 81 students and three staff. It now has 3,000 students enrolled.
[39]
Born:
Joseph Conombo , Voltaic state leader, 3rd
Prime Minister of Upper Volta (now
Burkina Faso ), in
Kombissiri ,
French Upper Volta (d.
2008 );
Peter Turnbull , Australian air force officer, commander of the
No. 76 Squadron during
World War II , recipient of the
Distinguished Flying Cross , in
Armidale ,
Australia (d.
1942 , killed in action)
Saturday, February 10, 1917
The
British Fifth Corps advanced half a mile during their
operations in Ancre Valley to take back territory held by the Germans, coming in striking distance to Serr,
France .
The
Imperial Japanese Navy established
1st and
2nd Special Squadrons to provide aerial protection of
Allied shipping during
World War I .
[41]
The musical
The Maid of the Mountains , by
Harold Fraser-Simson and
Frederick Lonsdale , premiered at the
Daly's Theatre in
London for an initial run of 1,352 performances.
[42]
Born:
Hossein Fatemi , Iranian politician, 13th
Minister of Foreign Affairs during the
Pahlavi dynasty , in
Nain, Iran (d.
1954 , executed);
Musine Kokalari , Albanian writer, author of As my old mother tells me and How life swayed , in
Adana ,
Ottoman Empire (d.
1983 );
Allie Reynolds , American baseball player, pitcher for the
Cleveland Indians and
New York Yankees from 1942 to 1954, six time
World Series champion, in
Bethany, Oklahoma (d.
1994 )
Died:
John William Waterhouse , English artist, known for
Pre-Raphaelite style paintings with romantic themes including
The Lady of Shalott and
Ophelia (b.
1849 )
Sunday, February 11, 1917
A German counterattack partially undid some of the gains made by the British during their
operations in Ancre Valley .
The
National Hockey Association voted in favor of expelling the
Toronto Blueshirts
ice hockey club from the league due to the strained relationship with owner
Eddie Livingstone , reducing the association's size to four teams.
[43]
The German international school
Deutsche Schule Bilbao was established in
Bilbao ,
Spain .
[44]
Born:
Bernard Destremau , French tennis player, winner of the
1938 French Open and contender in the
U.S. Open and
Wimbledon contests, in
Paris (d.
2002 );
Sidney Sheldon , American writer, best known as the creator of television hits
The Patty Duke Show ,
I Dream of Jeannie , and
Hart to Hart , recipient of the
Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for
The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer , in
Chicago (d.
2007 )
Died:
Oswaldo Cruz , Brazilian physician, leading researcher and promoter of vaccination programs against
smallpox in
Brazil , founder of the
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (b.
1872 )
Monday, February 12, 1917
Tuesday, February 13, 1917
Mata Hari after being arrested in
Paris .
Wednesday, February 14, 1917
The
British Fourth Army
extended the front in Ancre Valley towards German-held
Gueudecourt , France.
German
auxiliary cruiser
Geier was
scuttled in the
Atlantic Ocean after running aground near
Trinidad .
[53]
The
Associated British Machine Tool Makers was established in
London .
[54]
The first
Interstate Bridge over the
Columbia River between
Vancouver, Washington , and
Portland, Oregon , opened for traffic.
[55]
Born:
Herbert A. Hauptman , American mathematician, recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Chemistry for development of
direct methods used to determine
crystal structures , in
New York City (d.
2011 );
Beqir Balluku , Albanian politician, assisted Albanian leader
Enver Hoxha in the 1956 purge of the Albanian Communist Party, Minister of Defense from 1956 to 1974, in
Tirana ,
Albania (d.
1975 , executed);
Sue Sarafian Jehl , American army auxiliary officer, most decorated officer of the
Women's Army Corps during
World War II including the
World War II Victory Medal , in
Malden, Massachusetts (d.
1997 )
Thursday, February 15, 1917
Friday, February 16, 1917
Saturday, February 17, 1917
The
British Fifth Army
launched assaults in Ancre Valley on the German-held French villages of
Miraumont , Thilloys, and Irless, and strategic point Hill 130.
British forces captured
Nekhl from the Ottomans in the
Sinai Peninsula .
[60]
French troopship
Athos was sunk in the
Mediterranean Sea by German submarine
SM U-65 with the loss of 754 lives.
[61]
Royal Navy armed merchant ship
HMS Farnborough was torpedoed and damaged in the
Atlantic Ocean south of
Ireland by German submarine
SM U-83 . However, she was able to return fire and succeeded in sinking the
U-boat , killing 35 of her crew and capturing two survivors. She was towed and beached at
Berehaven ,
Ireland where she was repaired and returned to service.
[62]
The
Nationalist Party of Australia was formed with the merger of the
Commonwealth Liberal Party and the
National Labor Party , with
Billy Hughes as party leader. The new party allowed Hughes to return to head the
Australian Government after winning a huge victory during the
federal election held in May.
[63]
The daily newspaper
La Razón released its first edition in
La Paz ,
Bolivia .
[64]
Born:
Whang-od , Filipino tattoo artist, considered the last living mambabatok artist of Buscalan Kalinga in the
Philippines , in
Tinglayan ,
Philippines ;
Joseph W. Dailey , American marine officer, 5th
Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps , recipient of the
Silver Star for actions during the
Battle of Okinawa , and the
Bronze Star Medal and
Navy Cross for actions during the
Korean War , in Black Mountain,
Arkansas (d.
2007 )
Died:
Carolus-Duran , French painter, director of the
French Academy in Rome from 1905 to 1913 (b.
1837 )
Sunday, February 18, 1917
German units around
Miraumont were forced to retreat to the
Hindenburg Line ahead of schedule due to
the British advance in Ancre Valley , but held Hill 130 after inflicting 2,207 casualties.
British forces captured
Bir el Hassana from the Ottomans in the
Sinai Peninsula .
[66]
British passenger ship
Berrima was damaged either by striking a mine or being torpedoed in the
English Channel , with the loss of four lives. Her crew were rescued by
Royal Navy
destroyer
HMS Forester and the ship was towed to
England where she was repaired and returned to service.
[67]
The
Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Site was established near
Kennesaw, Georgia . It was established as a national battlefield park in 1935.
[68]
Born:
Tuulikki Pietilä , American-Finnish artist, best known for her graphics artwork, including collaborations with her life partner
Tove Jansson on the popular children's books series
Moomins , in
Seattle (d.
2009 );
John Keane , Irish
Gaelic football player, centre-back for the
Waterford and
Mount Sion clubs from 1934 to 1955, in
Waterford ,
Ireland (d.
1975 );
Oliver F. Atkins , American photographer, personal photographer for U.S. President
Richard Nixon , in
Boston (d.
1977 )
Died:
Ezequiel Cabeza De Baca , American politician, 2nd
Governor of New Mexico , first
Hispanic to serve as a state governor (b.
1864 )
Monday, February 19, 1917
Royal Navy armed merchant ship Lady Olive sank German submarine
SM UC-18 in the
English Channel with the loss of all 28 crew.
[69]
Zimmermann Telegram – British intelligence officer William Reginald Hall, chief of
Room 40 for the
Admiralty , shared a decoded German telegram with Edward Bell, secretary of the United States Embassy in the
United Kingdom , that revealed a military alliance proposal between
Mexico and
Germany , including support to conquer the states of
Texas ,
New Mexico , and
Arizona lost in the
Mexican–American War .
[70]
Born:
Carson McCullers , American writer, author of
The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter and the drama
The Member of the Wedding , in
Columbus, Georgia (d.
1967 )
Died:
Frederick Funston , American army officer, recipient of the
Medal of Honor for action during the
Philippine–American War (b.
1865 )
Tuesday, February 20, 1917
Zimmermann Telegram – A copy of the telegram was sent to
Walter Hines Page , American
ambassador to the
United Kingdom .
[71]
The
Luftstreitkräfte established air squadron
Jagdstaffel 34 .
[72]
The
Broadway musical
Oh, Boy! , with music by
Jerome Kern and lyrics by
Guy Bolton and
P. G. Wodehouse , premiered at the
Princess Theatre in
New York City and ran for 463 performances.
[73]
Born:
Manny Farber , American film critic, American advocate of the
auteur theory and credited for coining the term
underground film , in
Douglas, Arizona (d.
2008 );
Frederick Page , British aerospace engineer, designer of the
English Electric Lightning and
BAC TSR-2 military aircraft, in
Wimbledon, London ,
England (d.
2005 )
Wednesday, February 21, 1917
Serbian postage stamp commemorating the centennial of the
Toplica Uprising .
Toplica Uprising – Serbian rebel forces known as the
Chetniks began an organized rebellion against the
Central Powers in occupied
Serbia .
[74]
British
troopship
SS Mendi was accidentally rammed and sunk by cargo ship Darro off the
Isle of Wight , killing 646, including 616 soldiers with the
South African Native Labour Corps and 30 crew.
[75]
A Belgian royal decree established the
Commemorative Medal for military service in
Africa during
World War I .
[76]
Born:
Lucille Bremer , American actress and dancer, known for roles in
Meet Me in St. Louis ,
Ziegfeld Follies and
Till the Clouds Roll By , in
Amsterdam, New York (d.
1996 );
Otto Kittel , German air force officer, commander of
Jagdgeschwader 54 for the
Luftwaffe during
World War II , credited with 267 aerial victories making him the fourth highest-scoring ace, recipient of the
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross , in
Kronsdorf ,
German Empire (d.
1945 , killed in action)
Thursday, February 22, 1917
The
Federal Interpleader Act was approved by the
United States Congress .
[77]
Norwegian cargo ship
Ajax was sunk in the
English Channel by German submarine
SM UC-17 , with her crew surviving.
[78]
Carter County, Montana , and
Wheatland County, Montana , were established. Carter has its county seat in
Ekalaka, Montana , while Wheatland has its county seat in
Harlowton, Montana .
[79]
Born:
Tom Braden , American journalist, co-host of the
CNN series
Crossfire and his column that inspired the television
sitcom
Eight Is Enough , in
Greene, Iowa (d.
2009 );
Reed Crandall , American comic book artist, best known for his work for
EC Comics and
DC Comics with the superhero
Blackhawk , in
Winslow, Indiana (d.
1982 );
Jocelyn Herbert , British stage designer, known for her collaborations with
George Devine and
Laurence Olivier , in
London (d.
2003 )
Friday, February 23, 1917
Second Battle of Kut – A British Indian force of 50,000 men under command of
Lieutenant-General
Stanley Maude recaptured the Persian city of
Kut in
Mesopotamia (now
Iraq ), capturing most of 17,000 Ottoman troops stationed there except for 2,500 that retreated with Ottoman commander
Kâzım Karabekir .
[80]
German submarine
SM UC-32 accidentally struck a mine she was laying off the coast of
England , with the loss of 19 of her 22 crew.
[81]
The
Royal Flying Corps
No. 100 Squadron , the first British
night fighter squadron, was formed.
[82]
The city of
Brea, California , was incorporated.
[83]
Born:
Maxie Berger , Canadian boxer,
flyweight silver medalist at the
1934 British Empire Games , in
Montreal (d.
2000 )
Saturday, February 24, 1917
Zimmermann Telegram –
Walter Hines Page ,
U.S. ambassador to the
United Kingdom , met with
Foreign Secretary
Arthur Balfour where he was shown the original intercepted telegram, in which
Germany offered to support the Mexican reoccupation of the
American Southwest if the country declared war on the
United States .
[84]
The
P. G. Wodehouse novel
Piccadilly Jim was first published by
Dodd, Mead & Co. in the
United States but over a year later by
Herbert Jenkins Ltd in the
United Kingdom .
[85]
Born:
Leslie Douglas Jackson , Australian air force officer, commander of the
No. 75 Squadron during
World War II , recipient of the
Distinguished Flying Cross , in
Brisbane (d.
1980 );
Peter Stanley James , British air force officer, captain of the renowned
Handley Page Halifax bomber during
World War II , recipient of the
Distinguished Flying Cross , in
Wellingborough ,
England (d.
1999 )
Died:
Franklin Benjamin Sanborn , American journalist, proponent of the
transcendentalism movement in the
United States , member of the
Secret Six that funded
abolitionist
John Brown (b.
1831 );
Loke Yew , Malaysian business leader, key business figure of
Kuala Lumpur and co-founder of the
Victoria Institution (b.
1845 )
Sunday, February 25, 1917
Monday, February 26, 1917
Tuesday, February 27, 1917
A British force pursuing retreating Ottoman forces from
Kut in
Mesopotamia halted their advance at the village of
Aziziyeh (now in
Iran ). After resupplying over three days, the force continued on to
Baghdad .
[96]
Toplica Uprising – Serbian
Chetniks liberated
Kuršumlija ,
Serbia .
[97]
The
Milwaukee Railroad completed the electrification of its 440 miles (710 km) line from
Harlowton, Montana , to
Avery, Idaho .
[98]
Norwegian football club
Sandefjord was established in
Sandefjord ,
Norway .
[99]
Born:
John Connally , American politician, 39th
Governor of Texas , 61st
United States Secretary of the Treasury , in
Floresville, Texas (d.
1993 );
Laine Mesikäpp , Estonian actress and singer, lifelong promoter and archivist of Estonian folk music, in
Adila ,
Estonia (d.
2012 );
Charles Warren Callister , American architect, known for his community designs including
Rossmoor, Walnut Creek, California , in
Rochester, New York (d.
2008 )
Died:
John Wallace Crawford , American pioneer and writer, known for his scouting mission during the
Battle of Slim Buttes and his collaborations with
Buffalo Bill (b.
1847 )
Wednesday, February 28, 1917
Zimmermann Telegram – The U.S. government released the English text of the telegram outlining German plans to start a war between
Mexico and the
United States to the public.
[100]
French
minelayer Cassini struck a mine and sank in the
Strait of Bonifacio with the loss of 88 of her crew.
[101]
[102]
The
Corpo Aeronautico Militare (Military Aviation Corps) of the
Italian Army established air squadrons
80a and
81a Squadriglia to support ground troops in the ongoing
Battles of the Isonzo .
[103]
The
Union Bank & Trust Company was established in
Lincoln, Nebraska , under the name Farmers State Bank before changing to its present name in 1935.
[104]
De Baca County, New Mexico , was incorporated, with its county seat in
Fort Sumner, New Mexico .
[105]
Payette County, Idaho , was established using portions of
Canyon County, Idaho , with its county seat in
Payette, Idaho .
Born:
Ernesto Alonso , Mexican television director and producer, best known for his
Telenovela works including
Barrera de amor , in
Aguascalientes ,
Mexico (d.
2007 )
References
^
"Inverlyon" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 11 October 2012 .
^
"ARMY ORGANISATION" . Vol. LIV, no. 16560. New Zealand Herald. 8 June 1917. Retrieved 19 September 2016 .
^
"Catalogue Entry for Memorandum and articles of association and bye-laws of the Medical Women's Federation" . Wellcome Library Catalogue . Wellcome Library. Retrieved 27 June 2016 .
^
"First Train Runs On Elevated Line to Astoria Section" .
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Newspapers.com .
^
Annual report. 1916-1917 . New York: Interborough Rapid Transit Company. 1917.
^
Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London:
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ISBN
978-0-89839-180-0 .
^ Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006.
ISBN
0-14-102715-0 .
^
"Elikon" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 17 October 2012 .
^
"AUSTRALIAN MOTION PICTURES" .
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^
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^ Lawrence William White,
'Plunkett, George Oliver Michael' , in Dictionary of Irish Biography , Cambridge University Press, 2009.
^ Macmunn, G; Falls, C. (1996) [1928 HMSO]. Military Operations: Egypt and Palestine, From the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917 . Vol. I. Nashville, TN: Battery Press. p. 142.
ISBN
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^
"Housatonic" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 10 October 2012 .
^ Kaye Whiteman (ed.), West Africa Over 75 Years: Selections from the Raw Material of History , London: West Africa Publishing, 1993; p. viii.
^ Amara, Michaël; Roland, Hubert, eds. (2004). Gouverner en Belgique occupée . Comparatisme et Société 1. Brussels: College of Europe. pp. 24–25.
ISBN
978-90-5201-238-4 .
^
"Constituent Congress and Constitution of 1917" . Centennial of the Political Constitution of the United States of Mexico (in Spanish). Committee for the Commemoration of the Centennial of the Political Constitution of the United States of Mexico. Retrieved 4 March 2017 .
^ Powell, John (2009).
Encyclopedia of North American Immigration . New York, New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 137.
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^ Cyrulik, John M. (2003). A Strategic Examination of the Punitive Expedition Into Mexico, 1916–1917 , US Army Command and General Staff College, pp. 67-68
^
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