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Calendar year
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1851 .
1851 (
MDCCCLI ) was a
common year starting on Wednesday of the
Gregorian calendar and a
common year starting on Monday of the
Julian calendar , the 1851st year of the
Common Era (CE) and
Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 851st year of the
2nd millennium , the 51st year of the
19th century , and the 2nd year of the
1850s decade. As of the start of 1851, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
Events
January–March
January 11 –
Hong Xiuquan officially begins the
Taiping Rebellion in China.
January 15 – Christian Female College, modern-day
Columbia College , receives its charter from the
Missouri General Assembly .
January 23 – The flip of a coin, subsequently named the
Portland Penny , determines whether a new city in the
Oregon Territory is named after
Boston ,
Massachusetts , or
Portland, Maine , with
Portland winning.
January 28 –
Northwestern University is founded in
Illinois .
February 1 –
Brandtaucher , the oldest surviving
submersible craft, sinks during acceptance trials in the German
port of Kiel , but the designer,
Wilhelm Bauer , and the two crew escape successfully.
February 6 –
Black Thursday in Australia:
Bushfires sweep across the state of
Victoria , burning about a quarter of its area.
February 12 –
Edward Hargraves claims to have found
gold in Australia.
February 15 – In
Boston, Massachusetts , members of the anti-slavery
Boston Vigilance Committee rescue fugitive slave
Shadrach Minkins from a courtroom, following his arrest by U.S. marshals.
March 1 –
Victor Hugo uses the phrase
United States of Europe , in a speech to the French National Assembly.
March 11 –
Giuseppe Verdi 's opera
Rigoletto is first performed at
La Fenice in
Venice .
March 27 – The first European men reportedly see
Yosemite Valley .
March 30 – A
population census is taken in the United Kingdom. The population reaches 21 million. 6.3 million live in cities of 20,000 or more in England and Wales, and cities of 20,000 or more account for 35% of the total English population.
April–June
April 8 –
Western Union is founded, as the New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company .
[1]
April 9 –
San Luis , the oldest permanent settlement in the state of
Colorado , is founded by settlers from
Taos, New Mexico .
April 20 –
Ramón Castilla loses power in
Peru .
April 23 –
Anne Darwin , daughter of
Charles Darwin dies, sending him into a great depression.
April 25 –
Placer County, California , is formed from parts of
Sutter and
Yuba Counties with
Auburn as the county seat.
April 28 –
Santa Clara College is chartered in
Santa Clara, California .
May 1 –
The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in
the Crystal Palace ,
Hyde Park , London is opened by
Queen Victoria .
May 1 :
Great Exhibition in London.
May 15
May 15 :
Rama IV crowned.
July–September
July 1
July 10 – The
University of the Pacific is chartered as California Wesleyan College, in
Santa Clara, California .
July 28 – Total
solar eclipse visible in
Canada ,
Greenland ,
Iceland and Northern
Europe , the first solar eclipse to be photographed.
July 29 –
Annibale de Gasparis , in
Naples , Italy discovers asteroid
15 Eunomia .
August 1 –
Virginia closes its Reform Constitutional Convention, deciding that all white men have the right to vote.
August 3 – The
filibustering
Lopez Expedition sails from
New Orleans ,
Louisiana heading to seize
Spanish-ruled Cuba .
August 12 –
Isaac Singer is granted a United States patent for his improved sewing machine.
[3]
August 22 – The yacht
America wins the first
America's Cup race, off the coast of England.
August 22 :
America triumphs.
September 1 –
Narciso López is executed in
Havana following the failure of his expedition in Cuba.
September 15 –
Saint Joseph's University is founded in
Philadelphia .
September 18 –
The New York Times is founded in New York City.
September 18 :
The New York Times is founded.
September 30 –
HSwMS Eugenie leaves from
Karlskrona ,
Sweden to begin its voyage as the first
Swedish Royal Navy vessel to circumnavigate the world.
October–December
October – The
Reuters
news service is founded in
London .
October 15
October 17 – The first
Parsi-Muslim riot begins in
Bombay , India.
October 24 –
Ariel and
Umbriel ,
moons of
Uranus , are discovered by
William Lassell .
November 1 –
Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway officially opened in Russia.
November 13
November 14 –
Herman Melville 's novel
Moby-Dick ; or The Whale is published in the U.S. by
Harper & Brothers , New York, after being first published on
October 18 in London, by
Richard Bentley , in three volumes as The Whale .
November 21 – Mutineers
take control of the Chilean
penal colony of
Punta Arenas in the
Strait of Magellan .
[4]
November 26 –
27 –
Bombardment of Salé ,
Morocco : French naval forces bombard the city, in retaliation for looting of a French cargo ship.
December 2 –
French coup of 1851 : In what amounts to a
coup , President
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte of France dissolves the
French National Assembly , and declares a new constitution to extend his term.
A year later he declares himself as Emperor
Napoleon III , ending the
Second Republic .
December 9 – The first
YMCA in North America is established in
Montreal .
December 22 – India's first freight train is operated in
Roorkee , India.
December 24 – The
Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., burns.
December 26 –
27 – A
Royal Navy warship bombards
Lagos Island;
Oba
Kosoko is wounded, and flees to
Epe .
December 29 – The first
YMCA in the United States opens in Boston, Massachusetts.
December 31 –
1851 Chilean Revolution :
Battle of Loncomilla – The rebels are defeated, ending the revolution.
Births
January–June
Ella Giles Ruddy
Rose Coghlan, 1870s
January 9 –
Rudolf von Brudermann , Austro-Hungarian general (d.
1941 )
January 16 –
William Hall-Jones , English-New Zealand politician, 16th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d.
1936 )
January 17 –
A. B. Frost , American illustrator (d.
1928 )
January 19
January 21 –
Pietro Frugoni , Italian general (d.
1940 )
February 2 –
Ella Giles Ruddy , American author and essayist (d.
1917 )
February 13 –
Joseph B. Murdock , United States Navy admiral, New Hampshire politician (d.
1931 )
February 15 –
Antero Rubín , Spanish general, politician (d.
1935 )
February 23 –
Frederick Warde , English actor (d.
1935 )
March 14 –
John Sebastian Little , American politician, congressman (d.
1916 )
March 18
March 19
March 24 –
Friedrich von Scholtz , German general (d.
1927 )
March 27 –
Vincent d'Indy , French composer, teacher (d.
1931 )
March 28 –
Bernardino Machado , Portuguese President (d.
1944 )
March 31 –
Francis Bell , 20th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d.
1936 )
April 1 –
Bruno von Mudra , German general (d.
1931 )
April 4 –
James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy , Irish lawyer, politician (d.
1931 )
April 13
April 15 –
Auguste Dubail , French general (d.
1934 )
April 20 –
Young Tom Morris , Scottish golfer (d.
1875 )
April 21 –
Charles Barrois , French geologist (d.
1939 )
May 6 –
Aristide Bruant , French cabaret singer, comedian (d.
1925 )
May 7 –
Adolf von Harnack , German Lutheran theologian, church historian (d.
1930 )
May 11 –
Madre Teresa Nuzzo , Maltese nun, foundress of the Daughters of the Sacred Heart (d.
1923 )
May 14 –
Anna Laurens Dawes , American author, suffragist (d.
1938 )
May 15 –
Lillian Resler Keister Harford , American church organizer, editor (d.
1935 )
Emile Berliner
July–December
Dora Montefiore
July 5 –
Hannibal di Francia , Italian priest, saint (d.
1927 )
July 8 –
Arthur Evans , British archaeologist (d.
1941 )
July 15 –
Eduardo Gutiérrez , Argentinian author (d.
1889 )
July 20 –
Arnold Pick , Czechoslovakian neurologist, psychiatrist (d.
1924 )
July 21 –
Sam Bass , American outlaw (d.
1878 )
August 3 –
Nikolai Iudovich Ivanov , Russian general (d.
1919 )
August 14 –
Doc Holliday , American gambler, gunfighter (d.
1887 )
September 1 –
Carl Kellner , Austrian mystic (d.
1905 )
September 7 –
David King Udall , American politician (d.
1938 )
September 13 –
Walter Reed , American army physician, bacteriologist (d.
1902 )
[5]
September 16 –
Evgeny Aleksandrovich Radkevich , Russian general (d.
1930 )
September 21 –
Arthur Schuster , German-British physicist (d.
1934 )
September 29 –
Hardwicke Rawnsley , English clergyman, poet, writer of hymns and conservationist (d.
1920 )
October 2 –
Ferdinand Foch , French commander of Allied forces in World War I (d.
1929 )
October 5 –
Thomas Pollock Anshutz , American painter, educator (d.
1912 )
October 20 –
George Gandy , American entrepreneur (d.
1946 )
November 5 –
Charles Dupuy , 3-time prime minister of France (d.
1923 )
November 10 –
José Maria de Yermo y Parres , Mexican
Roman Catholic priest and saint (d.
1904 )
November 13 –
Klemens Bachleda , Polish
Tatra guide and mountain rescuer (d.
1910 )
November 16 –
William Elbridge Sewell , American naval officer,
Governor of Guam (d.
1904 )
November 27 –
Friedrich Sixt von Armin , German general (d.
1936 )
December 10 –
Melvil Dewey , American librarian, inventor of
Dewey Decimal Classification (d.
1931 )
December 20 –
Dora Montefiore , English suffragist, socialist (d.
1933 )
December 24 –
Noël Édouard, vicomte de Curières de Castelnau , French general (d.
1944 )
December 30 –
Asa Griggs Candler , American businessman, politician (d.
1929 )
Date unknown
Deaths
January–June
Mary Shelley
Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
January 10 –
Karl Freiherr von Müffling , Prussian field marshal (b.
1775 )
January 19 –
Esteban Echeverría , Argentine poet, writer (b.
1805 )
January 21 –
Albert Lortzing , German composer (b.
1801 )
January 23 –
Archibald Primrose, Lord Dalmeny , Scottish politician (b.
1809 )
January 27 –
John James Audubon , French-American naturalist, illustrator (b.
1785 )
January 31 –
David Spangler Kaufman , Congressman from Texas (b.
1813 )
February 1 –
Mary Shelley , English author (b.
1797 )
February 3 –
Benjamin Williams Crowninshield , Congressman from Massachusetts, secretary of U.S. Navy (b.
1772 )
February 18 –
Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi , German mathematician (b.
1804 )
February 23 –
Joanna Baillie , Scottish poet, dramatist (b.
1762 )
February 28 –
Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie ,
Marshal of France (b.
1775 )
March 4 –
Henry Smith , Texas governor (b.
1788 )
March 9 –
Hans Christian Ørsted , Danish scientist (b.
1777 )
April 2 –
Nangklao (Rama III),
King of Siam (
Thailand ) (b.
1788 )
April 15 –
Andrés Quintana Roo , Mexican politician and lawyer, husband of
Leona Vicario (b.
1787 )
[6]
April 25 –
Mor Sæther , Norwegian herbalist (b.
1793 )
May 13 –
Princess Augusta of Bavaria , Duchess of Leuchtenberg (b.
1788 )
May 14 –
Manuel Gómez Pedraza , 6th
President of Mexico , 1832-1833 (b.
1789 )
[7]
May 22 –
Mordecai Manuel Noah , American writer, journalist (b.
1785 )
June 9 –
John Brown Russwurm ,
Americo-Liberian journalist and governor of the African
Republic of Maryland (b.
1799 )
[8]
June 10 –
Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville , British politician (b.
1771 )
July–December
Louis Daguerre
Karl Drais
July 10 –
Louis Daguerre , French artist, chemist (b.
1787 )
July 17 –
Roger Sheaffe , British general (b.
1763 )
August 8 –
James Broadwood , English piano manufacturer (b.
1772 )
August 24 –
James McDowell , American politician (b.
1795 )
September 10 –
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet , American educator (b.
1787 )
September 11 –
Sylvester Graham , American nutritionist, inventor (b.
1794 )
September 14 –
James Fenimore Cooper , American writer (b.
1789 )
October 4 –
Manuel Godoy , Spanish statesman (b.
1767 )
October 19 – Madame Royale
Marie Thérèse of France (b.
1778 )
October 25 –
Giorgio Pullicino , Maltese painter, and architect (b.
1779 )
October 31 –
Petar II Petrović-Njegoš , Montenegrin statesman, religious leader and poet (b.
1813 )
November 26 –
Jean-de-Dieu Soult , French marshal, politician (b.
1769 )
December 19
Date unknown
References
^ United States. Congress. House. Committee on Patents (1936).
Pooling of Patents: Hearings Before the Committee on Patents . U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1912.
^ Castle and Cooke, Ltd; Castle & Cooke (1951).
The First 100 Years: A Report on the Operations of Castle & Cooke for the Years 1851-1951 . p. 11.
^
"The Invention That Spawned a Fashion Revolution" . Time . Retrieved June 26, 2020 .
^ Nagel Behnke, Harold (1994),
"Capitán de fragata Benjamín Muñoz Gamero (1817–1851)" (PDF) ,
Revista de Marina (in Spanish), 6 : 1–8, archived from
the original (PDF) on May 24, 2014, retrieved September 25, 2022
^ Miller, Dean (January 1, 2014).
Immunologists and Virologists . Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. p. 86.
ISBN
978-1-62712-562-8 .
^
"Biografia de Andrés Quintana Roo" (in Spanish). L'historia. March 10, 2015.
^
"MANUEL GÓMEZ PEDRAZA" (in Spanish). Presidencia de la Republica. Archived from
the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019 .
^ James, Winston (2010). The Struggles of John Brown Russwurm . New York, NY: New York University Press. pp. 25, 90, 105.
ISBN
978-0-8147-4289-1 .