From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Month in 1919
The following events occurred in April 1919 :
Mexican revolutionary leader
Emiliano Zapata , assassinated in
Chinameca, Morelos ,
Mexico .
Mural depicting the
Jallianwala Bagh massacre , in
Amritsar ,
India .
Constance Markievicz , first woman to hold government cabinet position in
Western Europe
April 1 , 1919 (Tuesday)
A dead
Red Army soldier during the
Battle of Bolshie Ozerki .
Battle for the Donbass – The
Ninth Red Army counterattacked the
White armies in the
Donbas region.
[1]
[2]
Battle of Bolshie Ozerki – A
Red Army force of 7,000 men attacked a defending
Allied force of 2,000 at the village of
Bolshie Ozerki near the port of
Onega, Russia , but were held back by artillery and machine gun fire.
[3]
About 160,000 miners in the
Ruhr of
Germany went on strike.
[4]
Fifty-two members of
Sinn Féin attended the second meeting of
Dáil Éireann .
Seán T. O'Kelly was elected
Ceann Comhairle and
Éamon de Valera was elected
President of Dáil Éireann .
[5]
The
University of Hamburg was established, with doors officially opening on May 10.
[6]
The military charity
RAF Benevolent Fund was established by
Chief of the Air Staff
Hugh Trenchard to support serving and former members of the
Royal Air Force .
[7]
The
Silesian Workers Newspaper was first published
Breslau ,
Germany (now part of
Poland ) to be the organ for the
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany .
[8]
Football clubs were established in the following cities:
Slovan Bratislava
[9] in
Bratislava ,
Slovakia , and
Lübeck
[10] in
Lübeck ,
Germany .
The
municipality of
Palakollu was established in
Andhra Pradesh ,
India .
[11]
The borough of
Waldwick, New Jersey was established.
[12]
Pondera County, Montana was established with its county seat in
Conrad .
[13]
Born:
Joseph Murray , American surgeon, recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for performing the first successful
kidney transplant , in
Milford, Massachusetts (d.
2012 );
Jeannie Rousseau , French intelligence officer, member of Operation Amniarix which collected intelligence on the
V-1 and
V-2 rocket programs, recipient of the
Legion of Honour ,
Resistance Medal , and
Croix de Guerre , in
Saint-Brieuc ,
France (d.
2017 );
James MacLachlan , British air force pilot, commander of the
No. 1 Squadron during
World War II , recipient of the
Distinguished Service Order ,
Distinguished Flying Cross , and
War Cross , in
Styal ,
England (d.
1943 , killed in action)
April 2 , 1919 (Wednesday)
April 3 , 1919 (Thursday)
Members of the
Richmond Sixteen , from 1916, released from prison three years later.
The
Habsburg Law was passed that legally dethroned the
House of Habsburg as the monarchy of
Austria .
[20]
The British government began releasing a group of "absolutist" conscientious objectors known as the
Richmond Sixteen , named after
Richmond Castle in
Richmond, North Yorkshire ,
England where they had been imprisoned for disobeying orders to report to the
Non-Combatant Corps of the
British Army in 1916.
[21]
A
Farman Goliath carried 14 passengers to an altitude of 6,200 meters (20,341 feet) in a flight to publicize commercial air service.
[22]
The
Apostolic Vicariate of Nouvelle-Anvers was established in the
Belgian Congo , on territory split off from the then
Apostolic Vicariate of Léopoldville . It later became the
Roman Catholic Diocese of Lisala in 1959.
[23]
[24]
Born:
Ervin Drake , American songwriter, known for hits "
I Believe " and "
It Was a Very Good Year ", in
New York City (d.
2015 );
John C. Meyer , American air force officer, 7th commander-in-chief of the
Strategic Air Command , recipient of the three
Distinguished Service Crosses , seven
Distinguished Flying Crosses , 15
Air Medals and the
Legion of Merit , in
New York City (d.
1975 )
April 4 , 1919 (Friday)
April 5 , 1919 (Saturday)
Photographs of
Jews in
Pinsk ,
Poland who were
executed without trial for alleged Bolshevik activities.
Battle of Bolshie Ozerki – Weakened by casualties totaling 2,000 men, the
Red Army withdrew from the village
Bolshie Ozerki , allowing the
Allies to eventually retreat from
Arkhangelsk ,
Russia .
[27]
Thirty-five
Jews were
executed without trial in
Pinsk ,
Poland after being accused of organizing an illegal Bolshevik rally.
[28]
The last of the British force involved in the
Malleson mission left the
Transcaspian region, bordering
Russia . Soviet forces were eventually able to invade the region and take complete control by 1920.
[29]
Two pilots with the
French Air Force , who on January 26 made a double crossing of the
Mediterranean Sea in a
Bréguet airplane , made a flight from
Lyon to
Rome , and then to
Nice in the same aircraft. The pair would fly the same plane later in the year and set a French flight distance record, flying 1,900 km (1,200 mi) from
Le Bourget Airport in
Paris to
Kenitra ,
French Morocco .
[30]
Former army officer
Eugen Bircher established the far right
Swiss Patriotic Federation to counter perceived unrest in
Switzerland caused by immigration.
[31]
Born:
Les Munro , New Zealand air force officer, commander of the
No. 617 Squadron and member of
Operation Chastise during
World War II , recipient of the
New Zealand Order of Merit ,
Distinguished Service Order ,
Distinguished Flying Cross and
Legion of Honour , in
Gisborne, New Zealand (d.
2015 );
Lester James Peries , Sri Lankan film-maker, known for films such as
Line of Destiny ,
The Silent Heart , and
Mansion by the Lake , in
Dehiwala ,
Ceylon (d.
2018 )
April 6 , 1919 (Sunday)
A Soviet rebellion led by German anarchists in
Munich dissolved the
People's State of Bavaria , and forced its leader
Johannes Hoffmann to flee and establish a rival socialist government in
Bamberg ,
Germany .
[32]
Spring offensive of the White Army – The
Western Army of the White Movement captured
Sterlitamak ,
Russia on the
Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War .
[33]
The
Irish Republican Army attempted to liberate member Robert Byrne, who was under arrest by the
Royal Irish Constabulary in a
Limerick hospital due to a hunger strike. The rescue attempt failed, resulting in the deaths of Byrne and a police officer.
[34] The same day, a police patrol was ambushed at
Eyeries ,
Ireland and three officers were shot and wounded.
[35]
The
Māori Battalion for the
New Zealand Expeditionary Force formally returned
Auckland for a commemoration ceremony before it was disbanded.
[36]
Italian cyclist
Angelo Gremo won the
12th edition of the
Milan–San Remo cycling race, completing the 286 km race route in 11 hours, 26 minutes.
[37]
The
Racing Club de Montevideo , a football club, was established in
Montevideo .
[38]
Born:
Caren Marsh Doll , American actress, stand-in for
Judy Garland in
The Wizard of Oz and
Ziegfeld Girl , in
Hollywood, Los Angeles
April 7 , 1919 (Monday)
Anarchist writers
Ernst Toller ,
Gustav Landauer and
Erich Mühsam co-founded the
Bavarian Soviet Republic , being later joined by essayist and
debt relief advocate
Silvio Gesell .
[39]
Spring offensive of the White Army – The
Western Army of the White Movement captured
Belebey ,
Russia .
[40]
Estonia held
elections during the
Estonian War of Independence , with the
Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Party winning a majority of the seats of the Estonian Constituent Assembly.
[41]
The
21st Aero Squadron of the
United States Army Air Service was disbanded at
Hazelhurst Field in
Mineola, New York .
[42]
The
French Football Federation was established in
Paris as the governing body of professional
association football clubs in
France and its overseas colonies.
[43]
The
Haugesund Naval Air Station was officially disbanded in
Avaldsnes ,
Norway .
[44]
The
Original Dixieland Jazz Band introduced
Dixieland
jazz to
England with a 15-month tour, starting with a performance at the
Hippodrome in
London .
[45]
King Albert issued a royal decree that established the
King Albert Medal to be awarded to Belgian citizens or foreigners that were involved in promoting or organizing charitable or humanitarian aid to Belgians during
World War I .
[46]
Born:
Al Lerner , American composer, known for his themes for the television talk how
Tonight Starring Jack Paar and film scores such as
The Eddy Duchin Story , in
Cleveland (d.
2014 );
Edoardo Mangiarotti , Italian fencer, six time gold medalist including the
1956 Summer Olympics and six-time silver medalist including the
1952 Summer Olympics , in
Renate ,
Italy (d.
2012 )
Died:
Virginia P. Bacon , American art dealer, noted executor of the
Edward R. Bacon art collection, granddaughter of
Cornelius Vanderbilt (b.
1845 )
April 8 , 1919 (Tuesday)
Louis J. Wilde retained his seat as
Mayor of San Diego during
city elections .
[47]
Born:
Ian Smith , Rhodesian state leader, 8th
Prime Minister of Rhodesia , in
Selukwe ,
Southern Rhodesia (d.
2007 )
Died:
Frank Winfield Woolworth , American business leader, founder of the
F. W. Woolworth Company (b.
1852 );
Thomas Chapman , British landowner, last of the
Chapman baronets , father of
T. E. Lawrence (b.
1846 );
Loránd Eötvös , Hungarian physicist, best known for his research on
gravity and
surface tension (b.
1848 )
April 9 , 1919 (Wednesday)
An overnight
tornado outbreak in the
Southern Great Plains killed at least 92 people in
Texas ,
Oklahoma and
Arkansas .
[48]
Spring offensive of the White Army – The
Orenburg Independent Army took
Sarapul from the
Red Army and closed in on
Glazov , while the
Western Army took
Bugulma ,
Russia .
[49]
In response to activity by
Irish Republican Army in
Limerick , the
British Army declared the city a Special Military Area. Civilians were required to apply for police permits to enter or leave the city.
[50]
The vote was extended to women in
British East Africa ,
[51] of "pure European descent", provided they were English-speaking, literate British subjects and owned property, so the law could exclude Africans, British Indians and other ethnic groups.
[53]
[54]
The
3rd Legions Infantry Division was established by the
Polish Army .
[55]
The
Logistics Battalion was established in
Tallinn ,
Estonia .
[56]
Born:
J. Presper Eckert , American engineer, co-designer of the
ENIAC and
UNIVAC computers, in
Philadelphia (d.
1995 )
April 10 , 1919 (Thursday)
Corpse of
Emiliano Zapata , photographed after his assassination April 10, 1919.
April 12 , 1919 (Saturday)
Arrest photo of
Henri Désiré Landru , eventually found to be a serial killer.
The
Communist Party of Germany seized control of the
Bavarian Soviet Republic and replaced
Ernst Toller as its head of state with
Eugen Leviné .
[73]
Korean-American journalist
Soh Jaipil convened the
First Korean Congress in
Philadelphia in reaction to the
independence movement against Japanese rule that began last March in
Seoul , with the intention to lobby the
United States into recognizing Korean independence at the
Paris Peace Conference .
[74]
Amanullah Khan ,
Emir of Afghanistan , ordered a trial investigation into the assassination of his brother
Habibullah Khan , which found his elder brother
Nasrullah Khan complicit in the plot (although likely the evidence was fabricated). Nasrullah was imprisoned and executed one year later.
[75]
French
serial killer
Henri Désiré Landru was arrested and charged with embezzlement after the sister of one of the victims tracked him down. Police suspected him of the disappearances of ten other people and by piecing together fragments of paperwork were able to charge him with eleven counts of murder.
[76]
New light rail stations were added to the
Muni Metro
L Taraval line in
San Francisco including
15th Avenue ,
17th Avenue ,
19th Avenue ,
22nd Avenue, 23rd Avenue ,
26th Avenue ,
28th Avenue ,
30th Avenue ,
32nd Avenue ,
Ulloa and 15 Avenue , and
Ulloa and Forest Side station .
[77]
Born:
István Anhalt , Hungarian-Canadian composer, known for compositions including the long-form works of La Tourangelle , Winthrop , and Alternative Voices , recipient of the
Order of Canada , in
Budapest (d.
2012 )
British and
Gurkha troops under the command of
Colonel
Reginald Dyer
massacred 379 Sikhs out a crowd of 10,000 to 20,000 gathered for an illegal public meeting at
Jallianwala Bagh in
Amritsar ,
Punjab ,
British India .
[78]
A
race riot broke out in
Jenkins County, Georgia following a violent altercation between white law enforcers and attendees for a large gathering of 3,000 people at the all-black
Carswell Grove Baptist Church . The initial violence ended in the deaths of two white officers and a black parishioner. Word of the lawmen's deaths result in white mobs lynching people associated with the
United States that became known as the
Red Summer .
[79]
Battle for the Donbass – The
Eighth Red Army attacked
White forces in Kolpakovo district of
Ukraine .
[80]
[81]
Epitácio Pessoa of the Paraíba Republican Party received 71% of the vote in the
Brazilian presidential election brought about by the death of
Rodrigues Alves .
[82]
An attempt to overthrow the government of the
Bavarian Soviet Republic by German socialist leader
Johannes Hoffmann ended in failure.
[83]
A
general strike was called by the Limerick Trades and Labour Council to protest against the declaration of a "Special Military Area" under the
Defence of the Realm Act covering most of the city of
Limerick and its surroundings in
Ireland .
[84]
American antiwar activist
Eugene V. Debs entered prison at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in
Atlanta ,
Georgia for speaking out against
the draft during
World War I .
[85]
The Russian arts magazine
Art of the Commune published its final issue.
[86]
The
Associazione Bancaria Italiana was established as a trade association of banks in
Italy .
[87]
The football club
Figueres was established in
Figueres ,
Catalonia ,
Spain .
[88]
Born:
Howard Keel , American singer and actor, best known for his supporting role on the 1980s television drama
Dallas , in
Gillespie, Illinois (d.
2004 );
Joan Court , British activist, advocate for
animal rights and child abuse prevention in the
United Kingdom , in
London (d.
2016 );
Madalyn Murray O'Hair , American activist, promoter of
atheism in the
United States , founder of
American Atheists , in
Pittsburgh (d.
1995 )
Died:
Phoebe Hearst , American philanthropist, founding member of the
National Parent-Teacher Association , the
National Cathedral School ,
University of California Museum of Anthropology , second Vice-Regent to the
Mount Vernon Ladies' Association , wife to
George Hearst and mother to
William Randolph Hearst (b.
1842 )
The
All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee ratified a military union with
Soviet Russia , leading to the formation of the
First ,
Second ,
Third Ukrainian Soviet Armies , and the
Crimean Soviet Army the following day.
[89]
The strike committee in
Limerick proclaimed itself a
soviet council , although it styled more along the lines of the strike organizers of the
Dublin lock-out in 1913 than of any actual soviet government.
[90]
The
31st Aero Squadron of the
United States Army Air Service was disbanded at
Mitchel Field ,
New York .
[91]
The
American Expeditionary Forces began shutting down military hospitals in
Vichy ,
France , starting with
Hospital No. 1 which had been serving up to 3,600 wounded American soldiers.
[92]
The football club
Cacereño was established in
Cáceres, Spain .
[93]
Born:
Shamshad Begum , Indian singer, best known for her collaboration with film composers
Naushad ,
S. D. Burman , and
O. P. Nayyar , in
Lahore ,
British India (d.
2013 )
Died:
Auguste-Réal Angers , Canadian politician, 6th
Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (b.
1819 );
McCants Stewart , American lawyer, first African-American to practice law in
Oregon (b.
1877 )
U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson issued a memorandum at the
Paris Peace Conference proposing a line dividing the
Istrian peninsula between Italy and Yugoslavia .
[94]
Around 9,000 women telephone operators with the
New England Telephone Company in
Boston went on
strike .
[95]
The
United States Navy selected the
collier
USS Jupiter to be converted into the navy's first
aircraft carrier .
[96]
British activist
Eglantyne Jebb was arrested in
London for distributing pamphlets in an effort to raise awareness and funding for the relief of German and Austrian children stricken by food shortages by the
German blockade that was prolonged despite the signing of the
1918 armistice . Despite going to trial and being found guilty of unlawful protest, Jebb's impassioned speech during the trial so impressed the prosecuting counsel that he offered to pay her fine. It motivated Jebb and her sister
Dorothy Buxton to establish the
Save the Children fund the following May.
[97]
New subway stations were added to the
IRT Broadway Line in
New York City , including
Clark Street and
Court Street .
[98]
The
Football Association of Yugoslavia was established in
Zagreb .
[99]
The novel
The Moon and Sixpence by British writer
W. Somerset Maugham was released by publisher
Heinemann .
[100]
Born:
Nelson Broms , American business executive, president of
The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States , in
New York City (d.
2023 );
Arjan Singh , Indian air force officer,
Chief of the Air Staff from 1964 to 1969, in
Lyallpur ,
British India (d.
2017 )
Died:
Jane Delano , American nurse, founder of the
American Red Cross Nursing Service (b.
1862 );
Aureliano Blanquet , Mexican army officer, key participant in the
Ten Tragic Days in
Mexico City (killed in action) (b.
1849 )
April 16 , 1919 (Wednesday)
A
coup d'état backed by the
Baltic German nobility overthrew the provisional national government in
Liepāja ,
Latvia , forcing many members to take refuge aboard a steamship in the harbor.
[101]
The
Park Avenue Viaduct was completed and opened to traffic in
Manhattan ,
New York City .
[102]
Born:
Edward Simons Fulmer , American army air force officer, member of the
82nd Airborne Division and
Operation Market Garden during
World War II , recipient of the
Distinguished Service Cross ,
Air Medal , and
Military Order of William , in
East Syracuse, New York (d.
2017 );
Merce Cunningham , American choreographer, developed modern dancing form for the works of
John Cage and
David Tudor , in
Centralia, Washington (d.
2009 );
Pedro Ramírez Vázquez , Mexican architect, designed the
Museo Nacional de Antropología and chief architect for
International Olympic Committee , in
Mexico City (d.
2013 )
April 17 , 1919 (Thursday)
The
third government of
Finland under the
Lauri Ingman administration dissolved, and replaced by the
cabinet under
Kaarlo Castrén .
[103]
Women in
New Brunswick were given the right to vote.
[104]
The
Alliance Seabird was entered for the
Royal Aero Club competition for the Daily Mail £10,000 Atlantic Flight Prize. Ultimately it did not compete.
[105]
Born:
Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado , Cuban state leader, 22nd
President of Cuba , in
Cienfuegos ,
Cuba (d.
1983 );
Frank Tallman , American
stunt pilot (d.
1978 , plane crash);
[106]
Chavela Vargas , Costa-Rican born Mexican singer, in
San Joaquín de Flores ,
Costa Rica (d.
2012 )
German socialist leader
Johannes Hoffmann gathered 8,000 troops to fight a German Soviet force of 30,000 in
Dachau ,
Germany , where he was defeated.
[107]
Around 1,000 delegates from all over
Ireland attended the
Sinn Féin Ard-Fheis in
Dublin where
Éamon de Valera was elected president of the organization.
[108]
The
Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes (CMA) commenced a mail and freight service between
Paris and
Lille , using ex-military
Bréguet aircraft .
[109]
The
Italian National Council of Fiume issued the
Fiume krone as the official currency of the proposed
Free State of Fiume in what is now
Croatia .
[110]
Born:
Esther Afua Ocloo , Ghanaian businesswoman and financier, co-founder of
Women's World Banking , pioneer of microlending, in
Peki Dzake ,
British Togoland (d.
2002 )
April 19 , 1919 (Saturday)
Battle for the Donbass – The
Ninth Red Army was forced to cease operations against the
White forces in
Kamianske ,
Ukraine .
[111]
[112]
British High Commissioner
Somerset Gough-Calthorpe abolished the
provisional government in
Kars ,
Turkey . Many of its leaders were
arrested by British forces under command of
William Montgomerie Thomson and exiled to
Malta on June 2. The region was eventually put under control of
Armenia and then
Georgia in 1920.
[113]
Automotive auto parts manufacturer
Standard Motor Products was established in
Long Island City ,
New York .
[114]
American journalist
John Reed published the first issue of the
New York Communist as a mouthpiece for the
Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party . Only ten issues were produced before it was absorbed by
The Revolutionary Age newspaper.
[115]
French composer
André Messager premiered his romantic opera
Monsieur Beaucaire at the
New Prince's Theatre in
London , as an adaptation of the
novel by
Booth Tarkington .
[116]
Born:
Mason Andrews , American physician, delivered the first
in vitro baby in the
United States , in
Norfolk, Virginia (d.
2006 );
William H. Poteat , American academic, promoter of
philosophical anthropology and
post-criticism , in
Kaifeng ,
China (d.
2000 );
Eric Lock , British air force officer, member of the
No. 41 and
No. 611 Squadrons during
World War II , recipient of the
Distinguished Service Order and
Distinguished Flying Cross , in
Bayston Hill ,
England (d.
1941 , killed in a plane crash)
The
French Army blew up the bridge over the
Dniester River at
Bender, Moldova , to protect the city from the
Bolsheviks .
[117]
The
Boston Telephone Strike ended with the strikers able to win higher wages.
[118]
French cyclist
Henri Pélissier won the
20th edition of the
Paris–Roubaix cycling race, completing the 280 km route in 12 hours, 15 minutes.
[119]
William Egan took over as leader of the crime gang
Egan's Rats in
St. Louis after his older brother
Thomas Egan , died from
Bright's disease .
[120]
Football club UMS Batavia won the
third Tiong Hoa Championship , defeating defending champions Union Semarang 2–1 in the first match and Tiong Hoa Soerabaja 2–0 in the second and final match at
Batavia ,
Dutch East Indies (now
Jakarta ).
[121]
Born:
Richard Hillary , Australian air force officer, commander of the
No. 603 Squadron during
World War II , author of
The Last Enemy , in
Sydney (d.
1943 , killed in a plane crash)
Died:
Richard W. Austin , American politician, U.S. Representative of
Tennessee from 1909 to 1919 (b.
1857 )
French aviator
Jules Védrines in the
Caudron aircraft just before takeoff on a flight to
Rome that ended in a fatal crash en route.
French aviator
Jules Védrines was killed along with his mechanic when the
Caudron aircraft he was attempting to fly from
Vélizy-Villacoublay ,
France to
Rome crashed near
Saint-Rambert-d'Albon ,
France .
[122]
The football club
Rio Preto was established in
São José do Rio Preto ,
Brazil .
[123]
Born:
Licio Gelli , Italian financier, financial liaison between
Nazi Germany and the Italian government, and his role in a scandal that dissolved
Banco Ambrosiano in 1982, in
Pistoia ,
Italy (d.
2015 );
André Bettencourt , French politician, cabinet minister for the
Pierre Messmer administration, recipient of the
Legion of Honour and
Croix de Guerre for serving the
French Resistance during
World War II , in
Saint-Maurice-d'Ételan ,
France (d. 2007)
Russian Civil War – The
Red Army prevented the
Orenburg Independent Army under the
White Russians from capturing
Orenburg ,
Russia .
[124]
The
Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service established a
naval air base at
Kristiansand ,
Norway , which operated until 1940 when it was closed down during the
German occupation of Norway .
[125]
The sports club
Älmhults was established in
Älmhult ,
Sweden with programs in
association football ,
bandy , hockey, skiing and track and field.
[126]
Born:
Donald J. Cram , American chemist, recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing
host–guest chemistry , in
Chester, Vermont (d.
2001 );
Endre Bíró , Hungarian biochemist, leading researcher into muscle movement, in
Budapest (d.
1988 )
April 23 , 1919 (Wednesday)
April 24 , 1919 (Thursday)
The
1st ,
[129]
2nd ,
[130]
3rd ,
[131]
4th ,
[132] and
7th Battalions of the
Canadian Expeditionary Force were officially disbanded in
Kingston, Ontario .
[133]
The
New Zealand Tunnelling Company was disbanded after the last members returned to
New Zealand .
[134]
Ford Brasil , a subsidiary of the
Ford Motor Company , was founded.
[135]
Survivors of the
Armenian genocide attended the unveiling of a
memorial at the
Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery in
Istanbul . Unfortunately, the monument was dismantled in 1922.
[136]
The short-lived newspaper
Latvian was published in
Liepāja ,
Latvia as an organ for the
Andrievs Niedra administration. It folded within a month when the government dissolved.
[137]
The football club
Chesterfield was re-formed in
Chesterfield ,
England by a city council motion. The original club had formed in 1867.
[138]
Born:
Glafcos Clerides , Cypriot state leader, 4th
President of Cyprus , in
Nicosia ,
Cyprus (d.
2013 );
David Blackwell , American mathematician, first African-American to be inducted into the
National Academy of Sciences , in
Centralia, Illinois (d.
2010 )
Died:
Zhan Tianyou , Chinese engineer, designer of the first Chinese-lead rail line from
Beijing to
Kalgan (b.
1861 )
Russian Civil War – The
Red Army crushed the
Orenburg Independent Army , opening up opportunity to attack the
Western Army of the
White Russians from the rear.
[139]
A workers uprising successfully deposed the
military dictatorship in
Baku ,
Azerbaijan .
[140]
German architect
Walter Gropius founded the
Bauhaus school of architecture in
Weimar ,
Germany .
[141]
The
3rd Marine Expeditionary Brigade of the
United States Marine Corps was disbanded in
Galveston, Texas .
[142]
French filmmaker
Abel Gance released his war film
J'accuse through
Pathé Films . Gance filmed many scenes on actual battlefields during the closing months of the war, and recruited 2,000 French soldiers on leave to play the ghosts of the war dead in the film's climactic scene (Gance noted 80% of the soldiers filmed were killed in combat weeks later). The film became a major hit and was distributed by
United Artists in 1921.
[143]
Born:
Finn Helgesen , Norwegian speed skater, gold medalist at the
1948 Winter Olympics , in
Drammen ,
Norway (d.
2011 )
April 26 , 1919 (Saturday)
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando ,
Prime Minister of Italy
Paris Peace Conference –
Italian prime minister
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando abandoned the peace conference and returned to
Rome .
[144]
Battle for the Donbass –
White forces counterattacked and drove back the
8th Red Army advance in the Kolpakovo district of
Ukraine .
[145]
[146]
German socialist leader
Johannes Hoffmann secured a force of 20,000 troops from the
Freikorps and recaptured
Dachau ,
Germany from the German Soviets. The Freikorps then surrounded
Munich , causing Soviet authorities to panic and take ten hostages of German nobility to use as negotiation pieces.
[147]
The
First Congregational Church of Albany was dedicated in
Albany, New York .
[148]
The
Ukrainian Republic Capella was established in
Czechoslovakia to promote Ukrainian music and culture abroad.
[149]
Football club
Bethlehem Steel defeated
Paterson 2–0 to win their fourth
American Cup title in front of 3,000 spectators in
Tacony ,
Pennsylvania .
[150]
Born:
Barrie Edgar , English television producer, known for long-running
BBC shows
Songs of Praise ,
Gardeners' World , and
Come Dancing , in
Birmingham (d.
2012 )
Died:
Napoleon Cybulski , Polish chemist, discoverer of
adrenaline (b.
1854 )
The
Limerick soviet committee called to end the general strike committee in
Limerick after discussions with city mayor
Phons O'Mara and the Bishop of Limerick.
[151]
The
Poltava Art Museum opened in
Poltava ,
Ukraine , with the bulk of the collection donated by the estate of Russian painter
Nikolai Yaroshenko .
[152]
The
Bohemia aircraft made its first test flight at
Pilsen ,
Bohemia but its performance was lackluster and few sales were made.
[153]
The
Yōrō rail line was extended in the
Gifu Prefecture ,
Japan with stations
Tado ,
Ishizu ,
Mino-Yamazaki ,
Komano ,
Mino-Tsuya , and
Ibi serving the line.
The race car dramatic film
The Roaring Road , starring
Wallace Reid and co-directed by
James Cruze and
Frank Urson , was released through
Famous Players–Lasky to become the fifth highest-grossing film of the year, and spawning the sequel
Excuse My Dust the following year.
[154]
Died:
Anton Irv , Estonian army officer, one of the organizers of the
Estonian Land Forces (killed in action) (b.
1886 )
Result of a
clash between Austrian troops and Yugoslav fighters in
Carinthia , on the border between
Austria and
Yugoslavia .
Yugoslavia breached a
ceasefire in Carinthia ,
Austria , but lost early territorial gains when Austrian forces began to counterattack days later.
[158]
1919 United States anarchist bombings : U.S. Senator
Thomas W. Hardwick of
Georgia received a
bomb disguised as a mail package at his home. His housekeeper opened the package and ignited the bomb, blowing off her hands. His wife was also injured by the blast. Hardwick had been targeted by
Italian anarchists led by
Luigi Galleani for co-sponsoring the
Immigration Act , which allowed the U.S. Government to target radicals.
[159]
The
Guards Division of the
British Army was disbanded.
[160]
The
United States Army medical unit assigned to
American Base Hospital No. 5 was formally dissolved, having served 45,837 patients during
World War I .
[161]
Born:
Alla Rakha , Indian musician,
tabla player known for his frequent collaborations with
Ravi Shankar , in
Jammu ,
British India (d.
2000 )
April 30 , 1919 (Wednesday)
With German forces close to capturing
Munich , German Soviets executed 10 German nobles taken hostage three days earlier, including
Prince Gustav of Thurn and Taxis .
[162]
1919 United States anarchist bombings : A U.S. Postal clerk connected the mail bomb sent to U.S. Senator
Thomas W. Hardwick of
Georgia with 16 similar packages, resulting in 12 mail bombs being recovered before they were sent to their intended targets, which included
United States Attorney General
A. Mitchell Palmer ,
United States Postmaster General
Albert S. Burleson ,
Mississippi Governor
Theodore G. Bilbo ,
Pennsylvania Governor
William Cameron Sproul ,
J. P. Morgan Jr. ,
John D. Rockefeller ,
Seattle Mayor
Ole Hanson ,
New York City Mayor
John Francis Hylan ,
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. , and various other senators, Members of Congress, business leaders, federal judges and attorneys, and federal agents.
[163]
The
U.S. Navy battleship
Tennessee was launched from the
Brooklyn Navy Yard in
New York City and would play an important role in the
Pacific War during
World War II .
[164]
Civic elections were held in major cities of
New Zealand , including
Auckland and
Wellington .
James Gunson was re-elected by acclamation to remain
Mayor of
Auckland ,
[165] while
John Luke retained his seat as
Mayor of
Wellington with 42% of the vote.
[166]
The
15th Guards Rifle Division of the
Red Army was established.
[167]
The
2nd Australian Light Horse Regiment was disbanded in
Brisbane .
[168]
The
19th Battalion of the
Canadian Expeditionary Force was disbanded.
[169]
The
Australian Cycling Corps was disbanded.
[170]
Danes Worldwide was established to provide career, education and network opportunity citizens of
Denmark living and working abroad.
[171]
The
British Red Cross ceased operating a military hospital in
Charlton House in
Charlton, London ,
England after treating the last wounded veterans from
World War I .
[172]
The first prototype of the
Avro Baby airplane was first flown.
[173]
Died:
John Pentland Mahaffy , Irish academic, President of the
Royal Irish Academy from 1911 to 1916 (b.
1839 )
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