One hundred years, from 1201 to 1300
Mongol Emperor
Genghis Khan whose conquests created the largest contiguous empire in history
The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1,
1201 (represented by the
Roman numerals MCCI) through December 31,
1300 (MCCC) in accordance with the
Julian calendar .
The
Mongol Empire was founded by
Genghis Khan , which stretched from
Eastern Asia to
Eastern Europe . The conquests of
Hulagu Khan and other
Mongol invasions changed the course of the
Muslim world , most notably the
Siege of Baghdad (1258) and the destruction of the
House of Wisdom . Other Muslim powers such as the
Mali Empire and
Delhi Sultanate conquered large parts of
West Africa and the
Indian subcontinent , while
Buddhism witnessed a decline through the conquest led by
Bakhtiyar Khilji . The earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia formed during this century, most notably
Samudera Pasai .
[1] The Kingdoms of
Sukhothai and
Hanthawaddy would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories.
[2]
Europe entered the apex of the
High Middle Ages , characterized by rapid legal, cultural, and religious evolution as well as economic dynamism. Crusades after the
fourth , while mostly unsuccessful in rechristianizing the Holy Land, inspired the desire to expel Muslim presence from Europe that drove the
Reconquista and solidified a sense of Christendom. To the north, the
Teutonic Order christenized and gained dominance of Prussia, Estonia, and
Livonia . Inspired by new translations into Latin of classical works preserved in the Islamic World for over a thousand years,
Thomas Aquinas developed
Scholasticism , which dominated the curricula of the new universities.
[3] In England, King John signed the
Magna Carta , beginning the tradition of Parliamentary advisement in England. This helped develop the principle of equality under law in European judisprudence.
[4]
The
Southern Song dynasty began the century as a prosperous kingdom but were later invaded and annexed into the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols. The
Kamakura Shogunate of Japan successfully resisted two Mongol invasion attempts in 1274 and 1281. The Korean state of
Goryeo resisted a Mongol invasion, but eventually sued for peace and became a client state of the Yuan dynasty.
[5]
In
North America , according to some population estimates, the population of
Cahokia grew to be comparable to the population of 13th-century
London .
[6] In
Peru , the
Kingdom of Cuzco began as part of the Late Intermediate Period. In
Mayan civilization , the 13th century marked the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. The
Kanem Empire in what is now
Chad reached its apex. The
Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia and the
Zimbabwe Kingdom were founded.
Events
Eastern Hemisphere in 1200 AD
1201–1209
A page of the
Italian
Fibonacci 's
Liber Abaci from the
Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze showing the Fibonacci sequence with the position in the sequence labeled in Roman numerals and the value in Arabic-Hindu numerals.
Portrait of the Chinese
Zen Buddhist
Wuzhun Shifan , painted in 1238,
Song dynasty .
The opening page of one of
Ibn al-Nafis ' medical works. This is probably a copy made in
India during the 17th or 18th century.
1290–1300
Hommage of
Edward I (kneeling), to the
Philippe le Bel (seated). As
duke of Aquitaine , Edward was a vassal to the French king.
The
Mamluk Dynasty comes to an end and is replaced by the
Khalji dynasty .
1290 : By the
Edict of Expulsion , King
Edward I of England orders all
Jews to leave the
Kingdom of England .
1291 : The
Swiss Confederation of
Uri ,
Schwyz , and
Unterwalden forms.
1291 :
Mamluk Sultan of Egypt
al-Ashraf Khalil captures
Acre , thus ending the Crusader
Kingdom of Jerusalem (the last Christian state remaining from the
Crusades ).
1292 :
Jayakatwang , duke of Kediri, rebels and kills
Kertanegara , ending the
Singhasari kingdom .
1292 :
Marco Polo , on his voyage from China to Persia, visits Sumatra and reports that, on the northern part of Sumatra, there were six trading ports, including
Ferlec ,
Samudera and Lambri.
[11]
1292 : King
Mangrai founds the
Lanna kingdom.
1293 :
Mongol invasion of Java .
[12]
Kublai Khan of
Yuan dynasty China, sends punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari, who repels the Mongol forces.
1293 : On 10 November, the coronation of
Nararya Sangramawijaya as monarch, marks the foundation of the Hindu
Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java.
1296 :
First War of Scottish Independence begins.
1297 : Membership in the Mazor Consegio or the
Great Council of Venice of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein.
1299 :
Ottoman Empire is established under
Osman I .
1300 :
Islam is likely
established in the
Aceh region.
1300 : Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founds the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara/Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu or
Kutai Lama .
1300 : The
Turku Cathedral was consecrated in
Turku .
[13]
1300 : Sri Rajahmura Lumaya, known in his shortened name
Sri Lumay , a half-Tamil and half Malay minor prince of the
Chola dynasty in
Sumatra established the
Indianized
Rajahnate of Cebu in Cebu Island on the Philippine Archipelago.
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Alai Gate and Qutub Minar were built during the Mamluk and Khalji dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate.
[14]
Early 13th century –
Xia Gui paints Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut , during the
Southern Song dynasty (now in
Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art , Kansas City, Missouri).
The
motet form originates out of the
Ars antiqua tradition of
Western European music .
Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books.
Pecia system of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century.
Wooden
movable type printing invented by Chinese governmental minister
Wang Zhen in
1298 .
The earliest known
rockets ,
landmines , and
handguns are made by the Chinese for use in warfare.
The Chinese adopt the
windmill from the
Islamic world .
Guan ware vase is made,
Southern Song dynasty . It is now kept at
Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art , London.
1250 –
Cliff Palace ,
Mesa Verde , and other
Ancestral Pueblo architectural complexes reach their apex
[15]
1280s –
Eyeglasses are invented in Venice, Italy.
Late 13th century –
Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace is made during the
Kamakura period . It is now kept at
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston .
Late 13th century –
Descent of the Amida Trinity ,
raigo
triptych , is made, Kamakura period. It is now kept at the
Art Institute of Chicago .
The
Neo-Aramaic languages begin to develop during the course of the century.
See also
References
^
"Samudra Pasai worthy to be world historical site" . Republika Online . 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24 .
^
Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia . trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press.
ISBN
978-0-8248-0368-1 .
^
"St. Thomas Aquinas" . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2023-12-09 .
^ Brooks, Christopher (2020). Western Civilization: A Concise History . NSCC Libraries Pressbooks.
^ Lee, Kenneth B. (1997).
Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix . Greenwood Publishing Group.
ISBN
9780275958237 .
^
"Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History" . www.demographia.com . Retrieved 2023-02-10 . Quoting from The London Encyclopedia , Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, ed., Macmillan, 2010,
ISBN
1405049251
^
"Ken Angrok" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 25 July 2010 .
^ Weinstein, Richard A.; Dumas, Ashley A. (2008).
"The spread of shell-tempered ceramics along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico" (PDF) . Southeastern Archaeology . 27 (2). Archived from
the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25.
^ Grousset, Rene (1988),
Empire of steppes, Wars in Japan, Indochina and Java , New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, p.
288 ,
ISBN
0-8135-1304-9 .
^ Kahler, H. (December 31, 1981).
Modern Times . Brill Archive.
ISBN
9004061967 – via Google Books.
^
"History of Aceh" . Archived from
the original on August 13, 2012.
^ Weatherford, Jack (2004). Genghis khan and the making of the modern world . New York: Random House. p. 239.
ISBN
0-609-80964-4 .
^
"Kenelle kellot soivat? – Kiipeä 360-videon avulla Turun tuomiokirkon torniin" . Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). 2017-07-02. Retrieved 2023-02-10 .
^
"Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 2023-02-10 .
^ Berlo and Phillips, 275
External links
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