From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Calendar year
Year 1227 (
MCCXXVII ) was a
common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the
Julian calendar .
Mongol invasion of
Western Xia (
China )
Pope Gregory IX (r. 1227–1241)
Events
By place
Europe
Spring –
Livonian Crusade : The
Livonian Brothers of the Sword and their Crusader allies (some 20,000 men) cross the sea ice from mainland
Estonia , and defeat the last Estonian strongholds in the
Battle of Muhu and the siege of the
Valjala Stronghold in the
Saaremaa islands. This marks the end of the Estonian campaign in the Livonian Crusade. The Sword Brothers conquer
Danish Estonia , and
Tallinn is given town rights under
Riga law.
July 22 –
Battle of Bornhöved : Count
Adolf IV of Holstein – leading a coalition army from the cities of
Lübeck and
Hamburg , defeats the Danish-German forces of King
Valdemar II , and the Welf nobleman
Otto I (the Child ). Adolf shakes off Danish supremacy and accepts an overlordship by the
Archbishopric of Bremen under Archbishop
Gerhard II of Lippe . Adolf expands his power and establishes new frontiers within the
Holy Roman Empire .
July 28 –
Battle of Ane : Forces of the
Bishopric of Utrecht are defeated by the rebellious Drenths led by
Rudolph van Coevorden near
Ane (modern
Netherlands ). The Drenths lure the Bishop's forces, supported by heavily armoured knights, in an ambush into a swampy area and kill Bishop
Otto II of Lippe . After the battle, Otto's successor,
Wilbrand van Oldenburg , rouses the Frisian people into supporting the war against the Drenths.
August – Emperor
Frederick II musters a German expeditionary force in
Apulia . The crowded conditions and high heat contribute to discontent and disease among the assembled troops. On
September 24 , an epidemic of
malaria enfeebles the army at
Brindisi . Several thousand Crusaders led by
Henry IV , duke of
Limburg , and French and English mercenaries under the bishops
Peter des Roches and
William Briwere , arrive at
Acre .
[1]
September – A second contingent joined by Frederick II, departs from Brindisi to the
Levant . On
September 11 , during the second day of the voyage, one of Fredericks' companions,
Louis IV of Thuringia , dies of an illness (possibly
cholera ) at
Otranto . Frederick also becomes sick and decides to return home, while sending the rest of the Crusader fleet (20 galleys) to Acre. There, they fortify the coastal towns of
Caesarea and
Jaffa .
[2]
October 10 – Frederick II recovering at
Pozzuoli , receives a letter from Pope
Gregory IX , announcing his ex-communication. Frederick is branded a wanton violator of his sacred oath taken many times, at
Aachen ,
Ferentino ,
Veroli and
San Germano . Meanwhile, the Crusader army fortifies
Sidon Sea Castle and rebuilds
Montfort Castle , northeast of Acre, as a new headquarter castle for the
Teutonic Knights , who called it
Starkenburg .
[3]
Swedish-Novgorodian War : Grand Prince
Yaroslav II of
Vladimir leads an attack from the
Novgorod Republic on
Baltic Finnic peoples in eastern
Fennoscandia , called "Yem", whom he devastates.
[4]
November 24 – Prince
Leszek I (the White ) is assassinated in an ambush on a council of Polish dukes in the city of
Gąsawa , an event which later becomes known as the
Gąsawa Massacre .
Mongol Empire
Levant
England
Asia
Siege of Yinchuan : Mongol forces eliminate the
Western Xia (or Xi Xia ) and execute Emperor
Mo (or Li Xian ). Genghis Khan dies during the siege under debated circumstances, but this is kept secret from the army until the siege's end. Yinchuan is pillaged and its entire population is slaughtered or sold into
slavery . Genghis orders the imperial family to be executed, effectively ending the
Tangut royal lineage.
[8]
August 18 – Genghis Khan dies during the fall of
Yinchuan after a 21-year reign. His exact cause of death remains a mystery, and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the Western Xia, illness, falling from his horse, or wounds sustained during
hunting . Genghis is succeeded by his third son, Ögedei Khan, who becomes the "Great Khan" of the
Mongol Empire .
[9]
By topic
Cities and Towns
Religion
Births
January 1 –
Mujū Dōkyō , Japanese
Buddhist monk (d.
1312 )
June 29 –
Hōjō Tokiyori , Japanese
regent (
shikken ) (d.
1263 )
September 30 –
Nicholas IV , pope of the
Catholic Church (d.
1292 )
Aju (or Achu ), Mongol military leader and chancellor (d.
1287 )
Chomden Rigpe Raldri , Tibetan scholar and writer (d.
1305 )
Elisabeth of Bavaria , queen consort of
Germany (d.
1273 )
Fang Hui (or Xugu ), Chinese scholar and politician (d.
1307 )
Gertrude of Aldenberg , German noblewoman (d.
1297 )
Hōjō Nagatoki , Japanese samurai and regent (d.
1264 )
Hu Zhiyu , Chinese
Sanqu poet and writer (d.
1293 )
William II of Holland , anti-king of Germany (d.
1256 )
Deaths
January 28 –
Henry Borwin I , German
nobleman and knight
March 18 –
Honorius III , pope of the Catholic Church (b.
1150 )
April 28 –
Henry V (the Elder ), German nobleman (b.
1173 )
July 23 –
Qiu Chuji , Chinese
Taoist religious leader (b.
1148 )
July 28 –
Otto II of Lippe (or Utrecht ), Dutch prince-bishop
August 1 –
Shimazu Tadahisa , Japanese warlord (b.
1179 )
August 25 –
Genghis Khan , founder of the
Mongol Empire
September 11
September 13 –
Guillaume II , French nobleman and knight
September 29 –
Conrad of Urach , German cardinal-bishop
October 4 –
Abdallah al-Adil , Almohad governor and caliph
October 10 –
Daniel and companions ,
Franciscan martyrs
November 12 –
Al-Mu'azzam Isa , Ayyubid ruler (b.
1176 )
November 24 –
Leszek I (the White ), High Duke of
Poland
Abd al-Salam ibn Mashish al-Alami , Moroccan
Sufi writer
Guala Bicchieri , Italian cardinal and
papal legate (b. 1150)
Luke Netterville , Norman archdeacon and archbishop
Minamoto no Michitomo , Japanese nobleman (b.
1171 )
Mo (or Li Xian ), Chinese emperor of
Western Xia
Philip of Ibelin , Cypriot nobleman and regent (b.
1180 )
Renaud I (or Reginald ), French nobleman (b.
1165 )
Shalva of Akhaltsikhe , Georgian general and courtier
References
^
Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre , p. 150.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0 .
^ Hardwicke, Mary Nickerson (1969). The Crusader States, 1192–1243 , pp. 542–543. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II.
^ Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). The Crusade of Frederick II , p. 447. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II.
^
"Attack to Finland in 1226" .
Laurentian Codex (in Swedish). Archived from
the original on September 27, 2007.
^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre , p. 209.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0 .
^ Gibb, H. A. R. (1969). The Ayyubids , pp. 700–702. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II.
^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. pp. 79–81.
ISBN
0-7126-5616-2 .
^ Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China: 900–1800 , p. 256. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
ISBN
0-674-01212-7 .
^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre , pp. 208–209.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0 .
^
Tanahashi, Kazuaki , ed. (1997).
Moon In a Dewdrop: Writings of Zen Master Dogen . New York: North Point Press.
ISBN
0-86547-186-X .
^ Tanahashi, Kazuaki; Loori, Daido (eds.). The True Dharma Eye . Boston: Shambhala.
^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre , p. 150.
ISBN
978-0-241-29877-0 .