Summer – Various groups of French knights reach the Italian ports. King
Andrew II of Hungary arrives with his army in
Split, in
Dalmatia. He is joined by German forces, led by Duke
Leopold VI (the Glorious). At the end of July, Pope
Honorius III orders the crusaders assembled in
Italy and
Sicily to proceed to
Cyprus, but there is no transport provided by the Italian city-states,
Venice,
Genoa and
Pisa.
September: Leopold VI finds some ships in Split, that bring him and a small force to
Acre. Andrew follows him about a fortnight later; in Split, he receives only two ships. The rest of Andrew's army is left behind. Meanwhile, King
Hugh I of Cyprus lands at Acre, with troops to support the Crusade.[1]
November – The Crusader army (some 15,000 men) under Andrew II sets out from Acre, and marches up the
Plain of Esdraelon. Sultan
Al-Adil I, on hearing that the crusaders are assembling, sends some Muslim troops to
Palestine, to halt their advance. The crusaders move towards
Beisan, while Al-Adil waits at
Ajloun Castle, ready to intercept any attack on
Damascus. He sends his son,
Al-Mu'azzam, to cover
Jerusalem. On
November 10, Andrew's well-mounted army defeats Al-Adil at
Bethsaida, on the
Jordan River. Beisan is occupied and sacked; the Muslims retreat to their fortresses and towns.[2]
December – King
John I of Jerusalem leads an expedition into
Lebanon. On
December 3, he undertakes fruitless assaults on Muslim fortresses and on
Mount Tabor. Meanwhile, the Crusader army under Andrew II wanders across the
Jordan Valley and up the eastern shore of the
Sea of Galilee. During the occupation, Andrew spends his time collecting alleged relics. By the end of December, supplies run out, and the crusaders retreat to Acre.[2]
Other events by place
Europe
Spring –
First Barons' War: English forces of King
Henry III besiege the French-controlled
Mountsorrel Castle in
Leicestershire. Prince
Louis sends reinforcements (some 20,000 men) to assist the Barons in the castle. The English army lifts the siege and withdraws to
Nottingham. Louis makes the mistake of moving the French forces to
Lincoln Castle – where the English garrison holds out against previous attacks. Meanwhile, Henry's forces return to Mountsorrel Castle. This time Louis fails to arrive in time to prevent the razing to the ground of the castle.[3]
May 20 –
Battle of Lincoln: Henry III's forces led by
William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke defeat the French army of Prince Louis and the rebel barons who are besieging
Lincoln Castle. During the battle,
Thomas, Comte du Perche is killed and Louis is expelled from his base in the southeast of
England. The looting that takes place afterward is known as the "Lincoln Fair". The citizens of
Lincoln are loyal to Louis so Henry's forces sack the city. To the south, inhabitants of towns between Lincoln and
London ambush and kill many of the French soldiers.[5]
June 6 – The 13-year-old King
Henry I of Castile dies from the fall of a roof tile in
Palencia, an event which his regent,
Álvaro Núñez de Lara, attempts to conceal. He is succeeded by his sister
Berengaria, who renounces the throne in favour of her son
Ferdinand III, on
August 31. The young king begins his reign (supported by his mother as adviser and
regent) by a war against his father, King
Alfonso IX of León, and the Castilian nobles.
August 24 –
Battle of Sandwich: An English fleet under
Hubert de Burgh defeats the French armada (10 large ships and 70 supply ships) in the
English Channel, near
Sandwich. The French fleet is commanded by
Eustace the Monk, a mercenary and pirate, who fights for both the French and English when it suits his needs. The French fleet is bringing more men and supplies to assist Prince Louis, in his quest to take the English throne. The English capture Eustace's flagship, and Eustace himself is (while offering 10,000 marks for ransom) beheaded.[6]
September 12 –
Treaty of Kingston: The First Baron's War ends. After the defeat of the French fleet, Prince Louis is without hope of taking the English throne. William Marshal blockades London from the sea and land. At
Lambeth Louis accepts peace terms. He waives his claim for the throne and promises to restore
Normandy to Henry III but does not. The French and Scots are to leave England, and an amnesty is granted to the rebels.[7]
The Mongol army under
Muqali (or Mukhali) attacks
Hebei Province, as well as
Shandong Province and
Shaanxi Province (controlled by the
Jin Dynasty). He returns to
Genghis Khan's camp in
Mongolia, and receives the hereditary of prince with the title "Grand Preceptor of the Empire", a golden seal, and a white standard with nine tails and a black crescent in the middle. He is appointed as commander-in-chief of operations in
North China.
^
abSteven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 125.
ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
^Pevsner, Nikolaus (1960). The Buildings of England: Leicestershire and Rutland, p. 195. Penguin Books.
^Ostrogorsky, George (1995). History of the Byzantine State, p. 433. Translated by Hussey, Joan. Rutgers University Press.
^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 77–79.
ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^Powicke, Frederick Maurice (1947). King Henry III and the Lord Edward, pp. 15–16. Oxford: Clarendon.
OCLC1044503.
^Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History, pp. 77–79. London: Century Ltd.
ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110.
ISBN2-7068-1398-9.
^Linehan, Peter (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In
David Abulafia (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–671.
ISBN0-521-36289-X.