June –
Treaty of Sapienza: The
Republic of Venice recognizes the possession of the
Peloponnese by Geoffrey I of Villehardouin – and keeps only the fortresses of
Modon and
Coron. Venice also acquires an exemption of her merchants from all tariffs, and the right to establish "a church, a market and a court" in every city of Achaea.[2]
July 22 –
Massacre at Béziers: The Crusader army, led by
Simon de Monfort, arrives in the
Languedoc area, and makes camp at
Béziers, to start a siege. The citizens, believing that their city walls are impregnable, harass the Crusaders, by sending a group of soldiers (supported by armed civilians) to launch a sortie against the enemy camp. When they are forced to retreat, the Crusaders storm the walls (which are not properly manned), and enter the gate, sacking and killing some 20,000
Cathars and
Catholics alike.[3]
August 15 – Simon de Montfort takes
Carcassonne, after negotiating the city's surrender with
Raymond Roger (or Raimond), viscount of Béziers and
Albi. He is imprisoned and dies in mysterious circumstances 3 months later in his own dungeon. The Cathars are allowed to leave and expelled with nothing more than their clothes.
Britain
November – Against the backdrop of a continuing
Papal interdict, King
John (Lackland) is ex-communicated by Pope
Innocent III. Despite the ex-communication, John will continue to make amends to the Church – including giving alms to the poor whenever he defiles a holy day by hunting during it. He feeds 100 paupers to make up for when he "went into the woods on the feast of St.
Mary Magdalen", and three years from now, he will feast 450 paupers "because the king went to take cranes, and he took nine, for each of which he feasted fifty paupers."[4]
Black Monday,
Dublin: A group of 500 recently arrived settlers from
Bristol are massacred by warriors of the Irish
O'Byrne clan. The group (accompanied by women and children) leaves the safety of the walled city of Dublin to celebrate
Easter Monday near a wood at
Ranelagh, and are attacked without warning. Although a relatively obscure event in history, it is commemorated by a mustering of the
Mayor,
Sheriffs, and soldiers on the day, as a challenge to the native tribes for centuries afterwards.
London Bridge is completed by a stone-arched structure. On the bridge are houses built; this is for paying the maintenance, though it has to be supplemented by other rents and by tolls.
Asia
Spring – The Mongols led by
Genghis Khan begin their first invasion against the
Western Xia state (or Xi Xia). They push up along the
Yellow River, capturing several garrisons and defeating an imperial army. The Mongols besiege the capital
Zhongxing – which holds a well-fortified garrison of some 70,000 men (hastily reinforced with another 50,000). Genghis lacks the proper equipment and experience to take the city. In October, an attempt to flood the city by diverting the Yellow River is disastrous and floods the Mongol camp, forcing the Mongols to withdraw.[5]
King
Philip II (Augustus) grants a "conduit" to merchants, going to the
Champagne fairs (a
trade fair organized in different towns of the
County of Champagne), guaranteeing the safety of their travel – as any attempt made against them – is now to be considered a crime of
lèse-majesté (an offense against the king). The decision increases again the appeal of the fairs, to merchants from
Italy and the
Low Countries.[6]
In
Tuscany the banking firm known as the
Gran Tavola (Great Table) is formed; most of the partners are members of the
Bonsignori family.[7]
Religion
February 24 – The
Franciscan Order is founded by the Italian priest
Francis of Assisi. He and 11 of his followers journey to
Rome where he receives approval of his rule from Pope
Innocent III. Franciscan friars can not own any possessions of any kind. They wander and preach among the people, helping the poor and the sick. They support themselves by working and by begging for food, but they are forbidden to accept money either for work or as alms. The Franciscans work at first in
Umbria and then in the rest of Italy. The impact of these street preachers and especially of their founder is immense, so that within 10 years they number some 5,000 followers.[8]