July 2 –
Battle of Göllheim: German forces of Duke
Albert I defeat King
Adolf of Nassau at
Göllheim over the prince electors' decision, without electoral act – to dethrone Adolf and proclaim Albert the new ruler of
Germany at
Frankfurt, on
July 27. During the battle, Adolf is killed and his army is destroyed with the loss of 3,000 horses.[3]
September 9 –
Battle of Curzola: The Genoese fleet (some 80 galleys) led by Admiral
Lamba Doria defeats the Venetian fleet at
Curzola. The disaster is almost complete for
Venice: 83 of the 95 galleys are destroyed and some 7,000 men are killed. During the battle,
Marco Polo, commanding one of the Venetian ships, is captured.[4]
After a year's siege, the revolting Italian commune of
Palestrina near
Rome surrenders to the Papal forces, razed to the ground and
salted by order of Boniface VIII, in an act of debellatio.[5]
Scotland
Summer – King
Edward I (Longshanks) marches from
Newcastle with his household to
Alnwick and then by way of
Chillingham to
Roxburgh, where he joins the army in July. He proceeds to Lauderdale and encamps at
Kirkliston, to the west of
Edinburgh, where he remains from
July 15 to
July 20. The army is accompanied by a long train of supply wagons. Meanwhile, English supply ships, delayed by bad weather, bring food to
Leith.[6]
July 22 –
Battle of Falkirk: English forces (some 15,000 men) led by Edward I (Longshanks) defeat a Scottish army led by
William Wallace at
Falkirk. During the battle, the English knights drive off the Scottish horse and archers, but cannot break the pikemen in the center. The Scottish pikemen are formed in four great "hedgehogs" (known as
schiltron) but are destroyed by English
longbow archers.[3]
August 1 – The "ideal city" of
Marciac in southern
France is founded by King
Philip IV (the Fair) and his Seneschal Guichard de Marzé (or Marciac).[8]
Markets
The foreign creditors of the Sienese
Gran Tavola Bank start demanding their deposits back, thus accelerating the liquidity crisis faced by the firm.[9]
^Haim Beinart (1981). Carta's Atlas of the Jewish people in the Middle Ages. Carta Jerusalem.
ISBN965-220-035-2.
^Wyatt, Walter James (1876). The history of Prussia: from the earliest times to the present day, pp. 327–329. Vol 1. London: Longmans, Green and co.
OCLC1599888.
^Nicol, Donald M. (1988). Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN0-521-34157-4.
^Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98, pp. 62–63.
ISBN1-84176-510-4.
^Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1992). "The Khalijs: Alauddin Khalij", p. 332. In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress/People's Publishing House.
OCLC31870180.