From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
γ-Hydroxyvaleric acid (GHV ), also known as 4-methyl-GHB , is a
designer drug related to
γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). It is sometimes seen on the
grey market as a
legal alternative to GHB, but with lower potency and higher toxicity,
[2] properties which have tended to limit its recreational use.
[3]
γ-Valerolactone (GVL) acts as a
prodrug to GHV, analogously to how
γ-butyrolactone (GBL) is a prodrug to GHB.
[4]
See also
References
^
"GHB and Analogues: Fast Facts" .
National Drug Intelligence Center . January 1, 2006. Archived from the original on July 26, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2023 . {{
cite web }}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link )
^ Carter LP, Chen W, Wu H, Mehta AK, Hernandez RJ, Ticku MK, et al. (April 2005). "Comparison of the behavioral effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and its 4-methyl-substituted analog, gamma-hydroxyvaleric acid (GHV)". Drug and Alcohol Dependence . 78 (1): 91–99.
doi :
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.10.002 .
PMID
15769562 .
^ Smith F (31 December 2004).
Handbook of Forensic Drug Analysis . Academic Press. pp. 462–.
ISBN
978-0-08-047289-8 .
^ Andresen-Streichert H, Jungen H, Gehl A, Müller A, Iwersen-Bergmann S (May 2013).
"Uptake of gamma-valerolactone--detection of gamma-hydroxyvaleric acid in human urine samples" . Journal of Analytical Toxicology . 37 (4): 250–254.
doi :
10.1093/jat/bkt013 .
PMID
23486087 .
Ionotropic
GABAA Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor
Positive modulators (abridged; see
here for a full list):
α-EMTBL
Alcohols (e.g.,
drinking alcohol ,
2M2B )
Anabolic steroids
Avermectins (e.g.,
ivermectin )
Barbiturates (e.g.,
phenobarbital )
Benzodiazepines (e.g.,
diazepam )
Bromide compounds (e.g.,
potassium bromide )
Carbamates (e.g.,
meprobamate )
Carbamazepine
Chloralose
Chlormezanone
Clomethiazole
Dihydroergolines (e.g.,
ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine) )
Etazepine
Etifoxine
Fenamates (e.g.,
mefenamic acid )
Flavonoids (e.g.,
apigenin ,
hispidulin )
Fluoxetine
Flupirtine
Imidazoles (e.g.,
etomidate )
Kava constituents (e.g.,
kavain )
Lanthanum
Loreclezole
Monastrol
Neuroactive steroids (e.g.,
allopregnanolone ,
cholesterol ,
THDOC )
Niacin
Niacinamide
Nonbenzodiazepines (e.g.,
β-carbolines (e.g.,
abecarnil ),
cyclopyrrolones (e.g.,
zopiclone ),
imidazopyridines (e.g.,
zolpidem ),
pyrazolopyrimidines (e.g.,
zaleplon ))
Norfluoxetine
Petrichloral
Phenols (e.g.,
propofol )
Phenytoin
Piperidinediones (e.g.,
glutethimide )
Propanidid
Pyrazolopyridines (e.g.,
etazolate )
Quinazolinones (e.g.,
methaqualone )
Retigabine (ezogabine)
ROD-188
Skullcap constituents (e.g.,
baicalin )
Stiripentol
Sulfonylalkanes (e.g.,
sulfonmethane (sulfonal) )
Topiramate
Valerian constituents (e.g.,
valerenic acid )
Volatiles /
gases (e.g.,
chloral hydrate ,
chloroform ,
diethyl ether ,
paraldehyde ,
sevoflurane )
Negative modulators:
1,3M1B
3M2B
11-Ketoprogesterone
17-Phenylandrostenol
α3IA
α5IA (LS-193,268)
β-CCB
β-CCE
β-CCM
β-CCP
β-EMGBL
Anabolic steroids
Amiloride
Anisatin
β-Lactams (e.g.,
penicillins ,
cephalosporins ,
carbapenems )
Basmisanil
Bemegride
Bicyclic phosphates (
TBPS ,
TBPO ,
IPTBO )
BIDN
Bilobalide
Bupropion
CHEB
Chlorophenylsilatrane
Cicutoxin
Cloflubicyne
Cyclothiazide
DHEA
DHEA-S
Dieldrin
(+)-DMBB
DMCM
DMPC
EBOB
Etbicyphat
FG-7142 (ZK-31906)
Fiproles (e.g.,
fipronil )
Flavonoids (e.g.,
amentoflavone ,
oroxylin A )
Flumazenil
Fluoroquinolones (e.g.,
ciprofloxacin )
Flurothyl
Furosemide
Golexanolone
Iomazenil (123 I)
IPTBO
Isopregnanolone (sepranolone)
L-655,708
Laudanosine
Lindane
MaxiPost
Morphine
Morphine-3-glucuronide
MRK-016
Naloxone
Naltrexone
Nicardipine
Nonsteroidal antiandrogens (e.g.,
apalutamide ,
bicalutamide ,
enzalutamide ,
flutamide ,
nilutamide )
Oenanthotoxin
Pentylenetetrazol (pentetrazol)
Phenylsilatrane
Picrotoxin (i.e.,
picrotin ,
picrotoxinin and
dihydropicrotoxinin )
Pregnenolone sulfate
Propybicyphat
PWZ-029
Radequinil
Ro 15-4513
Ro 19-4603
RO4882224
RO4938581
Sarmazenil
SCS
Suritozole
TB-21007
TBOB
TBPS
TCS-1105
Terbequinil
TETS
Thujone
U-93631
Zinc
ZK-93426
GABAA -ρ Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor
Metabotropic
GABAB Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor
Receptor (
ligands )
GHBR Tooltip GHB receptor
GABAB Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor
Transporter (
blockers )
MCTs Tooltip Monocarboxylate transporters
SMCTs Tooltip Sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporters
VIATT Tooltip Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter
Enzyme (
inhibitors )
SSR Tooltip Succinic semialdehyde reductase
GHBDH Tooltip 4-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
HOT Tooltip Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase
ADH Tooltip Alcohol dehydrogenase
ALDH Tooltip Aldehyde dehydrogenase