Emodin (6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone) is a chemical compound, of the anthraquinone family, that can be isolated from
rhubarb,
buckthorn, and Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica syn. Polygonum cuspidatum).[1] Emodin is particularly abundant in the roots of the Chinese rhubarb (Rheum palmatum), knotweed and knotgrass (Polygonum cuspidatum and Polygonum multiflorum) as well as Hawaii ‘au‘auko‘i cassia seeds or coffee weed (Semen cassia).[2] It is specifically isolated from Rheum palmatum L.[3] It is also produced by many species of fungi, including members of the genera Aspergillus, Pyrenochaeta, and Pestalotiopsis, inter alia. The common name is derived from Rheum emodi, a
taxonomic synonym of Rheum australe, (Himalayan rhubarb) and synonyms include emodol, frangula emodin, rheum emodin, 3-methyl-1,6,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone, Schüttgelb (Schuttgelb), and Persian Berry Lake.[4]
A computational study was conducted to investigate the inhibition mechanism on the formation of the Spike-ACE2 protein complex.[2] Specifically, it is seen dose-dependent inhibition in the prevention of infection by
SARS-CoV-1, evidence which has stimulated further investigations on
SARS-CoV-2.[2]
Emodin has been shown to inhibit the ion channel of protein 3a, which could play a crucial role in the release of the virus from infected cells.[11]
List of species
The following plant species are known to produce emodin:
^Monisha BA, Kumar N, Tiku AB (2016). "Emodin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases". Anti-inflammatory Nutraceuticals and Chronic Diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 928. pp. 47–73.
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^Wang CH, Zhong Y, Zhang Y, Liu JP, Wang YF, Jia WN, et al. (February 2016). "A network analysis of the Chinese medicine Lianhua-Qingwen formula to identify its main effective components". Molecular BioSystems. 12 (2): 606–13.
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^Wang XL, Yu KB, Peng SL (June 2008). "[Chemical constituents of aerial part of Acalypha australis]" [Chemical Constituents of Aerial Part of Acalypha australis]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi = China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica (in Chinese). 33 (12): 1415–7.
PMID18837345.
^Yadav JP, Arya V, Yadav S, Panghal M, Kumar S, Dhankhar S (June 2010). "Cassia occidentalis L.: a review on its ethnobotany, phytochemical and pharmacological profile". Fitoterapia. 81 (4): 223–30.
doi:
10.1016/j.fitote.2009.09.008.
PMID19796670.
^Nsonde Ntandou GF, Banzouzi JT, Mbatchi B, Elion-Itou RD, Etou-Ossibi AW, Ramos S, et al. (January 2010). "Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Cassia siamea Lam. stem bark extracts". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 127 (1): 108–11.
doi:
10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.040.
PMID19799981.
^Wang G, Wang GK, Liu JS, Yu B, Wang F, Liu JK (April 2010). "[Studies on the chemical constituents of Kalimeris indica]" [Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Kalimeris indica]. Zhong Yao Cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials (in Chinese). 33 (4): 551–4.
PMID20845783.
^Ban SH, Kwon YR, Pandit S, Lee YS, Yi HK, Jeon JG (January 2010). "Effects of a bio-assay guided fraction from Polygonum cuspidatum root on the viability, acid production and glucosyltranferase of mutans streptococci". Fitoterapia. 81 (1): 30–4.
doi:
10.1016/j.fitote.2009.06.019.
PMID19616082.
^Søchting U, Søgaard MZ, Elix JA, Arup U, Elvebakk A, sancho LG (2014). "Catenarina (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota), a new Southern Hemisphere genus with 7-chlorocatenarin". The Lichenologist. 46 (2): 175–187.
doi:
10.1017/s002428291300087x.
S2CID83906534.
^The British Pharmacopoeia Secretariat (2009).
"Index, BP 2009"(PDF). Archived from
the original(PDF) on 11 April 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2010.