Decynium has been shown to have a very high affinity to organic cation transporters in a variety of species, including human,[3][4] rat,[5] and pig.[6]
Decynium-22 has been shown to block the uptake of the neurotoxin
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) via the
OCT3 transporter in rat
astrocytes.[7]
Fluorescence
Decynium-22 emits a low
fluorescence yield (around 0.001), and in its monomeric form is a weakly fluorescent. However, aggregated decynium-22 emits a strong
superradiant emission with a maximum near 570–580 nm.[8][9] 480 nm light falls near a short wavelength peak of the
excitation spectrum of these aggregates. Decynium-22 fluorescence caused by aggregation can be observed in astrocytes.[2]
Schizophrenia and depression
Decynium-22 has recently been investigated for its role in increasing
extracellularserotonin in the brain in neuropharmacology research. The transportation of the neurotransmitter serotonin is often disrupted in psychiatric disorders characterized by social impairment, such as
schizophrenia and
depression. Serotonin is primarily taken up by the
5-HT transporter (SERT), although it is also taken up by auxiliary transporters, known as "uptake 2", which include OCT and PMAT.
The most commonly prescribed antidepressant drugs are the
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which act by blocking the high affinity SERT. A proposed explanation for the limited efficacy of SSRIs is the presence of the low affinity transporters OCT and PMAT, which limit the ability of SSRIs to increase
extracellular serotonin. Decynium-22 blocked serotonin uptake via these auxiliary transporters, and when used in conjunction with SSRIs, decynium-22 enhanced the effects of SSRIs to inhibit serotonin clearance.[10] A similar effect was seen in SERT
knock-out mice, which resulted in an improvement of social behavior.[11] When OCT3 was knocked out in mice, however, decynium-22 was ineffectual, indicating that the anti-depressant effects of decynium-22 are dependent upon its blockage of the OCT3.[10]
References
^"Decynium-22". University of California, San Francisco. Archived from
the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 16 Oct 2014.