From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Decade
The 1450s decade ran from January 1, 1450, to December 31, 1459.
Events
1450
This section is
transcluded from
1450 .
(
|
history )
January–December
February 7 –
John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk , marries
Lady Margaret Beaufort .
[1]
February 26 –
Francesco Sforza enters
Milan after a siege, becoming Duke of the city-state, and founding a dynasty that will rule Milan for a century.
March –
French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the
English
commander in
France ,
Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset , in
Caen .
April 15 –
Battle of Formigny :
French troops under the
Comte de Clermont defeat an English army under
Sir Thomas Kyriel and Sir Matthew Gough, which was attempting to relieve
Caen .
May 8 –
Jack Cade's Rebellion :
Kentishmen revolt against King
Henry VI of England .
May 9 –
Abdal-Latif Mirza , a
Timurid dynasty monarch, is assassinated.
May 13 –
Charles VIII of Sweden , also serving as Carl I of Norway, is declared deposed from the latter throne, in favor of
Christian I of Denmark .
June 18 – Battle of Solefields (Sevenoaks):
Jack Cade 's rebels are driven from
London by loyal troops.
July 6 –
Caen surrenders to the
French .
July 12 –
Jack Cade is slain in a skirmish.
August 12 –
Cherbourg , the last
English territory in
Normandy , surrenders to the
French .
October 5 –
Jews are expelled from
Lower Bavaria , by order of Duke
Ludwig IX .
November 3 – The
University of Barcelona is founded.
November 23 –
First Siege of Krujë :
Albanian troops are victorious, forcing an
Ottoman army of approximately 100,000 men to retreat from
Albania .
Date unknown
1451
This section is
transcluded from
1451 .
(
|
history )
January–December
Date unknown
1452
This section is
transcluded from
1452 .
(
|
history )
January–December
February –
Alexăndrel retakes the throne of
Moldavia , in his long struggle with
Petru Aron .
February 22 –
William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas is killed by
James II of Scotland , at
Stirling Castle .
March 17 –
Reconquista –
Battle of Los Alporchones (around the city of
Lorca in
Murcia ): The combined forces of the
Kingdom of Castile , and its subsidiary kingdom of
Murcia , defeat the
Emirate of Granada .
[7]
March 19 –
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor , becomes the last to be crowned in
Rome .
[8]
May 31 –
Revolt of Ghent :
Philip the Good , Duke of Burgundy, officially declares war on
Ghent .
June 18 –
Pope Nicholas V issues the
bull
Dum Diversas , legitimising the
colonial
slave trade .
October
Date unknown
1453
This section is
transcluded from
1453 .
(
|
history )
January–December
Sultan Mehmed II 's entry into
Constantinople ,
Fausto Zonaro (1854–1929)
Battle of Castillon
1454
This section is
transcluded from
1454 .
(
|
history )
January–December
Date unknown
1455
This section is
transcluded from
1455 .
(
|
history )
January–December
January 8 –
Pope Nicholas V publishes
Romanus Pontifex , an encyclical addressed to King
Afonso V of Portugal , which sanctions the conquest of non-Christian lands, and the reduction of native non-Christian populations to 'perpetual slavery'. (Later there will be a dramatic reversal when, in
1537 , the bull
Sublimis Deus of
Pope Paul III forbids the enslavement of non-Christians.)
February 23 – The
Gutenberg Bible is the first book printed with
movable type .
[16]
April 8 –
Pope Calixtus III succeeds
Pope Nicholas V , as the 209th
pope .
Spring – The
Wars of the Roses begin in
England .
May 1 –
Battle of Arkinholm : Forces loyal to King
James II of Scotland defeat the supporters of the
Earl of Douglas .
May 22 –
First Battle of St Albans :
Richard, Duke of York , defeats and captures King
Henry VI of England .
[17]
July 14 –
Thirteen Years' War : a decisive victory of the
Teutonic Order during the
Battle for Kneiphof .
[18]
November 15 – The conflict between
Vladislav II of Wallachia and
John Hunyadi escalates, so the latter decides to support
Vlad the Impaler for the throne of
Wallachia , the following year.
1456
This section is
transcluded from
1456 .
(
|
history )
January–December
May 18 – Second
Battle of Oronichea (1456) :
Ottoman Forces of 15,000 are sent to capture
Albania , but are met and swiftly defeated by
Skanderbeg 's smaller forces.
June 9 –
Halley's Comet makes an appearance, as noted by the humanist scholar
Platina .
July 7 – A
retrial of Joan of Arc acquits her of heresy, 25 years after her execution.
July 22 –
Battle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) : The Hungarians under
John Hunyadi rout the Turkish army of Sultan
Mehmed II . The
noon bell ordered by
Pope Callixtus III commemorates the victory throughout the Christian world (and hence is still rung).
August 20 –
Vladislav II , reigning Prince of
Wallachia , is killed in hand-to-hand combat by
Vlad the Impaler , who succeeds him.
October 17 – The
University of Greifswald is established, making it the second oldest university in
Northern Europe . Due to border changes, from 1648 to 1815 it was the oldest in
Sweden , and from 1815 to 1945 the oldest in
Prussia .
December 5 –
Two earthquakes in central Italy kills 12,000–70,000 people.
[19]
Date unknown
1457
This section is
transcluded from
1457 .
(
|
history )
1458
This section is
transcluded from
1458 .
(
|
history )
January–December
Date unknown
1459
This section is
transcluded from
1459 .
(
|
history )
January–December
Date unknown
The
Wallachian town of
Bucharest is first mentioned.
[30]
The city of
Jodhpur , in western India, is founded by
Rao Jodha of
Marwar .
Richard, Duke of York ,
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , returns on a second visit to Ireland.
[31] The Irish Parliament, meeting at
Drogheda , upholds his authority against
Henry VI , and an English Act of
Attainder .
Richard Hygons , English composer, begins fifty years of service at
Wells Cathedral .
Religion
Significant people
This section is empty. You can help by
adding to it .
(March 2016 )
Births
1450
February 12 –
Yejong of Joseon , Joseon King (d.
1469 )
May 18 –
Piero Soderini , Florentine statesman (d.
1513 )
June 22 –
Eleanor of Naples, Duchess of Ferrara (d.
1493 )
July 25 –
Jakob Wimpfeling , Renaissance humanist (d.
1528 )
August 18 –
Marko Marulić , Croatian poet (d.
1524 )
September 25 –
Ursula of Brandenburg, Duchess of Münsterberg-Oels and Countess of Glatz (d.
1508 )
November 12 –
Jacques of Savoy, Count of Romont , Prince of Savoy (d.
1486 )
date unknown
probable
Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād , Persian leader of the
Herat school
Hieronymus Bosch , Dutch painter (d.
1516 )
Gaspar Corte-Real , Portuguese explorer (d.
1501 )
Juan de la Cosa , Spanish navigator and cartographer (d.
1510 )
Josquin des Prez , Dutch composer (d.
1521 )
Heinrich Isaac , Franco-Flemish composer (d.
1517 )
Hugh Oldham , Bishop of Exeter (d.
1519 )
Pietro Antonio Solari , Italian architect (d.
1493 )
Petrus Thaborita , Dutch historian and monk (d.
1527 )
Nyai Gede Pinateh , Javanese merchant (d.
1500 )
1451
Christopher Columbus
January 14 –
Franchinus Gaffurius , Italian composer (d.
1522 )
January 29 –
John, Prince of Portugal , Prince of Portugal (d. 1451)
February 17 –
Raffaello Maffei , Italian theologian (d.
1522 )
March 5 –
William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke , English earl (d.
1491 )
March 9 –
Amerigo Vespucci , Italian explorer (d.
1512 )
[32]
April 22 – Queen
Isabella I of Castile , Castillian queen regnant and first queen of a united Spain (by marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon) (d.
1504 )
[33]
May 2 –
René II, Duke of Lorraine (d.
1508 )
May 17 –
Engelbert II of Nassau , Count of Nassau-Vianden and Lord of Breda (1475–1504) (d.
1504 )
June 1 –
Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney (d.
1508 )
July 10 –
James III of Scotland (d.
1488 )
[34]
September 5 –
Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence , elder daughter of Richard Neville (d.
1476 )
[35]
November 29 –
Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Württemberg (d.
1524 )
date unknown
1452
Joanna, Princess of Portugal
February 6 –
Joanna, Princess of Portugal (d.
1490 )
February 14
March 10 – King
Ferdinand II of Aragon , Aragonese king and first king of a united Spain (by marriage to Isabella of Castile) (d.
1516 )
[39]
April 15 –
Leonardo da Vinci , Italian artist and inventor (d.
1519 )
[40]
April 19 – King
Frederick of Naples (d.
1504 )
[41]
May 18 –
Henry the Younger of Poděbrady , Bohemian nobleman (d.
1492 )
July 27
August 12 –
Abraham Zacuto , Spanish Jewish astronomer, astrologer, mathematician, rabbi and historian (d.
1515 )
September 21 –
Girolamo Savonarola , Italian religious reformer (d.
1498 )
[43]
October 2 – King
Richard III of England (d.
1485 )
[44]
December 6 –
Antonio Mancinelli , Italian humanist pedagogue and grammarian (d.
1505 )
December 10 –
Johannes Stöffler , German mathematician (d.
1531 )
Date unknown
1453
January 1 –
Bernardin Frankopan , Croatian nobleman, diplomat and soldier (d.
1529 )
February 6 –
Girolamo Benivieni , Florentine poet (d.
1542 )
March 2 –
Johannes Engel , German doctor, astronomer and astrologer (d.
1512 )
[45]
March 3 –
Philip II, Count of Waldeck -Eisenberg (1486–1524) (d.
1524 )
March 25 –
Giuliano de' Medici , co-ruler of Florence with
Lorenzo de' Medici (d.
1478 )
April 18 –
Margaret of Brandenburg , abbess of the Poor Clares monastery at Hof (d.
1509 )
May 13 –
Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran , Scottish princess (d.
1488 )
June 10 –
Francesco Soderini , Catholic cardinal (d.
1524 )
September 1 –
Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba , Spanish general and statesman (d.
1515 )
October 13 –
Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales (d.
1471 )
[46]
November 13 –
Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1475–1515) (d.
1527 )
November 17 –
Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (d.
1468 )
date unknown –
Jacob Obrecht , Flemish composer (d.
1505 )
probable –
Afonso de Albuquerque , Portuguese admiral (d.
1515 )
1454
1455
January 9 –
William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg , Count of Ravensberg (d.
1511 )
January 29 –
Johann Reuchlin , German-born humanist and scholar (d.
1522 )
February 2 – King
John of Denmark , Norway, and Sweden (d.
1513 )
[47]
March 3
March 15 –
Pietro Accolti , Italian Catholic cardinal (d.
1532 )
April 17 –
Andrea Gritti , Doge of Venice (d.
1538 )
[49]
May 16 –
Wolfgang I of Oettingen , German count (d.
1522 )
June 1 –
Anne of Savoy , Savoy royal (d.
1480 )
July 9 –
Frederick IV of Baden , Dutch bishop (d.
1517 )
July 15 –
Queen Yun , Korean queen (d.
1482 )
August 2 –
John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg (d.
1499 )
August 15 –
George, Duke of Bavaria (d.
1503 )
November 9 –
John V, Count of Nassau-Siegen , Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (d.
1516 )
date unknown
1456
March –
Jan Łaski , Polish nobleman (d.
1531 )
March 1 –
Vladislaus II , king of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia (d.
1516 )
June 11 –
Anne Neville , queen consort of
Richard III of England (d.
1485 )
[50]
June 23 –
Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland , consort of
James III of Scotland (d.
1486 )
[51]
June 25 –
Henry V of Rosenberg , Bohemian nobleman (d.
1489 )
October 16 –
Ludmila of Poděbrady , Regent of the duchies of Brzeg and Oława from 1488 (d.
1503 )
November 7 –
Margaret of Bavaria, Electress Palatine and hereditary princess of Bavaria-Landshut (d.
1501 )
November 8 –
Queen Gonghye , Korean royal consort (d.
1474 )
date unknown
1457
January 18 –
Antonio Trivulzio, seniore , Roman Catholic cardinal (d.
1508 )
January 28 – King
Henry VII of England (d.
1509 )
[52]
February 2 –
Peter Martyr d'Anghiera , Italo-Spanish historian and diplomat (d.
1526 )
February 13 –
Mary of Burgundy , sovereign duchess regnant of Burgundy, married to
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d.
1482 )
August 20 –
Seongjong of Joseon , King of Joseon (d.
1494 )
September 21 –
Hedwig Jagiellon, Duchess of Bavaria , Polish princess (d.
1502 )
November 16 –
Beatrice of Naples , Hungarian queen (d.
1508 )
date unknown
probable
1458
1459
January 25 –
Paul Hofhaimer , Austrian organist and composer (d.
1537 )
March 2 –
Pope Adrian VI (d.
1523 )
[60]
March 6 –
Jakob Fugger , German banker (d.
1525 )
March 22 –
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d.
1519 )
[61]
May 15 –
John I, Count Palatine of Simmern (1480–1509) (d.
1509 )
July –
Mingyi Nyo , founder of the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) (d.
1530 )
July 11 –
Kaspar, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken , German nobleman (d.
1527 )
October 6 –
Martin Behaim , German explorer and cartographer (d.
1507 )
December 22 –
Sultan Cem , pretender to the Ottoman throne (d.
1495 )
December 27 – King
John I Albert of Poland (d.
1501 )
date unknown –
Edward Poynings , Lord Deputy to King Henry VII of England (d.
1521 )
probable –
Lorenzo di Credi , Florentine painter and sculptor (d.
1537 )
date unknown –
Jheronimus de Clibano , Dutch composer (d.
1503 )
date unknown –
Jean Mouton , French composer (d.
1522 )
Deaths
1450
January 9 –
Adam Moleyns , English courtier and Bishop of Chichester
February 9 –
Agnès Sorel , mistress of
Charles VII of France (b. c.
1422 )
[62]
April 8 –
Sejong the Great of Joseon , ruler of Korea (b.
1397 )
May 2 –
William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk , English military leader (born
1396 )
May 9 –
Abdal-Latif Mirza , ruler of Transoxania
July 2 –
Ranuccio Farnese il Vecchio , Italian condottiero (b. c.
1390 )
July 4 –
James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele , English soldier and politician (b. c. 1395)
July 18 –
Francis I, Duke of Brittany (b.
1414 )
July 26 –
Cecily Neville, Duchess of Warwick (b.
1424 )
August 15 –
Alberto da Sarteano , Italian Franciscan friar and papal legate (b.
1385 )
August 27 –
Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr , English politician (b.
1395 )
August 31 –
Isabella of Navarre, Countess of Armagnac (b.
1395 )
September 16 –
Louis Aleman , French cardinal
September 22 –
William Tresham , English politician
October 1 –
Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara , Italian noble (b.
1407 )
November 3 –
Paola Colonna , Lady of Piombino (b. c.
1378 )
November 5 –
John IV, Count of Armagnac (b.
1396 )
1451
Sultan
Murad II
1452
Konrad VII the White
Reinhard III, Count of Hanau
1453
February 28 –
Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine (b.
1400 )
May 29
June 1 –
Giovanni Giustiniani , Italian captain
June 2 –
Álvaro de Luna, Duke of Trujillo , Constable of Castille
June 3 –
Loukas Notaras , last
megas doux of the Byzantine Empire (b.
1402 )
June 4 –
Andronikos Palaiologos Kantakouzenos , last
Grand Domestic of the Byzantine Empire
July 10 –
Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger ,
Ottoman
grand vizier from
1439 to 1 June 1453
July 17
July 20 –
Enguerrand de Monstrelet , French chronicler
October 13 –
Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1431–1453) (b.
1407 )
October 20 –
Yi Jing-ok , Korean military General (b.
1399 )
[65]
December 24 –
John Dunstaple , English composer (b.
1390 )
Demetrius III , former co-king of
Georgia (b. c.
1413 )
Orban ,
iron founder and engineer
Francesco de Aiello , Catholic bishop and
Archbishop of Bari-Canosa
Angelo Marcuzzi , Roman Catholic
prelate
William Beaumont , l
ord of the manor of Shirwell (b.
1427 )
1454
1455
1456
January 17 –
Elisabeth of Lorraine-Vaudémont , French translator (b.
1395 )
August 11 –
John Hunyadi , Hungarian statesman and military leader (b. c.
1406 )
[69]
August 20 –
Vladislav II of Wallachia
October 17 –
Nicolas Grenon , French composer (b.
1375 )
October 23 –
Giovanni da Capistrano , Italian saint (b.
1386 )
November 3 –
Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond , father of King
Henry VII of England (b.
1431 )
[70]
November 9 –
Ulrich II, Count of Celje (b.
1406 )
November 25 –
Jacques Cœur , French merchant (b.
1395 )
December 4 –
Charles I, Duke of Bourbon (b.
1401 )
December 24 –
Đurađ Branković , Despot of Serbia (b.
1377 )
date unknown –
Juan de Mena , Spanish poet (b.
1411 )
1457
March 14 –
Jingtai Emperor of China (b.
1428 )
March 16 –
László Hunyadi , Hungarian statesman and warrior (b.
1433 )
[71]
May 22 –
Saint Rita of Cascia , Italian saint (b.
1381 )
August 1 –
Lorenzo Valla , Italian humanist
August 19 –
Andrea del Castagno , Italian painter (b.
1421 )
September 12 –
Gabriele Sforza , Archbishop of Milan (b.
1423 )
[72]
September 14 –
Countess Palatine Margaret of Mosbach , countess consort of Hanau (b.
1432 )
September 22 –
Peter II, Duke of Brittany (b.
1418 )
November 3 –
Ludwig II, Count of Württemberg-Urach , German noble (b.
1439 )
November 23 – King
Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary (b.
1440 )
December 24 –
Danjong of Joseon , King of
Joseon (b.
1441 )
date unknown
1458
January 17 –
Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse , Landgrave of Hesse (1413-1458) (b.
1402 )
[73]
February 20 –
Lazar Branković ,
Despot of
Serbia
[74]
March 25 –
Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Santillana , Spanish poet (b.
1398 )
April 11 –
Helena Palaiologina , Queen of Cyprus (b.
1428 )
June 27 – King
Alfonso V of Aragon (b.
1396 )
[75]
July 28 –
John II of Cyprus
August 6 –
Pope Callixtus III (b.
1378 )
[76]
September 7 –
Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon , Queen consort of Aragon and Naples (b.
1401 )
December 26 –
Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (b.
1393 )
date unknown –
Isabelle Romée , mother of
Joan of Arc
1459
February 14 –
Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken (b.
1385 )
March 3 –
Ausiàs March , Catalan poet from Valencia (b.
1397 )
May 2 –
Antoninus of Florence , Italian archbishop (b.
1389 )
August 27 –
James of Portugal , Portuguese cardinal (b.
1433 )
September 6 –
Katharina of Nassau-Beilstein , German regent
September 17 –
Isabella of Urgell, Duchess of Coimbra , Portuguese Duchess (b.
1409 )
September 23 (killed at the
Battle of Blore Heath ):
September 24 –
Eric of Pomerania , King of Norway, Denmark and Sweden (b.
1382 )
October 30 –
Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini , Italian humanist (b.
1380 )
November 5 –
John Fastolf , English soldier
[77]
December 4 –
Adolf VIII , Duke of Southern Jutland (b.
1401 )
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
1450s .
^
The Camden Miscellany . Camden Society. 1972. p. 209.
ISBN
9780901050069 .
^
"Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu — UNESCO World Heritage Centre" .
UNESCO . 2006. Retrieved 9 December 2006 .
^ Fleur, Nicholas St (2019-03-06).
"Massacre of Children in Peru Might Have Been a Sacrifice to Stop Bad Weather" . The New York Times .
ISSN
0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-12-31 .
^
"What made this ancient society sacrifice its own children?" . Magazine . 2019-01-15. Archived from
the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-31 .
^ Klooster, John W. (2009). Icons of invention: the makers of the modern world from Gutenberg to Gates . Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 8.
ISBN
978-0-313-34745-0 .
^
"University of Glasgow :: Story :: The Papal Bull" .
^ Thomas Devaney (3 April 2015).
Enemies in the Plaza: Urban Spectacle and the End of Spanish Frontier Culture, 1460-1492 . University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 158.
ISBN
978-0-8122-9134-6 .
^
"Historical Events in 1452" . OnThisDay.com . Retrieved 2017-08-08 .
^ Setton, Kenneth M. (1978).
The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), volume II : The Fifteenth Century . DIANE Publishing. p. 146.
ISBN
0-87169-127-2 .
^
"Why is Edinburgh the capital of Scotland?" . Edinburgh Tourist . June 20, 2018. Retrieved 2021-07-25 .
^
"What Happened In 1453" . Hisdates . Retrieved 2017-08-08 .
^ Crowley, Roger (2006). Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453 . Faber.
ISBN
0-571-22185-8 . (reviewed by Foster, Charles (September 22, 2006).
"The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire" . Contemporary Review . Archived from
the original on March 27, 2007. It is the end of the Middle Ages ) (Archived Link)
^
a
b Sir Richard Lodge (1910).
The Close of the Middle Ages, 1272-1494 . Rivingtons. p. 358.
^ Christina J. Moose (2005).
Great Events from History: The Renaissance & early modern era, 1454-1600 . Salem Press. p. 15.
ISBN
978-1-58765-215-8 .
^
"Letter of Rabbi Isaac Zarfati" . Turkishjews.com . Retrieved 2016-07-09 .
^
This Facsimile Page of Gutenberg's 42-line Bible (1453-1455) was Printed on the Gutenberg Press Loaned by the Gutenberg Museum of Mainz for "A Century of Progress International Exposition", Chicago, 1933, and Exhibited by the Cuneo Press, Inc . Gutenberg Press. 1933.
^
a
b
c
d John Sadler (14 January 2014).
The Red Rose and the White: The Wars of the Roses, 1453-1487 . Routledge. p. 16.
ISBN
978-1-317-90518-9 .
^ Rogalski, Leon (1846). Dzieje Krzyżaków oraz ich stosunki z Polską, Litwą i Prusami (in Polish). Vol. II. Warsaw: S. Orgelbrand.
^ C. Nunziata; M. R. Costanzo (2020).
"Ground Shaking Scenario at the Historical Center of Napoli (Southern Italy) for the 1456 and 1688 Earthquakes" . Pure and Applied Geophysics . 177 (7).
Springer Science+Business Media : 3175–3190.
Bibcode :
2020PApGe.177.3175N .
doi :
10.1007/s00024-020-02426-y .
S2CID
210975336 .
^ John P. C. Matthews (2007).
Explosion: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Hippocrene Books. p. 74.
ISBN
978-0-7818-1174-3 .
^ David Grummitt (8 May 2015).
Henry VI . Routledge. p. 190.
ISBN
978-1-317-48260-4 .
^ Jan L. de Jong (5 April 2013).
The Power and the Glorification: Papal Pretensions and the Art of Propaganda in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries . Penn State Press. p. 4.
ISBN
978-0-271-06237-2 .
^ Vasconcelos e Sousa, Bernardo. "História de Portugal" (in Portuguese) (4th ed.). p. 182.
^
"College History" . magd.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 March 2019 .
^
Choice: Publication of the Association of College and Research Libraries, a Division of the American Library Association . American Library Association. 1964. p. 261.
^ Martin Luther D'Ooge (1909), The Acropolis of Athens (The acropolis of Athens ed.), New York: Macmillan,
OL
7107840M , In 1458 the Turkish ruler occupied the Propylaea as a residence, and turned the Erechtheum into a harem, restoring, however, the Parthenon to the Greeks as a place of worship.
^ Lemaître, Frédéric (19 September 2011).
"Erfurt, ses juifs et l'UNESCO" . Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 19 September 2011 .
^ Connor, Steve (2014-07-07).
"The history of the planet's biggest volcanic explosions - deep in the ice of Antarctica" .
The Independent . London.
Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved 2014-07-07 .
^ John Sadler (14 January 2014).
The Red Rose and the White: The Wars of the Roses, 1453-1487 . Taylor & Francis. p. 86.
ISBN
978-1-317-90517-2 .
^ Sonnenburg, Stephan; Baker, Laura (February 26, 2013).
Branded Spaces: Experience Enactments and Entanglements . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 236.
ISBN
978-3-658-01561-9 .
^ The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland. Foster, RF. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1989
^ Chase's Editors; Contemporary Books (September 2002).
Chase's Calendar of Events 2003 . McGraw-Hill. p. 169.
ISBN
978-0-07-139098-9 .
^ Peggy K. Liss (2004).
Isabel the Queen: Life and Times . University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 9.
ISBN
978-0-8122-1897-8 .
^
"King James III: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland" . www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk . Retrieved 29 January 2021 .
^ Amy Licence (15 April 2013).
Anne Neville: Richard III's Tragic Queen . Amberley Publishing Limited. pp. 29–.
ISBN
978-1-4456-1177-8 .
^
"Christopher Columbus | Biography, Voyages, & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 21 January 2021 .
^
Barsoum, Aphrem (2003).
The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences . Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. pp. 508–509. Retrieved 14 July 2020 .
^ Ira Moskowitz (1976).
Great Drawings of All Time: Italian, thirteenth through nineteenth century . Kodansha International. p. 139.
ISBN
978-0-87011-263-8 .
^
"Ferdinand II | Biography & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 30 June 2020 .
^
"Leonardo da Vinci | Biography, Art, & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 3 May 2019 .
^ Richard J. Walsh (2005).
Charles the Bold and Italy (1467-1477): Politics and Personnel . Liverpool University Press. p. 302.
ISBN
978-0-85323-838-6 .
^ Grolier Incorporated (1997).
Academic American encyclopedia . Grolier. p. 233.
ISBN
9780717220687 .
^ Sandro Botticelli; Musée national du Luxembourg (France); Palazzo Strozzi (Florence, Italie). (2003).
Botticelli: From Lorenzo the Magnificent to Savonarola . Skira. p. 227.
ISBN
978-88-8491-565-8 .
^
"Richard III | Biography & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 26 June 2020 .
^ Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas R.; Bracher, Katherine; Jarrell, Richard; Marché, Jordan D.; Ragep, F. Jamil (September 18, 2007).
Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 339.
ISBN
978-0-387-30400-7 .
^ Charles Kidd; Christine Shaw (24 June 2008).
Debrett's Peerage & Baronetage 2008 . Debrett's. p. 140.
ISBN
978-1-870520-80-5 .
^
Encyclopædia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1964. p. 89.
^ Hourihane, Colum (2012).
The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture . OUP USA. p. 217.
ISBN
9780195395365 .
^ Benzoni, Gino (2002).
"GRITTI, Andrea" .
Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani , Volume 59: Graziano–Grossi Gondi (in Italian). Rome:
Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana .
ISBN
978-8-81200032-6 .
^ Cannon, John; Hargreaves, Anne (2009).
The Kings and Queens of Britain . OUP Oxford. p. 246.
ISBN
9780191580284 .
^
"Margaret of Denmark: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland" . www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk . Retrieved 14 May 2019 .
^ Roger Lockyer; Andrew Thrush (19 September 2014).
Henry VII . Routledge. p. 7.
ISBN
978-1-317-89432-2 .
^ Clayton J. Drees (2001).
The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300-1500: A Biographical Dictionary . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 68.
ISBN
978-0-313-30588-7 .
^ Lucia Corrain (2008).
The Art of the Renaissance . The Oliver Press, Inc. p. 17.
ISBN
978-1-934545-04-1 .
^ Saint Camilla Battista da Varano (1986).
The Mental Sorrows of Jesus in His Passion . Peregrina. p. 3.
ISBN
978-0-920669-05-1 .
^ Harleß, Woldemar (November 21, 1881).
"Johann II. (Herzog von Kleve-Mark)" . Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie . p. 210. Retrieved March 31, 2021 .
^ Anne Commire; Deborah Klezmer (2000).
Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia . Yorkin Publications. p. 107.
ISBN
978-0-7876-4064-4 .
^ Paul Burns (15 July 2007).
Butler's Saint for the Day . A&C Black. p. 103.
ISBN
978-0-86012-434-4 .
^ William John Kennedy; Gene Z. Hanrahan (1983).
Jacopo Sannazaro and the Uses of Pastoral . University Press of New England.
ISBN
978-0-87451-268-7 .
^
"Adrian VI | pope" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 20 March 2021 .
^
"Maximilian I | Holy Roman emperor" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 20 March 2021 .
^ François Guizot (1885).
The History of France from the Earliest Times to 1848 . J.B. Millar & Company. p. 299.
^ Van den Berg, F.M. (1992). "Een Nassau's graf in Italië". In Van der Klooster, L.J.; Tiethoff-Spliethoff, M.E.; Tamse, C.A. & Elzenga, E. (eds.). Militaire entourage rondom Oranje en andere bijdragen over het Huis van Oranje. Oranje-Nassau Museum Jaarboek 1992 (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. p. 89.
ISBN
90-6011-812-X .
^ Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 233.
ISBN
0-521-56350-X .
^
충강공 이징옥 장군 (in Korean)
^
Barsoum, Ephrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences . Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. p. 497.
^
Guido Di Piero, Known as Fra Angelico, Ca. 1395-1455 . Germany. 1998. p. 6.
ISBN
978-3-8290-0246-2 .
^
"Nicholas V | Vatican Library & Dum Diversas" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 6 May 2019 .
^ Kenneth Meyer Setton (1976).
The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571 . American Philosophical Society. p. 183.
ISBN
978-0-87169-127-9 .
^ Miranda Jane Aldhouse-Green; Ralph Alan Griffiths; Raymond Howell; Tony Hopkins (2004).
The Gwent County History: The age of the Marcher Lords, c.1070-1536 . University of Wales Press. p. 265.
ISBN
978-0-7083-2072-3 .
^ Zsigmond M¢ricz (1 January 1995).
Be Faithful Unto Death . Central European University Press. p. 305.
ISBN
978-1-85866-060-8 .
^ O. J. Schnaubelt; Joseph C. Schnaubelt; Frederick Van Fleteren (1999).
Augustine in Iconography: History and Legend . P. Lang. p. 339.
ISBN
978-0-8204-2291-6 .
^ William John Wright (1988).
Capitalism, the State, and the Lutheran Reformation: Sixteenth-century Hesse . Ohio University Press. p. 46.
ISBN
978-0-8214-0863-6 .
^ Théoharis Stavrides (2001).
The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1453-1474) . BRILL. p. 94.
ISBN
90-04-12106-4 .
^ E. Michael Gerli (2003).
Medieval Iberia . Taylor & Francis. p. 57.
ISBN
978-0-415-93918-8 .
^ Annie E. McKilliam (1912).
A Chronicle of the Popes from St. Peter to Pius X . G. Bell and sons, Limited. p. 388.
^ James Gairdner (1895).
The Paston letters, 1422-1509 A.D.: A new ed. containing upwards of four hundred letters, etc., hitherto unpublished . A. Constable. p. 444.