August 21 – King
Baldwin II falls seriously ill, after his return from
Antioch. He is moved to the patriarch's residence near the Holy Sepulchre, where he bequeaths the kingdom to his daughter
Melisende, her husband
Fulk and their infant son,
Baldwin. He takes monastic vows, and dies soon after. Baldwin is buried in the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, at
Jerusalem.[20]
September 14 – Melisende succeeds her father Baldwin II to the throne, and reigns jointly with Fulk, as
King and Queen of Jerusalem. Their coronation, in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, is celebrated with festivities.
The
Knights Templars appear in the North-East of
Spain and are receiving privileges from King
Alfonso I (the Battler). The Templars support him to regain land from the Almoravids. Alfonso grants them exemption of
tax on a fifth of the wealth taken from the Muslims. The Templars found their first stronghold in
Aragon.[21]
October 13 – The 15-year-old
Philip, eldest son of King
Louis VI (the Fat) of
France, dies when his horse trips over a black pig that darts out of a dung heap unexpectedly at a market in
Paris.
June – A fire breaks out in the Chinese capital of
Hangzhou, destroying 13,000 houses and forcing many to flee to the nearby hills. Due to large fires as this, the government installs an effective
fire fighting force for the city. Items such as
bamboo, planks, and rush-matting are temporarily exempted from taxation, 120 tons of rice are distributed among the poor. The government suspends the housing rent requirement of the city's residents.
Count
Hugh II (du Puiset), in alliance with the
Egyptian city of
Ascalon, revolts against King
Fulk V of
Jerusalem, attempting to take
Jaffa. Hugh submits to Fulk and is exiled for three years. While awaiting for a boat to
Italy he is attacked by a
Breton knight, but survives the attempted murder. Hugh retires to the
Sicilian court of his cousin, King
Roger II, who appoints him to the lordship of
Gargano, where he dies soon afterwards.[30]
Wu Ge, Chinese
Song Dynasty Deputy Transport Commissioner of
Zhejiang, has
paddle wheel warships constructed with a total of nine wheels, and others with thirteen wheels.
The
Zeeland archipelago is created by a massive storm in the
North Sea.
Herman III (the Great), margrave of
Baden, marries Bertha of Lorraine.
By topic
Culture
May 13 – The
Saint-Denis basilica, near
Paris, is damaged by a fire. This will give the opportunity to the French abbot
Suger to rebuild it in a new style, which will open the
Gothic period of architecture.
Spring –
Shams al-Mulk Isma'il, Seljuk ruler of
Damascus, sends envoys to
Imad al-Din Zengi, Seljuk ruler of
Mosul, to seek his protection in exchange of Damascus. Zengi crosses the
Euphrates, receiving the surrender of the city of
Hama. He besieges Damascus but, due to a shortage of supplies, is forced to abandon the siege. Zengi extricates himself from Damascus, his Seljuk forces capture the fortresses at
Ma'arrat and
Atharib.[31]
Queen
Melisende of
Jerusalem reconciles with her husband
Fulk V, after a period of estrangement occasioned by her growing power, and rumors that she has had an affair with
Hugh II (du Puiset), former count of
Jaffa.
Europe
January 7 – King
Harald IV returns with Danish reinforcements and the support of King
Eric II ("the Memorable"). He captures his nephew and joint ruler
Magnus IV (Sigurdsson), who is blinded, castrated – and confined in
Nidarholm Abbey (located on the island of
Munkholmen).
Summer – King
Roger II lands with a Sicilian expeditionary force in
Salerno. He splits his army, and conquers the cities of
Aversa and
Alife. Roger besieges
Naples – but despite poor health conditions within the city, he is not able to take it, and returns again to
Messina.
Lothair III receives a
Byzantine embassy at his court, on behalf of Emperor
John II Komnenos. It offers large financial subsidies for Lothair to start a campaign against Roger II. The negotiations will last for some months.[32]
December 26 – Stephen of Blois is crowned at
Westminster Abbey in
London by Archbishop
William de Corbeil. Matilda (pregnant with child) and her husband
Geoffrey V ("the Fair") leave for their own safety to Normandy, where she plans how to overthrow Stephen and claim the English throne for her own.
May 28 – In
Russia, the people of
Novgorod depose and imprison Prince
Vsevolod of Pskov. Novgorod asserts its independence from
Kiev, but accepts protection from neighboring
Kievan princes. In July, Vsevolod along with his wife and family are released (they are
exiled to an uncle in Kiev).
Spring – King
David I of Scotland invades northern
England and captures many of the major towns including
Carlisle and
Newcastle. In response, King
Stephen raises an army (with
Flemish mercenaries), and marches to
Durham. David agrees to negotiate a peace between the two countries.
Spring – Emperor
John II (Komnenos) leads a Byzantine expeditionary force into
Cilicia (the Byzantine fleet guards his flank). He defeats the Armenians under Prince
Leo I ("Lord of the Mountains"), and captures the cities of
Mersin,
Tarsus,
Adana and
Mamistra. Leo retreats to the great fortifications of
Anazarbus – where its garrison resists for 37 days. The Byzantine
siege engines batter down its walls, and the city is forced to surrender. Leo escapes into the
Taurus Mountains, while the Byzantine forces march southward into the plain of
Antioch.[37]
August 29 – John II appears before the walls of Antioch, and encamps with the Byzantine army on the north bank of the
Orontes River. For several days he besieges the city,
Raymond of Poitiers (prince of Antioch) is forced to surrender. He recognizes John as his suzerain and becomes with
Joscelin II (count of
Edessa) a vassal of the
Byzantine Empire.[38]
Levant
March 25 –
Bazwāj, a
mamluk (slave) commander of
Damascus, launches a military campaign against
Tripoli, reaching
Pilgrims' Mount. He defeats a
Crusader army under Count
Pons (protector of Tripoli). Pons is forced to flee into the mountains where native Christians capture him. Later, he is handed over and instantly put to death by Bazwāj.[39]
Summer –
Battle of Ba'rin: A Crusader force led by King
Fulk of Jerusalem is scattered and defeated by
Imad al-Din Zengi, Seljuk governor (atabeg) of
Mosul. Fulk with a small bodyguard escapes into
Montferrand Castle, which is surrounded and besieged by Zengi. After negotiations, Fulk is granted his freedom in exchange for the castle.[40]
July 25 – Louis VI sends his 16-year-old son
Louis Capet with an escort of 500 knights to
Bordeaux, along with Abbot
Suger in charge of the wedding arrangements. Louis and Eleanor are married in the
Cathedral of Saint-André. France unites Aquitaine and its territories to the
Pyrenees.
Spring – King
Stephen sails to
Normandy to confront
Geoffrey V (the Fair) and the
Angevins, who are attacking the southern areas of Normandy. Although Stephen has some success, he is not able to recapture Normandy from
Matilda, daughter and heiress of the late King
Henry I.[41]
King
Gruffudd ap Cynan of
Gwynedd dies after a 56-year reign, having rebuilt Welsh power overturned earlier by Henry I. He is succeeded by his son
Owain Gwynedd who together with his other brothers,
Cadwaladr and
Cadwallon, work to revive the power of Gwynedd in
Wales.
In
China during the
Song Dynasty, a fire breaks out in the new capital of
Hangzhou. The government suspends the requirement of rent payments, alms of 108,840 kg (120 tons) of
rice are distributed to the poor, and items such as
bamboo, planks and rush-matting are exempted from government taxation.
March 7 –
Conrad III is elected as
King of Germany, in the presence of the papal legate
Theodwin at
Koblenz. He is crowned at
Aachen six days later (on
March 13), and acknowledged in
Bamberg by several German princes of southern
Germany.[44]Henry X (the Proud), son-in-law and heir of the late King
Lothair III, refuses his allegiance to Conrad. He is deprived of all his Saxon territories, which are given to
Leopold IV (the Generous).
Summer – A civil war breaks out in the
Holy Roman Empire, a struggle begins between the
Guelphs and Ghibellines, while the family name
Welf of Henry X will be corrupted into Guelph.
May – Earl
Robert FitzRoy rebels against King
Stephen, supporting Matilda (his step-sister) in her claim for the English throne. Matilda is given refuge by Earl
William de Albini at
Arundel Castle. Stephen builds siege works around the castle, but is unable to break the castle's defences. In
France, Matilda's husband Duke
Geoffrey V (the Fair) takes advantage of the situation by re-invading
Normandy.
Siege of Shaizar: The Byzantines under John II besiege the capital of the
Munqidhite Emirate. They capture the lower city on
May 20, but fail to take the citadel. John negotiates with Emir
Abu'l Asakir Sultan – who sends him an offer to pay a large indemnity and becoming a
vassal of the
Byzantine Empire. John, disgusted by his Crusader allies, accepts the terms and raises the siege on
May 21.[47]
^Foster, Robert W. (2002).
"Yue Fei, 1103 - 1141". In Hammond, Kenneth James (ed.). The Human Tradition in Premodern China. The Human Tradition Around the World. Vol. 4. Wilmington, DE: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 99.
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^Doran, John (2016).
"Two Popes: The City vs. the World". In Doran, John; Smith, Damian J. (eds.). Pope Innocent II (1130-43): The World vs the City. Church, Faith and Culture in the Medieval West. London and New York: Routledge.
ISBN9781317078302.
^Dunham, Samuel Astley (1839).
History of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. Vol. II. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans and John Taylor. pp. 271–272.
^Cable, Monica (1994).
"Hangzhou (Zheijang, China)". In Boda, Sharon La (ed.). International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 5: Asia and Oceania. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 325.
ISBN9781884964046.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 171–172.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 162–163.
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^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 164–165.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 61–63.
ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^
abcWalford, Cornelius, ed. (1876). "Fires, Great". The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance. C. and E. Layton. p. 26.
^
abde Rapin, Paul (1724). Histoire d'Angleterre. Vol. 2. La Haye: Alexandre de Rogissart.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 173–175.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 384.
ISBN978-0-521-42974-0.
^Yong, Tong (2012).
"Yancheng, Battle Of (1139)". In Li, Xiaobing (ed.). China at War: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. 510–511.
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^Avonds, Piet (2016) [2001].
"Brabant, Duchy of". In Jeep, John M. (ed.). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Germany (2001): An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Taylor & Francis. p. 72.
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^Solé, Glória; Reis, Diana; Machado, Andreia (Autumn 2016). "The Potentialities Of Using Historical Fiction And Legends In History Teaching: A Study With Primary Education Portuguese Students". History Education Research Journal. 14 (1): 143.
doi:
10.18546/HERJ.14.1.11. The second fictional narrative, Legend Of Ourique Miracle, Gentil Marques' version (1997), focuses on the Battle of Ourique, 1139, which was fought between Christians and Moors in the Alentejo (South of Portugal), during the Christian reconquest process. D. Afonso Henriques had planned to conquer land in the south of Portugal and also seize cattle, slaves and other booty. Despite being out numbered by Muslim forces, according to legend, the Portuguese were able in the battle, with God's help, to capture five Moorish kings and their troops. After this resounding victory D. Afonso Henriques proclaimed himself King of Portugal (or was acclaimed by his troops still on the battlefield). Accordingly from 1140 he used the denomination Portugallensis Rex (King of Portucalian or King of the Portuguese).
^Kelly, John Norman Davidson; Walsh, Michael J. (2010) [1986].
A Dictionary of Popes. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 169.
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^Pryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (2003) [1941].
Handbook of British Chronology. Royal Historical Society (Third ed.). Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 35.
ISBN9780521563505.
^Peck, Cristopher A. (May 2018).
"Eustace, Son of King Stephen: The Model Prince in Twelfth-Century England"(PDF). Honors Project for HSS-490, University of North Carolina. Greensboro, NC: 4.
Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Eustace is presumed to have been born in 1130, but unfortunately there is no direct documentation or evidence dating his exact birth year
^Mayer, Hans Eberhard (1972). "Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 26: 93–182.
doi:
10.2307/1291317.
ISSN0070-7546.
JSTOR1291317. Baldwin III was born in the first half of 1130, at the latest in August 1130
^Rønning, Ole-Albert (Spring 2015).
"Beyond Borders: Material Support From Abroad in the Scandinavian Civil Wars, 1130-1180". Master Thesis for the Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo: 4. In Norway, they begun with the death of King Sigurd Jorsalfar in 1130, and in Denmark they started with the murder of the powerful magnate and royal descendant Knud Lavard in 1131.
^Van, K. Dijck-Mulier (1992). "[The tomb monuments of the Dukes of Brabant (12th-14th century)]". Verhandelingen - Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van Belgie. 54 (5): 395–412.
ISSN0302-6469.
PMID1288029.
^Martin, Janet (2006). "Calculating Seniority and the Contests for Succession in Kievan Rus'". Russian History. 33 (2/4): 267–281.
doi:
10.1163/187633106X00168.
ISSN0094-288X.
JSTOR24664444. After Monomakh's death, his sons, Mstislav (1125-1132) and Iaropolk (1132-1139), held the throne
^Stalley, R. A. (2017-09-20). "A Twelfth-Century Patron of Architecture". Journal of the British Archaeological Association. 34: 62–83.
doi:
10.1080/00681288.1971.11894910.
Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5. 37: 31–47.
doi:
10.2307/3679149.
JSTOR3679149.
McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders in the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and the principality of Tarragona, 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82.
doi:
10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518) (in French). Paris: La Découverte. p. 86.
ISBN978-2707152312.
Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'occident au Moyen Âge, VIIIe-XIIIe siècle (in French). Presses Universitaires de France.
ISBN978-2130488101.