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From left, clockwise: 2010 Chile earthquake was one of the strongest recorded in history;
Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull disrupts air travel in Europe; A scene from the opening ceremony of the
2010 Winter Olympics in
Vancouver,
British Columbia,
Canada;
Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion was the worst marine oil spill in history; North Korean artillery attacks Yeonpyeong Island.; Kyrgyzstan Revolution: people entering the White House in Bishkek on 7 April.; Remains of Tu-154 after crash on April 10, 2010 that killed Polish president Lech Kaczyński; Child is treated for injuries following
2010 Haitian earthquake which killed over an estimated 100,000 people.
From left, clockwise: Anti-government protests called the Arab Spring arose in 2010–2011, and as a result, many governments were overthrown, including when Libyan dictator
Muammar Gaddafi was
killed;
Crimea is annexed by Russia in 2014; ISIS/ISIL perpetrates terrorist attacks and captures territory in Syria and Iraq;
climate change awareness and the Paris Agreement; the
Event Horizon Telescope captures the first image of a black hole in 2019; Obergefell v. Hodges legalizes
same-sex marriage in the United States in 2015; increasing use of digital and mobile technologies; the
UK votes to leave the
EU in 2016, on a rising tide of
populism throughout the West during the decade.
From left, clockwise: The Ford Model T is introduced and becomes widespread; The sinking of the
RMS Titanic causes the deaths of nearly 1,500 people and attracts global and historical attention; Title bar: All the events below are part of World War I (1914–1918); French Army lookout at his observation post in 1917; Russian troops awaiting a German attack; A ration party of the
Royal Irish Rifles in a communication trench during the Battle of the Somme;
Vladimir Lenin addresses a crowd in the midst of the Russian Revolution, beginning in 1917; A flu pandemic in 1918 kills tens of millions worldwide.
From top left, clockwise:
Mexican-American War was a conflict that ushered the American expansion in its
western frontier, paving way for new territories (and eventually states) such as
Texas and
California;
Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 resulted with the establishment of
New Zealand as a
British colony, symbolizing Britain's rising power and expansion to new reaches, particularly in the
New World, where demand for imperial power and trade control increases; The
great auk goes extinct, as it falls victim to overhunting;
First Opium War catalyzed Europe's imperial encroachment and control over Chinese ports, as the war resulted with
Hong Kong's succession to
Britain via the
Treaty of Nanking; The
Oregon Trail opens up to the world, prompting a
wave of migration to the American west and later on, a
gold rush in California that persisted through the 1850s; The
saxophone was patented and released to the public, forging way for future music genres such as
jazz,
swing, and
blues; First edition of
the Communist Manifesto was published by
Karl Marx in February 1848. This publication would go on to create a revolutionary shift in political ideologies and thought in the 20th century, influencing entire states such as
Soviet Union,
China, and
Cuba; the
Revolutions of 1848 ravages European politics, and causes multiple socio-cultural changes, particularly in
classical music, arts, and politics.
From top left, clockwise:
Queen Victoria's coronation marked the beginning of her 64-year long reign. Her reign meant the revival of the
British Empire, as the
United Kingdom rapidly grew powerful territorially and economically. Under her rule, Britain saw a massive upheaval of colonial power, as over a quarter of the world fell into British rule;
France's 1830 revolution reinstated liberal values – and later French imperialism – back into French governance and power. The revolution resulted in the dethroning of King
Charles X and indirectly rebirthed the
French colonial empire;
Michael Faraday and
John Daniell's studies helped form the basis of
electrochemistry via the discovery of
electromagnetic induction. Their discoveries moulded a huge part of contemporary
chemistry, and forever changed the way people utilized
electricity;
HMS Beagle circumnavigates the world twice. Its
second expedition with
Charles Darwin has proven to be particularly pioneering, as the discoveries and theories he made on said voyage, helped him develop the
theory of evolution, widely enhanced scientific consensus and knowledge on
taxonomy and
biology, and birthed the concept of
natural selection;
Slave and free states grow in number and power; a dynamic movement widely perceived as a prelude to the
American Civil War as abolishment and establishment began to socio-politically polarize the United States' society, subsequently forming
Union and
Confederate states; The
telegraph is invented by
Samuel Morse. His patent opened the world to global networking and broke long distances as boundaries with it – the first of its kind; an 1832 still-life image developed by a
daguerrotype. The daguerreotype was first introduced to the public in 1839. Its release made it the first invention that enabled the public to capture images on a recurrent basis – a move that would eventually nurture the growth of modern-day
photography;
Hans Christian Andersen publishes his first collection of fairy tales in 1837. His publications profoundly transformed literature, and grew to become one of the most popular and influential storywriters of the 19th century, with stories like
The Little Mermaid (as pictured), and
Thumbelina; a legacy that today retains as
Denmark's national icon.
From top left, clockwise:
Ludwig van Beethoven re-emerged as a popular composer during this decade, when his iconic
Symphony No. 9 is first performed in
Vienna in 1824. The
First Industrial Revolution achieves peak momentum for the West, as depicted in this engraving of a textile factory operating in
Manchester, arguably England's industrial hub of the 19th century; The
world's oldest photograph was taken in 1826, as seen above. The decade was the start of
daguerrotype development – an instrument used for motion-picture capturing and was a precursor instrument to the
camera;
South American wars of independence were on full swing, as countries like
Brazil,
Bolivia,
Peru, and
Uruguay gained their independence at this era; a turning point for regional politics, and heavily influenced South America's contemporary socio-political conditions; Crowds gather to witness the opening of the world's first railway – the
Stockton and Darlington Railway – as it formally commenced in 1825; The world's first
electric motor was created by Hungarian engineer
Ányos Jedlik. His invention would drive to form modern-day knowledge and utilization of
electricity, and forged way for studies on
electrochemistry and
engineering to grow;
Antarctica was discovered and explored for the first time. Its inaugural expedition into continental waters was led by a Russian crew headed by
Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, in 1819 to 1821; The
typewriter receives its first patent in 1829; a breakthrough in technology, and paved way to form modern-day
communications and
computer science.
From top left, clockwise: The
Battle of Waterloo signified the end of
Napoleon's
conquests, as it sealed the downfall of
his empire and brought his campaigns to an end; The
French invasion of Russia and the subsequent retreat from
Russia's harsh winter proved to be a turning point in the
Napoleonic Wars, as food shortages and drastic supply loss led to catastrophic French losses from which
Napoleon would never recover; The
stethoscope was invented – its first prototype made by Frenchman
René Laennec could be shown here. His invention proved to be an innovation that changed the course of medical diagnosis and overall
medicinal sciences;
Mount Tambora's
eruption in 1815 – the world's largest volcanic eruption in recorded history – inflicted over 90,000 human deaths, a cycle of
famines, and a series harsh winters over the next few years, in a period that would be known as the
Year Without a Summer. Its global impact had arguably made its eruption the world's most influential –and worst– volcanic eruption on contemporary history; -
War of 1812 was fought over Canada and the U.S, and largely involved the struggle between remnants of British imperialism on the continent, with the then-fledgeling nationalist movements that sprung as the aftermath of the
American Revolutionary War and
the United States' independence. It is widely considered as a spillover political conflict of the
Napoleonic Wars; The
Great Comet of 1811 made a brief appearance. Observations made by amateur scientists evolved modern-day understanding of
comets, and eventually forged a way for
astronomy knowledge;
Theory of Colours was first published. The German-made theory helped inspire countless of
visual arts and
design concepts in the future, as well as nurturing further understanding on
colours; The
gas light becomes widely implemented into urban systems – mainly as
streetlights – after its inception on the
1800s.
From top left, clockwise:
Napoleon Bonaparte is crowned Emperor of the French Empire and embarked on trans-European conquests, which would later on be best known as the
Napoleonic Wars – a conflict that forever transformed European politics, and gave rise to the
global struggle for hegemony;
Ceres was discovered, proving the existence of an
asteroid belt between the
Solar System's inner and outer planets; Inventor
Isaac de Rivas created a hydrogen gas-powered vehicle, an inception to
automotive engineering and internal combustion engines; - The
Louisiana Purchase was made, singlehandedly expanding the
United States of America in a scale larger than ever; to this day the purchase is still viewed as one of the largest expansions within
North America to date;
Symington's
Charlotte Dundas became the world's first functioning steamboat;
Haiti declares independence in 1804, becoming the world's very first black-led republic and the first independent Caribbean state, with its victory marking the world's arguably only successful slave revolution in history;
Morphine is successfully isolated from
opium and is produced for the first time as a separate medicinal product in 1804;
Francis II abdicates in 1806, thus dissolving the
Holy Roman Empire.
From top left, clockwise:
Atlantic slave trade and
abolitionism gain momentum over Europe and the Americas, as bans began to be enacted in countries such as
Denmark-Norway (1803), the
United Kingdom (1807), and Union States of the United States (1808) in the subsequent decade, following movements and upheavals of awareness at this period; Now-iconic
Peking opera was conceived after the
Four Great Anhui Troupes were brought into the dynasty capital to perform in Beijing, sometime in 1790; The
metric system is formally adopted for the first time in France after receiving recommendation from its Commission of Weights and Measures. This set the metric system as a global default of measures and trail-blazed its universal acceptance as the standard of measures, outpacing the imperial system in the process;
Smallpox vaccine was created in 1796 by British doctor Edward Jenner; a patent that would unknowingly lead to the
eradication of smallpox, directly contributing to the world's first and only successful disease eradication campaign; The United States'
very first contested presidential elections took place in 1796, who was eventually won over by John Adams; The
cotton gin was first formally patented and came into industrial use in 1793, by American
Eli Whitney. The modernized version of the engine paved way for much of the Industrial Revolution and enabled the textile industry to evolve and flourish more, due to its ability to separate cotton;
French Revolutionary Wars broke out and culminated at this decade, where events such as the
Reign of Terror (pictured) and the establishment of the
French First Republic set off frenzied politics, birthing the idea of modern-day
political spectrum in the process;
Lithography was invented, revolutionising
print methods, and increasing pragmatism over information processing.
From top left, clockwise: English Explorer
James Cook commenced
his first voyage around the world and becoming the first known Europeans to reach the east coast of Australia; victory at the
Battle of Buxar and subsequent
Treaty of Allahabad marked start of the political and constitutional involvement
East India Company and the beginning of British rule in India; the Dutch ship, the
Meermin is taken over by the slaves it was transporting in the
Meermin slave mutiny;
George III is
crownedking of the United Kingdom and would go on to reign longer than any of his predecessors; French inventor
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built the world's first full-size and working self-propelled mechanical land-vehicle, the "Fardier à vapeur" — effectively the world's first automobile; the
Stamp Act is passed by the British parliament required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London. The unpopularity of the Stamp Act, and other such taxes levied by the parliament would contribute to the start of the American revolution;
Leopold Mozart and his family
toured Europe allowing their children to experience to the full the cosmopolitan musical world which in
Wolfgang's case this would continue through further journeys in the following six years, prior to his appointment by the Prince-Archbishop as a court musician; the signing of the
Treaty of Paris formally ended the Seven Years' War and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe.
From top left, clockwise: The
Treaty of Madrid amends the pre-existing
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494). Signed in 1750, this Spanish-Portuguese agreement, enabled
Portugal to claim more holdings in what is now
Brazil;
Dzungar Khanate is captured by
Qing forces in 1755, ultimately transferring
Xinjiang into the hands of Han Chinese power – a legacy that continues to this day in modern-day
China; A
destructive earthquake and tsunami ravages the city of
Lisbon in 1755, strongly influencing the studies of engineering, as well as philosophical thoughts on the Western
Age of Enlightenment;
Britain's victory during the
Battle of Quiberon Bay signalled the rise of the
British Navy's power, as it heightens its ranks of becoming the world's foremost naval power, and a dominant global entity for the next two centuries;
Halley's Comet appears accurately from scientific projections for the first time in 1759; Artificial
refrigeration is invented and first used in 1758 under the studies of Scottish physician and chemist
William Cullen; The precipitation of the
French and Indian War in 1754 proved to become one of North America's first major interstate conflicts, and one of the largest to significantly involve
Native American tribes such as the
Iroquois, the
Cherokee, and the
Mi'kmaqs;
Benjamin Franklin conducts his now-iconic
kite experiment in 1752, leading him to the discovery of
electricity and the invention of
lightning rods.