The diplomatic foreign relations of the United Kingdom are conducted by the
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office , headed by the
Foreign Secretary . The
prime minister and numerous other agencies play a role in setting policy, and many institutions and businesses have a voice and a role.
The
United Kingdom was the world's
foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries, most notably during the so-called "
Pax Britannica "—a period of unrivaled supremacy and unprecedented international peace during the mid-to-late 1800s. The country continued to be widely considered a
superpower until the
Suez crisis of 1956 and the dismantling of the
British Empire left the UK's dominant role in global affairs to be gradually diminished. Nevertheless, the United Kingdom remains a
great power and a
permanent member of the
United Nations Security Council , a founding member of the
G7 ,
G20 ,
NATO ,
AUKUS ,
OECD ,
WTO ,
Council of Europe ,
OSCE , and the
Commonwealth of Nations , the latter being a legacy of the British Empire. The UK had been a member state of the
European Union (and a member of its predecessors) since 1973. However, due to the outcome of a 2016
membership referendum , proceedings to withdraw from the EU
began in 2017 and concluded when the UK formally left the EU on 31 January 2020, and the
transition period on 31 December 2020 with an
EU trade agreement . Since the vote and the conclusion of trade talks with the EU, policymakers have begun pursuing new
trade agreements with other global partners.
History
The
Battle of Nivelle - a
Peninsular War battle between the French and the British armies in France in 1813
Following the formation of the
Kingdom of Great Britain (which united England and Scotland) in 1707, British foreign relations largely continued those of the
Kingdom of England . British foreign policy initially focused on achieving a
balance of power within Europe, with no one country achieving dominance over the affairs of the continent. This policy remained a major justification for Britain's wars against Napoleon, and for British involvement in the
First and
Second World Wars . Secondly Britain continued the expansion of its colonial "
First British Empire " by migration and investment.
France was the chief enemy until the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. It had a much larger population and a more powerful army, but a weaker navy. The British were generally
successful in their many wars . The notable exception, the
American War of Independence (1775–1783), saw Britain, without any major allies, defeated by the American colonials who had the support of France, the Netherlands and (indirectly) Spain. A favoured British diplomatic strategy involved subsidising the armies of continental allies (such as
Prussia ), thereby turning London's enormous financial power to military advantage. Britain relied heavily on its
Royal Navy for security, seeking to keep it the most powerful fleet afloat, eventually with a full complement of bases across the globe. British dominance of the seas was vital to the formation and maintaining of the British Empire, which was achieved through the support of a navy larger than the next two largest navies combined, prior to 1920. The British generally stood alone until the early 20th century, when it became friendly with the U.S. and made alliances with Japan, France and Russia and Germany former antagonist now ally.
1814–1914
Map of the
British Empire (as of 1910). At its height, it was the
largest empire in history.
The 100 years were generally peaceful--a sort of
Pax Britannica enforced by the Royal Navy. There were two important wars, both limited in scope. The
Crimean War (1853–1856) saw the defeat of Russia and its threat to the Ottoman Empire. The
Second Boer War (1899–1902) saw the defeat of the two Boer republics in South Africa and
Boxer Rebellion happen the same year. London became the world's
financial centre , and commercial enterprise expanded across the globe. The "
Second British Empire " was built with a base in Asia (especially India) and Africa.
First World War
1920s
After 1918 Britain was a "troubled giant" that was less of a dominant diplomatic force in the 1920s than before. It often had to give way to the United States, which frequently exercised its financial superiority.
[1] The main themes of British foreign policy included a leading role at the
Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920, where
Lloyd George worked hard to moderate French demands for revenge on Germany.
[2] He was partly successful, but Britain soon had to moderate French policy toward Germany further, as in the
Locarno Treaties of 1925.
[3]
[4] Furthermore, Britain obtained "mandates" that allowed it and its dominions to govern most of the former German and Ottoman colonies.
[5]
Britain became an active member of the new
League of Nations , but its list of major achievements was slight.
[6]
[7]
Disarmament was high on the agenda, and Britain played a major role following the United States in the
Washington Naval Conference of 1921 in working toward naval disarmament of the major powers. By 1933 disarmament agreements had collapsed and the issue became rearming for a war against Germany.
[8]
Britain was partially successful in negotiating better terms with United States regarding the large war loans which Britain was obliged to repay.
[9] Britain supported the international solution to German reparations through the
Dawes Plan and the
Young Plan . After the Dawes Plan had helped stabilize Germany's currency and lowered its annual payments, Germany was able to pay its annual reparations using money borrowed from New York banks, and Britain used the money received to pay Washington.
[10] The
Great Depression starting in 1929 put enormous pressure on the British economy. Britain revived
Imperial Preference , which meant low tariffs within the British Empire and higher barriers to trade with outside countries. The flow of money from New York dried up, and the system of reparations and payment of debt died in 1931.
In domestic British politics, the emerging
Labour Party had a distinctive and suspicious foreign policy based on
pacifism . Its leaders believed that peace was impossible because of
capitalism ,
secret diplomacy , and the
trade in armaments . Labour stressed material factors that ignored the psychological memories of the
Great War and the highly emotional tensions regarding nationalism and the boundaries of countries. Nevertheless,
party leader
Ramsay MacDonald devoted much of his attention to European policies.
[11]
1930s
Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, and Mussolini pictured before signing the 1938
Munich Agreement , which gave the
Sudetenland to Nazi Germany.
Vivid memories of the horrors and deaths of the First World War inclined many Britons—and their leaders in all parties—to pacifism in the interwar era. This led directly to the
appeasement of dictators (notably of
Mussolini and of
Hitler ) in order to avoid their threats of war.
[12]
The challenge came from those dictators, first from
Benito Mussolini ,
Duce of
Italy , then from
Adolf Hitler ,
Führer of a much more powerful
Nazi Germany . The League of Nations proved disappointing to its supporters; it failed to resolve any of the threats posed by the dictators. British policy involved "appeasing" them in the hopes they would be satiated. By 1938 it was clear that war was looming, and that Germany had the world's most powerful military. The final act of appeasement came when Britain and France sacrificed
Czechoslovakia to Hitler's demands at the
Munich Agreement of September 1938.
[13] Instead of satiation, Hitler menaced Poland, and at last Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain dropped appeasement and stood firm in
promising to defend Poland (31 March 1939). Hitler however
cut a deal with
Joseph Stalin to divide Eastern Europe (23 August 1939); when Germany did invade Poland in September 1939, Britain and France declared war, and the British Commonwealth followed London's lead.
[14]
Second World War
Having signed the Anglo-Polish military alliance in August 1939,
Britain and France declared war against Germany in September 1939 in response to Germany's invasion of Poland. This declaration included the
Crown colonies and
India , which Britain directly controlled. The dominions were independent in foreign policy, though all quickly entered the war against Germany. After the French defeat in June 1940, Britain and its empire stood alone in combat against Germany, until June 1941. The United States gave diplomatic, financial and material support, starting in 1940, especially through
Lend Lease , which began in 1941 and attain full strength during 1943. In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and agreed on the
Atlantic Charter , which proclaimed "the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live" should be respected. This wording was ambiguous and would be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements.
[15]
Starting in December 1941, Japan overran British possessions in Asia, including
Hong Kong ,
Malaya , and especially the key base at
Singapore . Japan then marched into
Burma , headed toward India. Churchill's reaction to the entry of the United States into the war was that Britain was now assured of victory and the future of the empire was safe, but the rapid defeats irreversibly harmed Britain's standing and prestige as an
imperial power . The realisation that Britain could not defend them pushed Australia and New Zealand into permanent close ties with the United States.
[16]
Postwar
Overseas military bases in 2016 (blue) and military interventions since 2000 (red).
Economically in dire straits in 1945 (saddled with debt and dealing with
widespread destruction of its infrastructure ), Britain systematically reduced its overseas commitments. It pursued an alternate role as an active participant in the
Cold War against
communism , especially as a founding member of NATO in 1949.
[17]
The British had built up a very large worldwide Empire, which peaked in size in 1922, after more than half a century of unchallenged global supremacy. The cumulative costs of fighting two world wars, however, placed a heavy burden upon the home economy, and after 1945 the British Empire rapidly began to disintegrate, with all the major colonies gaining independence. By the mid-to-late 1950s, the UK's status as a superpower was gone in the face of the United States and the Soviet Union. Most former colonies joined the "Commonwealth of Nations", an organisation of fully independent nations now with equal status to the UK. However it attempted no major collective policies.
[18]
[19] The last major colony, Hong Kong, was handed over to China in 1997.
[20] Fourteen
British Overseas Territories maintain a constitutional link to the UK, but are not part of the country per se.
[21]
Britain slashed its involvements in the
Middle East after the humiliating
Suez Crisis of 1956. However Britain did forge close military ties with the United States, France, and Germany, through the NATO military alliance. After years of debate (and rebuffs), Britain joined the
Common Market in 1973; which became the
European Union in 1993.
[22] However it did not merge
financially , and kept the pound separate from the
Euro , which partly isolated it from the EU
financial crisis of 2011 .
[23] In June 2016, the UK
voted to leave the EU .
[24]
[25]
21st century
British Prime Minister
Boris Johnson and U.S. President
Donald Trump at the
45th G7 in Biarritz , August 2019.
Foreign policy initiatives of UK governments since the 1990s have included military intervention in conflicts and for peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance programmes and increased aid spending, support for establishment of the
International Criminal Court , debt relief for developing countries, prioritisation of initiatives to address
climate change , and promotion of
free trade .
[26] The British approach has been described as "spread the right norms and sustain NATO".
[27]
Lunn et al. (2008) argue:
[28]
Three key motifs of Tony Blair's 10-year premiership were an activist philosophy of 'interventionism', maintaining a strong alliance with the US and a commitment to placing Britain at the heart of Europe. While the 'special relationship' and the question of Britain's role in Europe have been central to British foreign policy since the Second World War...interventionism was a genuinely new element.
The GREAT campaign of 2012 was one of the most ambitious national promotion efforts ever undertaken by any major nation. It was scheduled take maximum advantage of the worldwide attention to the
Summer Olympics in London . The goals were to make British more culture visible in order to stimulate trade, investment and tourism. The government partnered with key leaders in culture, business, diplomacy and education. The campaign unified many themes and targets, including business meetings; scholarly conventions; recreational vehicle dealers; parks and campgrounds; convention and visitors bureaus; hotels; bed and breakfast inns; casinos; and hotels.
[29]
[30]
In 2013, the government of David Cameron described its approach to foreign policy by saying:
[31]
For any given foreign policy issue, the UK potentially has a range of options for delivering impact in our national interest. ... [W]e have a complex network of alliances and partnerships through which we can work.... These include – besides the EU – the UN and groupings within it, such as the five permanent members of the Security Council (the “P5”); NATO; the Commonwealth; the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development; the G8 and G20 groups of leading industrialised nations; and so on.
The UK began establishing air and naval facilities in the
Persian Gulf , located in the
United Arab Emirates ,
Bahrain and
Oman in 2014–15.
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35] The
Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 highlighted a range of foreign policy initiatives of the UK government.
[36]
[37] Edward Longinotti notes how current British defence policy is grappling with how to accommodate two major commitments, to Europe and to an ‘
east of Suez ’ global military strategy, within a modest defence budget that can only fund one. He points out that Britain's December 2014 agreement to open a permanent naval base in Bahrain underlines its gradual re-commitment east of Suez.
[38] By some measures, Britain remains the second most powerful country in the world by virtue of its
soft power and "logistical capability to deploy, support and sustain [military] forces overseas in large numbers."
[39] Although commentators have questioned the need for global power projection,
[40] the concept of “Global Britain” put forward by the Conservative government in 2019 signalled more military activity in the Middle East and Pacific, outside of NATO's traditional sphere of influence.
[41]
[42]
At the end of January 2020, the
United Kingdom left the European Union , with a subsequent trade agreement with the EU in effect from 1 January 2021, setting out the terms of the UK-EU economic relationship and what abilities the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office can use in foreign relations related to trade.
Major international disputes since 1945
British street patrol in
Aden in 1967
A
Lynx Helicopter of the
British Army Air Corps ready to touch down on a desert road south of
Basra Airport , November 2003
from
to
dispute
1946
1949
Involved in
Greek Civil War
1945
1948
Administration of the
Mandate for Palestine , ending with the
establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. British forces often faced conflict with Arab nationalists and Jewish Zionist militia.
1947
1991
Cold War with
Soviet Union
1948
1949
Berlin Blockade – dispute with
USSR over access to
West Berlin and general Soviet expansionism in Eastern Europe
[43]
1948
1960
Malayan Emergency – armed conflict against the politically isolated Communist forces of the
Malayan National Liberation Army
1950
1953
Korean War – war with
North Korea
1951
1954
Abadan Crisis – dispute with
Iran over expropriated oil assets
1956
1957
Suez Crisis – armed conflict with
Egypt over its seizure of the
Suez Canal Zone , and unsupported by most of the
international community
1958
First Cod War – fishing dispute with
Iceland
1962
1966
Konfrontasi – war with
Indonesia
1972
1973
Second Cod War – fishing dispute with Iceland
1975
1976
Third Cod War – fishing dispute with Iceland
[44]
1982
Falklands War – war with Argentina over the
Falkland Islands and other British south Atlantic territories
1983
Condemnation of the United States over its
invasion of Grenada
[45]
1984
Dispute with
Libya after a
policewoman is shot dead in London by a gunman from within the Libyan embassy, and considerable Libyan support for the
IRA in Northern Ireland.
1988
Dispute with Libya over the 1988 bombing of a
Pan Am flight over the Scottish town of
Lockerbie
[46]
1991
Gulf War with Iraq
[47]
1995
Under UN mandate, military involvement in former
Yugoslavia (specifically
Bosnia )
1997
Hong Kong handover to
Chinese rule . Britain secures guarantees for a "special status" that would continue capitalism and protect existing British property.
[48]
1999
Involvement in
NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia over
Kosovo
2000
British action in saving the UN peacekeeping force from collapse and defeating the anti-government rebellion during the
Sierra Leone Civil War
2001
UN-sponsored war against, and subsequent occupation of,
Afghanistan
2003
2007
Collaboration with US and others in
war against, and occupation of,
Iraq ; over 46,000 British troops subsequently occupy
Basra and southern Iraq
2007
ongoing
Diplomatic dispute with
Russia over the death of
Alexander Litvinenko
[49]
2009
ongoing
Dispute with
Iran over its alleged
nuclear weapons programme , including sanctions and Iranian condemnation of the British government, culminating in a
2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran
2011
Under UN mandate, UK armed forces participated in enforcing the
Libyan No-Fly Zone as part of
Operation Ellamy
[50]
2013
Support for French forces in the
Malian civil war
2015
Support for the US-led coalition against the
Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant
2016
UN and
EU implement a
deal with Iran intended to prevent the country gaining access to nuclear weapons
[51]
2018
ongoing
Sanctions on
Russia following the
poisoning of Sergei Skripal using a
nerve agent in
Salisbury , England included the expulsions of 23 diplomats, the largest ever since the Cold War, an act that was retaliated by Russia
2019
ongoing
The
sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago is disputed between the United Kingdom and Mauritius. An advisory ruling by
International Court of Justice in
The Hague found that "the islands were not lawfully separated from the former colony of Mauritius",
[52] a view endorsed by the
United Nations General Assembly
2019
The UK seized an Iranian oil tanker in the
Strait of Gibraltar on the grounds that it was shipping oil to
Syria in violation of European Union sanctions. Iran later captured a British oil tanker and its crew members in the
Persian Gulf .
[53]
2022
ongoing
The UK provided support and equipment to Ukraine after
its invasion by Russia , which
declared the United Kingdom an unfriendly country after the UK strongly supported
international sanctions against Russia
Sovereignty disputes
Gibraltar National Day celebrations in 2013
Commonwealth of Nations
Members of the
Commonwealth of Nations .
The UK has varied relationships with the countries that make up the Commonwealth of Nations which originated from the
British Empire .
Charles III of the United Kingdom is
Head of the Commonwealth and is
King of 15 of its 56 member states. Those that retain the King as head of state are called
Commonwealth realms . Over time several countries have been suspended from the Commonwealth for various reasons.
Zimbabwe was suspended because of the
authoritarian rule of its
President .
[57]
Diplomatic relations
British diplomatic relations date back to the 13th century.
[58] The United Kingdom has established diplomatic relations with all
United Nations members , aside from
Bhutan , in addition to 3 Non-UN states: the
Cook Islands ,
Holy See , and
Kosovo . The following table lists the date from which diplomatic relations were established with foreign countries:
Bilateral relations
Africa
Country
Since
Notes
Algeria
1962
See
Foreign relations of Algeria
Angola
1977
See
Foreign relations of Angola
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Angola on 14 October 1977.
[162]
Angola maintains an
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Angola through its embassy in
Luanda .
[203]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204] and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a High Level Prosperity Partnership.
[205]
Benin
1960
See
Foreign relations of Benin
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Benin on 6 October 1960, then known as
Dahomey .
[135]
Benin does not maintain an embassy in the United Kingdom.
The United Kingdom is not accredited to Benin through an embassy.
[206]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[207] and the
World Trade Organization .
Botswana
1966
See
Botswana–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Botswana on 30 September 1966.
[117]
The UK governed
Botswana from 1885 to 1966, when it achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth and the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
SACUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement .
[210]
Burkina Faso
1960
See
Foreign relations of Burkina Faso
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Burkina Faso on 6 October 1960, then known as
Upper Volta .
[135]
Burkina Faso does not maintain an embassy in the United Kingdom.
The United Kingdom is not accredited to Burkina Faso through an embassy.
[211]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization .
Burundi
1962
See
Foreign relations of Burundi
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Burundi on 1 July 1962.
[138]
Burundi maintains an
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Burundi through its embassy office in
Bujumbura .
[212]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization .
Central African Republic
1960
See
Foreign relations of the Central African Republic
The UK established
diplomatic relations with the Central African Republic on 9 December 1960.
[135]
The Central African Republic does not maintain an embassy in the UK.
The United Kingdom is not accredited to the Central African Republic through an embassy; the UK develops relations through its embassy in
Kinshasa , DR Congo.
[213]
[214]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization .
Chad
1960
See
Foreign relations of Chad
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Chad on 9 December 1960.
[135]
Chad does not maintain an embassy in the UK.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Chad through its embassy in
N'Djamena .
[215]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Democratic Republic of the Congo
1960
See
Democratic Republic of the Congo–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 7 July 1960.
[132]
The Democratic Republic of the Congo maintains an
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to the Democratic Republic of the Congo through its embassy in
Kinshasa .
[214]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Djibouti
1978
See
Foreign relations of Djibouti
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Djibouti on 25 January 1978.
[149]
Djibouti does not maintain an embassy in the UK.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Djibouti through its embassy in
Djibouti .
[217]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization .
Egypt
1922
See
Egypt–United Kingdom relations
Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Equatorial Guinea
1969
See
Foreign relations of Equatorial Guinea
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Equatorial Guinea on 20 June 1969.
[148]
Equatorial Guinea closed its
embassy in London.
[218]
The United Kingdom is not accredited to Equatorial Guinea through an embassy.
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact.
[204]
Eswatini
1968
See
Foreign relations of Eswatini
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Eswatini on 6 September 1968.
[117]
Eswatini maintains a
high commission in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Eswatini through its high commission in
Mbabane .
[219]
The UK governed
Eswatini from 1903 to 1968, when it achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth and the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
SACUM-UK Economic Partnership Agreement .
[210]
Ethiopia
1841
See
Ethiopia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Ethiopia in 1841.
[81]
Ethiopia maintains an
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Ethiopia through its embassy in
Addis Ababa .
[220]
The UK administered
Ethiopia from 1941 to 1942. The UK continued to administered the regions of
Ogaden and Haud from 1941, until both territories were relinquished to Ethiopia in 1948 and 1955 respectively.
[221]
Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Gabon
1960
See
Foreign relations of Gabon
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Gabon on 9 December 1960.
[135]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204]
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization .
Ghana
1957
See
Ghana–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Ghana on 6 March 1957.
[117]
The UK governed
Ghana from 1821 to 1957, when it achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204]
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,
[216] an
Economic Partnership Agreement ,
[225] and a High Level Prosperity Partnership.
[205]
Guinea
1959
See
Foreign relations of Guinea
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Guinea on 28 May 1959.
[130]
Guinea maintains an
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Guinea through its embassy in
Conakry .
[226]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204] and the
World Trade Organization .
Guinea-Bissau
1975
See
Foreign relations of Guinea-Bissau
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Guinea on 12 March 1975.
[149]
Guinea-Bissau does not maintain an embassy in the United Kingdom.
The United Kingdom is not accredited to Guinea-Bissau through an embassy.
[227]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization .
Ivory Coast
1960
See
Foreign relations of Ivory Coast
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Ivory Coast on 12 October 1960.
[136]
Ivory Coast maintains an
embassy in London.
[228]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Ivory Coast through its embassy in
Abidjan .
[229]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204] and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a
Economic Partnership Agreement ,
[230] and a High Level Prosperity Partnership.
[205]
Kenya
1963
See
Kenya–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Kenya on 12 December 1963.
[142]
The UK governed
Kenya from 1895 to 1963, when it achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have an
Economic Partnership Agreement ,
[233] and a Development Partnership.
[216]
Liberia
1849
See
Liberia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Liberia on 1 August 1849.
[85]
Liberia maintains an
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Liberia through its embassy in
Monrovia .
[234]
The United Kingdom was the first country to recognise the independence of Liberia.
[235] Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204] and the
World Trade Organization .
Libya
See
Libya–United Kingdom relations
Malawi
1964
See
Malawi–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Malawi on 6 July 1964.
[117]
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Mali
1961
See
Foreign relations of Mali
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Mali on 22 March 1961.
[117]
Mali does not maintain an embassy in the United Kingdom.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Mali through its embassy in
Bamako .
[237]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization .
Mauritania
1960
See
Foreign relations of Mauritania
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Mauritania on 28 November 1960.
[137]
Mauritania maintains an
embassy in London.
[238]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Mauritania through its embassy in
Nouakchott .
[239]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204] and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Morocco
1956
See
Morocco–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Morocco on 28 June 1956.
[117]
Morocco maintains an
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Morocco through its embassy in
Rabat .
[240]
Bilateral relations between Morocco and the UK date back to the early 1200s.
[241]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204] and the
World Trade Organization . Both countries signed an
Association Agreement on 26 October 2019.
[242]
Mozambique
1975
See
Mozambique–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Mozambique on 1 September 1975.
[156]
Mozambique maintains a
high commission in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Mozambique through its high commission in
Maputo .
[243]
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
SACUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement .
[210] Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,
[216] and a High Level Prosperity Partnership.
[205]
Namibia
1990
See
Namibia–United Kingdom relations
Republic of the Congo
1960
See
Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo
The UK established
diplomatic relations with the Republic of the Congo on 9 December 1960.
[135]
The Republic of the Congo maintains an embassy in London.
[244]
The United Kingdom is not accredited to the Republic of the Congo through an embassy.
[245]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204] and the
World Trade Organization .
Rwanda
1962
See
Rwanda–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Rwanda on 1 July 1962.
[117]
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,
[216] and a
Migration and Economic Development Partnership .
[247]
São Tomé and Príncipe
1979
See
Foreign relations of São Tomé and Príncipe
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact.
[248]
Senegal
1960
See
Foreign relations of Senegal
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Senegal on 20 June 1960.
[117]
Senegal maintains an
embassy in London.
[249]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Senegal through its embassy in
Dakar .
[250]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204] and the
World Trade Organization .
Sierra Leone
1961
See
Foreign relations of Sierra Leone
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact.
[251]
Somalia
1960
See
Somalia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Somalia on 7 July 1960.
[133]
Somalia does not maintain an embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Somalia through its
embassy in
Mogadishu .
[252]
The UK governed
Somaliland from 1884–1940 and 1941–1960,
Somaliland achieved full independence on 26 June 1960. The UK also administered the remaining territory of modern
Somalia from 1941–1950, until it became an Italian
Trust Territory . Both of these territories unified on the 1 July 1960 to become Somalia.
Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Somaliland
N/A
See
Somaliland–United Kingdom relations
The UK has not established
diplomatic relations with Somaliland ; the UK does not recognise Somaliland to be a sovereign nation.
Somaliland maintains a
diplomatic mission in London.
The United Kingdom does not have a diplomatic mission in Somaliland.
On 4 July 2023,
Gavin Williamson proposed a bill to the
UK Parliament that would invoke the UK to recognise the Republic of Somaliland.
[253]
The UK governed
Somaliland from 1884–1940 and 1941–1960,
Somaliland achieved full independence on 26 June 1960. The
Republic of Somaliland declared independence from Somalia on 18 May 1991.
South Africa
1927
See
South Africa–United Kingdom relations
Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Sudan
1956
See
Sudan–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Sudan on 3 March 1956.
[128]
The UK governed
Sudan from 1899 to 1956, when Sudan achieved full independence.
[257]
Tanzania
1964
See
Tanzania–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Tanzania on 22 April 1964.
[143]
The UK governed
Tanganyika from 1916 to 1961, when Tanganyika achieved full independence; the UK governed
Zanzibar from 1890 to 1963, when Zanzibar achieved full independence. Both countries unified on 26 April 1964 to become Tanzania.
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,
[216] and a High Level Prosperity Partnership.
[205]
Togo
1960
See
Foreign relations of Togo
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Togo on 27 April 1960.
[117]
Togo maintains a
high commission in London.
The United Kingdom is not accredited to Togo through a high commission; the UK develops relations through its high commission in
Accra , Ghana.
[259]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204] the
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization .
Uganda
1962
See
Uganda–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Uganda on 9 October 1962.
[139]
The UK governed
Uganda from 1894 to 1962, when Uganda achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Zambia
1960
See
United Kingdom–Zambia relations
Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Zimbabwe
1980
See
United Kingdom–Zimbabwe relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980.
[149]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Zimbabwe through its embassy in
Harare .
[262]
Zimbabwe maintains an
embassy in London.
The UK governed
Zimbabwe from 1923 to 1980, when Zimbabwe achieved full
independence under the
Lancaster House Agreement .
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
Eastern and Southern Africa-UK Economic Partnership Agreement .
[263]
Asia
Country
Since
Notes
Afghanistan
1921
See
Afghanistan–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Afghanistan on 22 November 1921.
[107] The UK currently recognises the
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan government , over the de facto
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan government, as the legal administrator of the country.
The UK governed
Afghanistan from
1879 –
1919 , until Afghanistan achieved full
independence .
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Armenia
1992
See
Armenia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Armenia on 20 January 1992.
[178]
Armenia maintains an
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Armenia through its embassy in
Yerevan .
[265]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.
[266]
Azerbaijan
1992
See
Azerbaijan–United Kingdom relations
Azerbaijan has an embassy in London.
[267]
The United Kingdom has an embassy in Baku.
[268]
Both countries are full members of the
Council of Europe and the
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
Bahrain
1971
See
Bahrain–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Bahrain on 21 August 1971.
[152]
Bahrain maintains an
embassy in London.
[269]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Bahrain through its embassy in
Manama .
[270]
The UK governed
Bahrain from 1861 to 1971, when it achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization . The UK and the
Gulf Cooperation Council , of which Bahrain is a member, are negotiating a
free trade agreement .
Bhutan
N/A
See
Foreign relations of Bhutan
The UK has not established
diplomatic relations with Bhutan ; the UK does recognise Bhutan to be a sovereign nation.
The UK is accredited to Bhutan through its deputy high commission in
Kolkata , India.
[271]
Relations between Bhutan and the UK date back to the 18th Century
[272]
Brunei
1984
See
Brunei–United Kingdom relations
In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate, gaining its independence from British rule 96 years later in 1984.
The UK and Brunei have a long-standing and strong bilateral relationship, particularly on defense co-operation, trade and education. The UK continues to play a strong role in developing Brunei's oil and gas sector, and the Brunei Investment Agency is a significant investor in the UK, with their largest overseas operations in the City of London. The UK remains the destination of choice for Bruneian students, with about 1,220 of them enrolled in higher education in the UK in 2006–07.
The United Kingdom has a high commission in
Bandar Seri Begawan , and Brunei has a high commission in London. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Cambodia
1952
See
Cambodia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Cambodia on 5 May 1952.
[125]
The UK broke off diplomatic relations with Cambodia in 1975, following the
Fall of Phnom Penh ; diplomatic relations were restored in 1991.
[275]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
China
1954
See
China–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China on 17 June 1954.
[126]
The UK governed the territories of
Hong Kong , from 1841 to 1941 and 1945 to 1997, as well as
Weihaiwei from 1898 to 1930.
Both countries share common membership of the
G20 , the
UNSC
P5 , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have the
Sino-British Joint Declaration .
Cyprus
1960
See
Cyprus–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Cyprus on 16 August 1960.
[117]
Cyprus maintains a
high commission in London, and honorary consulates in Belfast, Birmingham, Bristol,
Dunblane , Glasgow, and
Leeds .
[277]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Cyprus through its high commission in
Nicosia .
[278]
The UK governed
Cyprus from 1878 until 1960, when it achieved full independence.
The UK is a "
guarantor power " of Cyprus's independence. The UK maintains the two sovereign base areas of
Akrotiri and Dhekelia on the island of Cyprus.
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth , the
Council of Europe , the
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
East Timor
2002
See
Foreign relations of East Timor
The UK established
diplomatic relations with East Timor on 20 May 2002.
[198]
East Timor maintains an
embassy in London.
[279]
The United Kingdom is accredited to East Timor from its embassy in
Jakarta ; there is no British embassy in East Timor.
[280] On 29 February 2024, the UK announced its intentions to re-open an embassy in
Dili .
[281]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization .
Georgia
1992
See
Georgia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Georgia on 27 April 1992.
[185]
Georgia maintains an embassy in London.
[282]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Georgia through its embassy in
Tbilisi .
[283]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization . The two countries also have a
free trade agreement .
[284]
Hong Kong
N/A
See
Hong Kong–United Kingdom relations
The UK established modern
diplomatic relations with Hong Kong on 1 July 1997.
Hong Kong was a
British colony from 1841–1997, apart from a period of
Japanese occupation from 1941–1945. Hong Kong's sovereignty was
transferred to the
People's Republic of China in 1997.
Both territories share common membership of the
World Trade Organization .
India
1947
See
India–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with India on 14 August 1947.
[117]
The UK governed the
India from 1858 to 1947, when it achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth ,
G20 , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,
[216] and a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.
[286] Additionally the two are negotiating a
Free Trade Agreement and an Investment Agreement.
[288]
Indonesia
1949
See
Indonesia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Indonesia on 27 December 1949.
[122]
Both countries share common membership of the
G20 , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Iran
1801
See
Iran–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Iran on 4 January 1801.
[66]
Iraq
1932
See
Iraq–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Iraq on 4 October 1932.
[113]
Iraq maintains an
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Iraq through its embassy in
Baghdad .
[292]
The UK governed
Iraq from 1921 until 1932, when it achieved full independence.
Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,
[216] and a Strategic Partnership.
[293]
Israel
1948
See
Israel–United Kingdom relations
The United Kingdom has an embassy in
Tel Aviv and a consul in
Eilat .
[294]
Israel has an embassy and a consulate in London. The UK's closest partner in the Middle East is Israel, and Israel's closest partner in Europe is the UK.
[295]
[296]
Japan
1854
See
Japan–United Kingdom relations
Contact began in 1600 with the arrival of
William Adams (Adams the Pilot, Miura Anjin ) on the shores of
Kyūshū at
Usuki in
Ōita Prefecture . During the
Sakoku period (1641–1853) there were no relations. but with the impact of
Industrial Revolution , British
thread company launched its business in 1907 and thrived. The treaty of 1854 saw the resumption of ties which, despite the hiatus of the Second World War, remain very strong in the present day.
Kazakhstan
1992
See
Kazakhstan–United Kingdom relations
The United Kingdom opened an
embassy in Kazakhstan in October 1992 and Kazakhstan opened an embassy in Britain in February 1996.
[297] Kazakhstan's relations with the
West have greatly improved in the last few years as
the Government has closely cooperated in the United States-led
War on Terror . See also
Counter-terrorism in Kazakhstan
Britain is the third-largest foreign investor in Kazakhstan with British companies making up 14 per cent of foreign direct investment. Over 100 British companies do business in Kazakhstan.
[298]
Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Kyrgyzstan
1992
See
Kyrgyzstan–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Kyrgyzstan on 12 June 1992.
[188]
Kyrgyzstan maintains an
embassy in London.
The UK is accredited to Kyrgyzstan through its embassy in
Bishkek .
[299]
Both countries share common membership of the
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Laos
1955
See
Foreign relations of Laos
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Laos on 5 September 1955.
[127]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization .
Macao
N/A
See
Foreign relations of Macao
There is no British Embassy in Macao. The Consulate-General in Hong Kong develops and maintains relations between the UK and Macao.
[301]
Malaysia
1957
See
Malaysia–United Kingdom relations
The
Yang di-Pertuan Agong in a carriage with Queen
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the state visit to London, 1974
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Malaysia on 31 August 1957.
[129]
The UK governed the
Malaysia from 1826 to 1942 and 1945 to 1957, when it achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth ,
CPTPP , the
Five Power Defence Arrangements , and the
World Trade Organization .
Maldives
1965
See
Foreign relations of the Maldives
The UK established
diplomatic relations with the Maldives on 26 July 1965.
[144]
The Maldives maintains a
high commission in London.
[304]
The United Kingdom is accredited to the Maldives through its high commission in
Malé .
[305]
The UK governed the
Maldives from 1796 to 1965, when it achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization . The two countries are currently negotiating a
free trade agreement .
[306]
Myanmar
1947
See
Myanmar–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Myanmar on 7 July 1947.
[120]
Myanmar maintains an
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Myanmar through its embassy in
Yangon .
[307]
The UK governed
Myanmar from 1824–1948, aside from a period of
Japanese occupation from 1942–1945 , it achieved full
independence .
[308]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Nepal
1816
See
Nepal–United Kingdom relations
Relations between the UK and Nepal have historically been friendly and there have been close links between the Royal Families. The UK is highly regarded in Nepal as a result of historical ties, development assistance and long-term support in the struggle for democratic peace in Nepal.
Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
North Korea
2000
See
North Korea–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with North Korea on 12 December 2000.
[197]
Oman
1971
See
Oman–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Oman on 21 May 1971.
[149]
Oman maintains an
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Oman through its embassy in
Muscat .
[311]
The UK governed
Oman from 1891 until 1951, when Oman achieved full independence.
[312]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization . The UK and the
Gulf Cooperation Council , of which Oman is a member, are negotiating a
free trade agreement .
Pakistan
1947
See
Pakistan–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Pakistan on 14 August 1947.
[117]
The UK governed Pakistan from 1824 to 1947, as part of the
British Raj which also included modern day India and Bangladesh, until it achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Palestine
N/A
See
Palestine–United Kingdom relations
The United Kingdom maintains a consulate in
Jerusalem which handles British relations with the
Palestinian Authority .
[315] The Foreign and Commonwealth Office states the "Consular district covers Jerusalem (West and East), the
West Bank and
Gaza . As well as work on the Middle East Peace Process and other political issues, the consulate also promotes trade between the UK and the Occupied Palestinian Territories and manages an extensive programme of aid and development work. The latter is undertaken primarily by the DFID office in Jerusalem.".
[315]
The Palestinian Authority is represented in London by
Manuel Hassassian , the Palestinian General Delegate to the United Kingdom.
[315]
Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Philippines
1946
See
Philippines–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with the Philippines on 4 July 1946.
[118]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization .
Qatar
1971
See
Qatar–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Qatar on 6 September 1971.
[153]
Qatar maintains an
embassy in London.
[317]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Qatar through its embassy in
Doha .
[318]
The UK governed
Qatar from 1916 to 1971, when it achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a security pact,
[319] and a strategic investment partnership.
[320] The UK and the
Gulf Cooperation Council , of which Qatar is a member, are negotiating a
free trade agreement .
Saudi Arabia
1927
See
Saudi Arabia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia on
20 May 1927 .
[111]
Saudi Arabia maintains an
embassy in London.
[321]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Saudi Arabia through its embassy in
Riyadh , as well as a consulate general in
Jeddah .
[322]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization . The UK and the
Gulf Cooperation Council , of which Saudi Arabia is a member, are negotiating a
free trade agreement .
Singapore
1965
See
Singapore–United Kingdom relations
Singapore and the United Kingdom share a friendly relationship since Singapore became independent from the United Kingdom in 1959. Singapore retained the
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the final court of appeal up till 1989 (fully abolished in 1994) due to political reasons.
South Korea
1949
See
South Korea–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with South Korea in 18 January 1949.
[121]
South Korea maintains a
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to South Korea through its
embassy in
Seoul .
[323]
Both countries share common membership of the
G20 ,
OECD , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have the Downing Street Accord,
[324] and a
Free Trade Agreement .
[325]
Sri Lanka
1948
See
Sri Lanka–United Kingdom relations
Syria
1942
See
Syria–United Kingdom relations
In 2001, positive relations were developed between Prime Minister Tony Blair and the Syrian government, as part of the War on Terror. Since the 2011 civil war, relations have deteriorated, and the UK was one of the first countries to recognise the opposition as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people.
Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Taiwan
N/A
See
Taiwan–United Kingdom relations
The UK has not established formal
diplomatic relations with Taiwan ; the UK does not recognise Taiwan to be a sovereign nation.
In 1950, the UK switched its recognition from the
Republic of China (ROC) to the
People’s Republic of China (PRC).
[326]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization .
Tajikistan
1992
See
Foreign relations of Tajikistan
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Tajikistan on 15 January 1992.
[174]
Both countries share common membership of the
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
Thailand
1855
See
Thailand–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Thailand on 18 April 1855.
[89]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization .
Turkey
1924
See
Turkey–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Turkey on 2 September 1924.
[109]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a
free trade agreement .
[333]
Turkmenistan
1992
See
Foreign relations of Turkmenistan
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Turkmenistan on 23 January 1992.
[179]
Turkmenistan maintains an
embassy in London.
[334]
The UK is accredited to Turkmenistan through its embassy in
Ashgabat .
[335]
Both countries share common membership of the
OSCE . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.
[216]
United Arab Emirates
1971
See
United Arab Emirates–United Kingdom relations
The UAE has an embassy in London.
The UK maintains an embassy in
Abu Dhabi and is unique in having another Embassy in
Dubai .
The UAE-UK relations have been described as a "special relationship".
Queen Elizabeth II has visited the UAE 2 times.
100,000 British citizens live in the UAE.
Uzbekistan
1992
See
United Kingdom–Uzbekistan relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Uzbekistan on 18 February 1992.
[182]
Uzbekistan maintains an
embassy in London.
[336]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Uzbekistan through its embassy in
Tashkent .
[337]
Both countries share common membership of the
OSCE . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,
[216] and a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.
[338]
Vietnam
1973
See
United Kingdom–Vietnam relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Vietnam on 11 September 1973.
[155]
The UK is accredited to Vietnam through its embassy in
Hanoi .
[339]
Vietnam maintains an
embassy in London.
[340]
The UK occupied
Southern Vietnam and Saigon from 1945–1946.
Both countries share common membership of
CPTPP , and the
World Trade Organization . The UK and Vietnam entered into a strategic partnership agreement in 2010.
[341] The UK and Vietnam have a
United Kingdom–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement .
[342]
Europe
Country
Since
Notes
Albania
1921
See
Albania–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Albania on 9 November 1921.
[106]
Albania maintains an
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Albania through its embassy in
Tirana .
[343]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement,
[344] and a
Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement .
[345]
Andorra
1994
[346]
See
Foreign relations of Andorra
The United Kingdom's consulate-general in Barcelona handles the United Kingdom's consular activities in Andorra.
[347]
Austria
1799
See
Austria–United Kingdom relations
Belarus
1992
See
Belarus–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Belarus on 27 January 1992.
[180]
Belarus maintains an
embassy in London.
[351]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Belarus through its embassy in
Minsk .
[352]
Both countries share common membership of the
OSCE .
Belgium
1830
See
Belgium–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Belgium on 1 December 1830.
[75]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[355]
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1992
See
Bosnia and Herzegovina–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina on 13 April 1992.
[184]
Bosnia and Herzegovina maintains an
embassy in London.
[356]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Bosnia and Herzegovina through its embassy in
Sarajevo , and an embassy office in
Banja Luka .
[357]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe , and the
OSCE .
Bulgaria
1879
See
Bulgaria–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Bulgaria on 23 June 1879.
[94]
Bulgaria maintains an
embassy in London.
[94]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Croatia through its embassy in
Sofia .
[358]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Croatia
1992
See
Croatia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Croatia on 24 June 1992.
[187]
Croatia maintains an
embassy in London and a consulate in Edinburgh.
[359]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Croatia through its embassy in
Zagreb , and consulates in
Dubrovnik and
Split .
[360]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Czech Republic
1993
See
Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations
The Czech Republic has an embassy in London and honorary consulates in Belfast and Edinburgh.
[361]
[362]
The United Kingdom has an embassy in Prague.
[363]
Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom paid a state visit to the Czech Republic in March 1996.
[364]
Both countries are members of NATO.
Denmark
1490
See
Denmark–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Denmark on 2 May 1490.
[61]
The two countries have a sovereignty dispute over the
Rockall Bank .
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Estonia
1991
See
Estonia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Estonia on 5 September 1991.
[171]
Estonia maintains an
embassy in London.
[171]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Estonia through its embassy in
Tallinn .
[367]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
European Union
N/A
See
European Union–United Kingdom relations
The UK was a founding member of the European Union on
1 November 1993 ; it seceded on
1 January 2021 .
[368]
Both the EU and the UK share common membership of the
G7 ,
G20 , and the
World Trade Organization .
Finland
1919
See
Finland–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Finland on 28 March 1919.
[102]
Finland maintains an
embassy in London and honorary consulates in
Aberdeen ,
Belfast , Birmingham,
Bristol ,
Cardiff ,
Dover ,
Dundee , Edinburgh,
Gibraltar ,
Glasgow ,
Hamilton ,
Harwich , Hull,
Immingham ,
Leeds , Lerwick,
Liverpool ,
Manchester ,
Middlesbrough ,
Newcastle-Upon-Tyne ,
Nottingham ,
Plymouth ,
Rochester ,
Sheffield ,
Southampton and
St Helier .
[369]
The United Kingdom has an embassy in
Helsinki and honorary consulates in
Åland ,
Jyväskylä ,
Kotka ,
Kuopio ,
Oulu ,
Rovaniemi ,
Turku ,
Tampere and
Vaasa .
[370]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
Joint Expeditionary Force ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a mutual defence agreement,
[371] and a strategic partnership agreement.
[372]
France
1396
See
France–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with France in 1396.
[60]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
G7 ,
G20 ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Germany
1951
See
Germany–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of Germany on 20 June 1951.
[123]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
G7 ,
G20 ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Greece
1833
See
Greece–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Greece on 1 January 1833.
[76]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Holy See
1982
See
Holy See–United Kingdom relations
With the
English Reformation , diplomatic links between London and the Holy See, which had been established in 1479, were interrupted in 1536 and again, after a brief restoration in 1553, in 1558. Formal diplomatic ties between the United Kingdom and the Holy See were restored in 1914 and raised to ambassadorial level in 1982.
[379]
[380]
Hungary
1921
See also
Hungary–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Hungary on 22 May 1921.
[105]
Hungary maintains an
embassy in London and a general consulate in Manchester.
[381]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Hungary through its embassy in
Budapest .
[382]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Iceland
1940
See
Iceland–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Iceland on 8 May 1940.
[115]
The UK occupied
Iceland from 10 May 1940 until July 1941, when the United States assumed responsibility of the country.
[385]
The two countries have a sovereignty dispute over the
Rockall Bank .
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204]
Council of Europe ,
Joint Expeditionary Force ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a
free trade agreement .
[386]
Ireland
1922
See
Ireland–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Ireland on 6 December 1922.
[108]
The UK governed parts of
Ireland from the 12th century until
1800 , when it was incorporated into the
United Kingdom . The Republic of Ireland achieved full independence on the 6 December 1922.
[108]
The two countries have a sovereignty dispute over the
Rockall Bank .
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204]
Council of Europe ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a
Common Travel Area , and the
Good Friday Agreement .
Italy
1859
See
Italy–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Italy on 13 April 1859.
[92]
Italy has an embassy in London, a consulate general in Edinburgh and a consulate in Manchester.
[389]
The United Kingdom has an embassy in
Rome , a consulate general in
Milan and a consulate in
Naples .
[390]
[391]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
G7 ,
G20 ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE and the
World Trade Organization .
Kosovo
2008
See
Kosovo–United Kingdom relations
Kosovo has a Consular Mission in London.
[392]
The United Kingdom has an embassy in Pristina.
[393]
When Kosovo
declared its independence from
Serbia on 17 February 2008, the United Kingdom became one of the first countries to officially announce recognition of sovereign Kosovo on 18 February 2008.
[394]
[395] The United Kingdom has had an embassy in
Pristina since 5 March 2008.
[396] Kosovo has an embassy in London since 1 October 2008.
Latvia
1991
See
Foreign relations of Latvia
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Latvia on 5 September 1991.
[172]
Latvia maintains an
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Lithuania through its embassy in
Riga .
[397]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Lithuania
1991
See
Lithuania–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Lithuania on 4 September 1991.
[170]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Luxembourg
1879
See
Foreign relations of Luxembourg
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Luxembourg on 27 November 1879.
[95]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Malta
1964
See
Malta–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Malta on 7 September 1964.
[117]
The UK governed
Malta from 1878 until 1964, when it achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth , the
Council of Europe , the
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Moldova
1992
See
Moldova–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Moldova on 17 January 1992.
[175]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,
[216] and a
Free Trade Agreement .
[405]
Montenegro
2006
See
Montenegro–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Montenegro on 13 June 2006.
[199]
Montenegro maintains an embassy in London.
[199]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Montenegro through its embassy in
Podgorica .
[406]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Netherlands
1603
See
Netherlands–United Kingdom relations
The Netherlands has an embassy in London and consulates in Aberdeen, Belfast, Birmingham, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Guernsey, Hamilton, Harwich, Hull, Liverpool, Manchester, Plymouth and Southampton. The Netherlands also has a vice consulate in Dover.
[407]
[408]
The United Kingdom has an embassy in The Hague and consulates in
Amsterdam and
Willemstad .
[409]
[410]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204] and
NATO .
Norway
1905
See
Norway–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Norway on 6 November 1905.
[99]
Norway maintains an embassy in London, and a consulate general in Edinburgh. Norway also maintains consulates in
Aberdeen ,
Ardrossan , Barrow-on-Furness, Belfast, Birmingham,
Bristol ,
Cardiff ,
Douglas ,
Dundee ,
Gibraltar ,
Glasgow ,
Grimsby ,
Inverness ,
Jersey ,
Kirkwall ,
Lerwick , Liverpool, London, Manchester, Newcastle,
Plymouth ,
Southampton and
Stornoway .
[411]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Norway through its embassy in
Oslo , as well as consulates in
Ålesund ,
Bergen ,
Stavanger and
Trondheim . The United Kingdom also maintains honorary consulates in
Bodø ,
Kristiansand and
Tromsø .
[412]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204]
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Poland
1919
See
Poland–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Poland on 15 July 1919.
[103]
Poland maintains an
embassy in London.
[103]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Poland through its embassy in
Warsaw .
[413]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE ,
Trilateral Security Pact , and the
World Trade Organization .
Portugal
1386
See
Portugal–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Portugal on 9 May 1386.
[59]
Portugal maintains an
embassy and a consulate general in London and consulates in Belfast, Edinburgh, Hamilton and St Helier.
[414]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Portugal through its embassy in
Lisbon , and a vice consulate in
Portimão .
[415]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204]
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have an
Alliance .
Romania
1880
See
Romania–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Romania on 20 February 1880.
[96]
Romania maintains an
embassy London, and consulate generals in Edinburgh and Manchester. Romania also maintains honorary consulates in
Hirwaun , Leeds, Morpeth-Newcastle and
Southampton .
[416]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Romania through its embassy in
Bucharest .
[417]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Russia
1566
See
Russia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Russia on 20 April 1566.
[63]
Both countries share common membership of the
OSCE . In March 2022, the United Kingdom was added to Russia's
unfriendly countries list .
[419]
San Marino
1899
See
San Marino–United Kingdom relations
Serbia
1837
See
Serbia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Serbia on 20 February 1880.
[78]
Serbia maintains an
embassy in London.
[422]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Serbia through its embassy in
Belgrade .
[423]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe , and
OSCE .
Slovakia
1993
See
Slovakia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Slovakia on 1 January 1993.
[190]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Slovenia
1992
See
Foreign relations of Slovenia
Slovenia has an embassy in London
[425]
The United Kingdom has an embassy in Ljubljana.
[426]
Both countries are members of NATO.
Spain
1505
See
Spain–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Spain on 1505.
[62]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204]
Council of Europe ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization .
Sweden
1653
See
Sweden–United Kingdom relations
Sweden has an embassy in London as well as consulates general in Edinburgh and Gibraltar. Sweden also has consulates in Guernsey and Jersey as well as honorary consulates in Belfast, Birmingham, Brighton, Bristol, Cardiff, Dover, Glasgow, Immingham, Lerwick, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Southampton and Stornonway.
[428]
The United Kingdom has an embassy in
Stockholm and honorary consulates in Gothenburg and Malmö.
[429]
[430]
Both countries are members of the
Council of Europe and
NATO .
Switzerland
1689
See
Switzerland–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Switzerland on 30 August 1689.
[64]
Switzerland maintains an
embassy in London.
[431]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Switzerland through its embassy in
Bern .
[432]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
OECD ,
OSCE , and the
World Trade Organization . The two countries have a bilateral
free trade agreement .
[433]
Ukraine
1992
See
Ukraine–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Ukraine on 10 January 1992.
[173]
Ukraine maintains an
embassy in London, and a consulate in Edinburgh.
[173]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Ukraine through its embassy in
Kyiv .
[434]
Both countries share common membership of the
Council of Europe ,
OSCE ,
Trilateral Security Pact , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,
[216] a
Free Trade Agreement , a Security Agreement,
[435] and a Strategic Partnership Agreement.
[436]
North America
Country
Since
Notes
Antigua and Barbuda
1981
See
Antigua and Barbuda–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Antigua and Barbuda on 1 November 1981.
[149] Both countries are
Commonwealth Realms .
The UK governed
Antigua and Barbuda from 1632 to 1981, when Antigua and Barbuda achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
Caribbean Development Bank , the
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
UK–CARIFORUM continuity Trade Agreement .
[439]
Barbados
1966
See
Barbados–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Barbados on 30 November 1966.
[147]
The UK governed
Barbados from 1625 to 1966, when Barbados achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
Caribbean Development Bank , the
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
UK–CARIFORUM continuity Trade Agreement .
[439]
Belize
1981
See
Belize–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Belize on 21 September 1981.
[165] Both countries are
Commonwealth Realms .
The UK governed
Belize from 1783 to 1981, when Belize achieved full
independence .
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[443]
Caribbean Development Bank , the
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
UK-CARIFORUM continuity Trade Agreement .
[439]
Canada
1926
See
Canada–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Canada on 1 July 1926.
[110] Both countries are
Commonwealth Realms .
The UK governed colonies in
Canada from 1783 to
1931 , when Canada achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204]
Commonwealth ,
CPTPP ,
Five Eyes , the
G7 , the
G20 ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE ,
UKUSA Agreement , and the
World Trade Organization . Both countries have a bilateral
free trade agreement .
Cuba
1902
See
Cuba–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Cuba on 20 May 1902.
[98]
Cuba maintains an
embassy in London.
United Kingdom is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in
Havana .
[445]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement,
[446] and a Political Dialogue and Co-operation Agreement.
[447]
Dominica
1978
See
Foreign relations of Dominica
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Dominica on 13 December 1978.
[164]
Dominica maintains a high commission in London.
[448]
United Kingdom is not accredited to Dominica through a high commission; the UK develops relations through its high commission in Bridgetown.
[449]
The UK governed
Dominica from 1763 to 1978, when Dominica achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204]
Caribbean Development Bank , the
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
UK–CARIFORUM continuity Trade Agreement .
[439]
Dominican Republic
1850
See
Foreign relations of the Dominican Republic
The UK established
diplomatic relations with the Domican Republic on 6 March 1850.
[86]
The United Kingdom was the first country to recognise the Dominican Republic.
[452]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204] and the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
UK–CARIFORUM Economic Partnership Agreement .
[439]
El Salvador
1883
See
Foreign relations of El Salvador
The UK established
diplomatic relations with El Salvador in 1883.
[97]
El Salvador maintains an
embassy in London.
United Kingdom is accredited to El Salvador from its embassy in
San Salvador .
[453]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization , and the
Central America–UK continuity Trade Agreement .
[454]
Grenada
1974
See
Grenada–United Kingdom relations
Guatemala
1837
See
Foreign relations of Guatemala
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Guatemala on 12 July 1837.
[79]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204] and the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
UK–Central America continuity Trade Agreement .
[454]
Haiti
1859
See
Foreign relations of Haiti
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Haiti on 13 May 1859.
[93]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization .
Honduras
1849
See
Foreign relations of Honduras
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Honduras on 16 June 1849, when Frederick Chatfield was appointed Charge d'Affaires despite being based in Guatemala.
[84]
Honduras maintains an
embassy in London.
United Kingdom is accredited to Honduras from its embassy in
Guatemala City ; there is no British embassy in Honduras.
[457]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
UK–Central America continuity Trade Agreement .
[454]
Mexico
1824
See
Mexico–United Kingdom relations
The United Kingdom was the first country in Europe to recognise Mexico's Independence.
[458] The relationship between the two nations began after the
Pastry War when the United Kingdom aided Mexico against France. Also, relations improved when Mexico joined the British alongside
the Allies to fight the Japanese forces in the
Pacific War .
Nicaragua
1859
See
Foreign relations of Nicaragua
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Nicaragua on 18 January 1859.
[91]
Nicaragua maintains an
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in
San Jose , Costa Rica; there is no British embassy in Nicaragua.
[461]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
Central America–UK Continuity Trade Agreement .
[454]
Panama
1904
See
Foreign relations of Panama
The United Kingdom has an embassy in
Panama City .
[462]
Panama has an embassy in London.
[463]
The UK and Panama have a strong bilateral relationship.
Saint Lucia
1979
See
Foreign relations of Saint Lucia
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Saint Lucia in 22 February 1979.
[149] Both countries are
Commonwealth Realms .
The UK governed
Saint Lucia from 1803 to 1979, when Saint Lucia achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
Caribbean Development Bank ,
Commonwealth , the
World Trade Organization , and the
UK–CARIFORUM Continuity Trade Agreement .
[439]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1979
See
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–United Kingdom relations
United States
1783
See
United Kingdom–United States relations
United States President
Barack Obama talks to British Prime Minister
David Cameron on the South Lawn of the
White House , 20 July 2010.
The UK established
diplomatic relations with the United States on 1 June 1785.
[65] UK-US diplomatic relations is commonly described as the "
Special Relationship ".
The
United States declared its
independence from the United Kingdom on 4 July 1776.
[65]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204]
AUKUS ,
Five Eyes , the
G7 , the
G20 ,
NATO ,
OECD ,
OSCE ,
UKUSA Agreement , the
UNSC
P5 , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilateral agreements between the two countries include the
US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement , and a proposed
free trade agreement .
Oceania
Country
Since
Notes
Australia
1936
See
Australia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Australia in March 1936.
[114] Both countries are
Commonwealth Realms .
The UK governed
Australia from the late 18th century until
1942 , when Australia achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of
AUKUS , the
Commonwealth ,
CPTPP ,
Five Eyes , the
Five Power Defence Arrangements , the
G20 ,
OECD , the
UKUSA Agreement , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have a defence agreement,
[468] a reciprocal healthcare agreement,
[469] and a
free trade agreement .
[470]
Nauru
1968
See Nauru–United Kingdom relations
Nauru was part of the
British Western Pacific Territories from September 1914 and June 1921.
[471] The British Government had ceased to exercise any direct role in the governance of Nauru by 1968, when the island achieved its independence. The Nauruan government maintains an Hon. Consul, Martin W I Weston. The
British High Commission in
Suva is responsible for the United Kingdom's bilateral relations with Nauru.
[472]
New Zealand
1939
See
New Zealand–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with New Zealand in March 1939.
[114] Both countries are
Commonwealth Realms .
The UK governed
New Zealand from 1840 until
1947 , when New Zealand achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth ,
CPTPP ,
Five Eyes , the
Five Power Defence Arrangements ,
OECD , the
UKUSA Agreement , and the
World Trade Organization . The two countries have a bilateral
free trade agreement .
Papua New Guinea
1975
See
Papua New Guinea–United Kingdom relations
Papua New Guinea and the United Kingdom share Queen Elizabeth as their head of state. They have had relations since 1975 when Papua New Guinea gained independence from Australia.
Solomon Islands
1978
See
Solomon Islands–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with the Solomon Islands on 7 July 1978.
[163] Both countries are
Commonwealth Realms .
Solomon Islands does not maintain a high commission in the United Kingdom.
The UK is accredited to the Solomon Islands through its high commission in
Honiara .
[474]
The UK governed the
Solomon Islands from 1893 until 1978, when the Solomon Islands achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
Pacific States–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement .
[475]
Tonga
1879
See
Foreign relations of Tonga
The United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Tonga established formal mutual diplomatic recognition in 1879.
[476] Tonga was then a British protectorate from 1900 to 1970, whereupon diplomatic relations resumed at the level of sovereign states.
South America
Country
Since
Notes
Argentina
1823
See
Argentina–United Kingdom relations
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact.
[204]
Brazil
1827
See
Brazil–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Brazil on 17 August 1827.
[74]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204] the
G20 , and the
World Trade Organization .
Chile
1823
See
Chile–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Chile on 14 September 1823.
[69]
Chile maintains an
embassy in London.
The United Kingdom is accredited to Chile through its embassy in
Santiago .
[481]
Both countries share common membership of
CPTPP ,
OECD , and the
World Trade Organization . Bilaterally the two countries have an
association agreement .
[482]
Colombia
1825
See
Colombia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Colombia on 18 April 1825.
[71]
Colombia maintains an
embassy in London.
[71]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Colombia through its embassy in
Bogotá .
[483]
Both countries share common membership of the
OECD , and the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
Andean countries–UK Free Trade Agreement .
[484] Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement,
[485] and a Security Agreement.
[486]
Ecuador
1853
See
Foreign relations of Ecuador
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Ecuador on 29 January 1853.
[87]
Ecuador maintains an
embassy in London.
[487]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Ecuador through its embassy in
Quito .
[488]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization , and the
UK-Andean countries free trade agreement .
[484]
Guyana
1966
See
Foreign relations of Guyana
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Guyana on the 26 May 1966.
[146]
The UK governed
Guyana from 1803 to 1966, when Guyana achieved full independence.
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[204] the
Caribbean Development Bank , the
Commonwealth , and the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
CARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement .
[439] Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.
[490]
Paraguay
1853
See
Paraguay–United Kingdom relations
Diplomatic relations between both countries were established on 4 March 1853, with the signing of a treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation. A dominant view in Paraguay and significant in all the
Southern Cone is that the interests of the British Empire played a considerable role during the
Paraguayan War .
[491]
Peru
1823
See
Peru–United Kingdom relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Peru on 10 October 1823.
[70]
Peru maintains an
embassy in London.
[493]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Peru through its embassy in
Lima .
[494]
Both countries are members of
CPTPP , the
World Trade Organization , and the
UK-Andean Countries Free Trade Agreement .
[495]
Suriname
1976
See
Foreign relations of Suriname
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Suriname on 31 March 1976.
[158]
Suriname does not maintain an embassy in the UK.
The United Kingdom is not accredited to Suriname through an embassy.
[496]
England governed
Suriname from 1650 to
1667 , when Suriname was transferred to the Netherlands. The UK occupied
Suriname from 1799 until 1816.
[497]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,
[498] the
World Trade Organization , as well as the
CARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement ,
[499] and
Caribbean Development Bank .
Uruguay
1825
See
United Kingdom–Uruguay relations
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact.
[204]
Venezuela
1834
See
United Kingdom–Venezuela relations
The UK established
diplomatic relations with Venezuela on 29 October 1834.
[77]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Venezuela through its embassy in
Caracas .
[501]
Venezuela maintains an
embassy in London.
International organisations
The United Kingdom is a member of the following international organisations:
[502]
ACP - Atlantic Co-operation Pact
[204]
ADB - Asian Development Bank (nonregional member)
AfDB - African Development Bank (nonregional member)
Arctic Council (observer)
Australia Group
BIS - Bank for International Settlements
Commonwealth of Nations
CBSS - Council of the Baltic Sea States (observer)
CDB - Caribbean Development Bank
Council of Europe
CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research
CPTPP - Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans–Pacific Partnership
EAPC - Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
EBRD - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EIB - European Investment Bank
ESA - European Space Agency
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization
FATF - Financial Action Task Force
G-20 - Group of Twenty
G-5 - Group of Five
G7 - Group of Seven
G8 - Group of Eight
G-10 - Group of Ten (economics)
IADB - Inter-American Development Bank
IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency
IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (also known as the World Bank)
ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization
ICC - International Chamber of Commerce
ICCt - International Criminal Court
ICRM - International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
IDA - International Development Association
IEA - International Energy Agency
IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC - International Finance Corporation
IFRCS - International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
IHO - International Hydrographic Organization
ILO - International Labour Organization
IMF - International Monetary Fund
IMO - International Maritime Organization
IMSO - International Mobile Satellite Organization
Interpol - International Criminal Police Organization
IOC - International Olympic Committee
IOM - International Organization for Migration
IPU - Inter-Parliamentary Union
ISO - International Organization for Standardization
ITSO - International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
ITU - International Telecommunication Union
ITUC - International Trade Union Confederation
MIGA - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
MONUSCO - United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NEA - Nuclear Energy Agency
NSG - Nuclear Suppliers Group
OAS - Organization of American States (observer)
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OPCW - Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
OSCE - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
Paris Club
PCA - Permanent Court of Arbitration
PIF - Pacific Islands Forum (partner)
SECI - Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (observer)
UN - United Nations
UNSC - United Nations Security Council
UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNFICYP - United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus
UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNIDO - United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNMIS - United Nations Mission in Sudan
UNRWA - United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
UPU - Universal Postal Union
WCO - World Customs Organization
WHO - World Health Organization
WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization
WMO - World Meteorological Organization
WTO - World Trade Organization
Zangger Committee - (also known as the) Nuclear Exporters Committee
See also
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