Acetrizoic acid is a pharmaceutical drug that was used as an
iodinated contrast medium for
X-ray imaging.[1][2] It was applied in form of its salt, sodium acetrizoate, but is no longer in clinical use.[3]
Chemistry and mechanism of action
The substance has high
osmolality and is
water-soluble. The three
iodine atoms in the molecule readily absorb X-rays and are therefore responsible for its usability as a contrast medium.[3]
History
Acetrizoate was developed by V.H. Wallingford of
Mallinckrodt, and introduced in 1950;[4] it was employed as a contrast agent for several radiographic studies, including
pyelography,[5][6]angiography of the
brain,
carotid arteries and the
aorta,[7][8] and
cholecystography.[9][10] It was soon found to be highly toxic to the
kidneys and
nervous system—work urging caution in its administration was published as early as 1959,[11] after reports of adverse reactions ranging from hypersensitivity to brain damage—and was eventually replaced by other agents with higher efficacy and lower toxicity, such as
sodium diatrizoate, a closely related compound.[4]
Trade names
Trade names include Urokon, Triurol and Salpix, as well as Gastrografina and Urografina in Portugal.
^
abMcClennan BL (1990). "Preston M. Hickey memorial lecture. Ionic and nonionic iodinated contrast media: evolution and strategies for use". AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 155 (2): 225–33.
doi:
10.2214/ajr.155.2.2115244.
PMID2115244.
^EYLER WR, DREW DR, BOHNE AW (1956). "A comparative clinical trial of urographic media: renografin, hypaque, and urokon". Radiology. 66 (6): 871–3.
doi:
10.1148/66.6.871.
PMID13323329.
^LIU P, MURTAGH F, WYCIS HT, SCOTT M (1953). "Report of one hundred carotid angiograms taken with the new contrast medium acetrizoate (urokon) on Chamberlain's biplane stereoscopic angiographic unit". AMA Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry. 69 (5): 651–2.
PMID13039633.
^ORLOFF TL (1955). "Intravenous cholecystography with a new medium; experience with sodium acetrizoate (urokon sodium) seventy per cent". AMA Archives of Surgery. 71 (4): 620–2.
doi:
10.1001/archsurg.1955.01270160146019.
PMID13258064.
^WOOLLEY IM, KEIZUR LW, MAYERHARNISCH G (1957). "Gallbladder visualization following the use of 70 per cent sodium acetrizoate (urokon sodium) for intravenous pyelography". Radiology. 69 (4): 576–7.
doi:
10.1148/69.4.576.
PMID13485425.