Spring –
Battle of Makryplagi:
Constantine Palaiologos, half-brother of Emperor
Michael III (Palaiologos), resumes operations against the
Principality of Achaea. He advances up in northern
Elis, and sets up his camp at a location called "St. Nicholas of Mesiskli". Prince
William II of Villehardouin with his own troops march to meet him and arrays his men ready for battle. The Byzantine vanguard under
Michael Kantakouzenos, ride forth from the Byzantine lines, but the force is ambushed and Michael is killed by the Achaeans. Constantine retreats and goes on to lay siege to the fortress of
Nikli. There, Turkish mercenaries (some 1,000 horsemen), confront him and demand that he pay them their arrears of 6 months. Constantine refuses, whereupon the Turkish troops desert to William. He decides to raise the siege and departs for
Constantinople. He leaves
Alexios Philes with a force and marches towards
Messenia, where he occupies the passes, situated near
Gardiki Castle. William, reinforced by the Turkish contingent, marches to Messenia to attack the Byzantines, despite their holding strong positions on the high ground. The first two attacks are beaten off, but during the third attack, the Byzantines flee in panic. Alexios, along with many Greek nobles, are captured.[1]
Europe
January 23 – King
Louis IX (the Saint) issues the
Mise of Amiens, a settlement between King
Henry III and his rebellious barons under
Simon de Montfort, heavily favouring the former – which leads to the
Second Barons' War.[2] At
Amiens, Henry accuses the barons of destroying his castles and laying waste to royal lands. For this he demands a compensation of some £300,000 and 200,000 marks, which is defended by Louis.[3]
August 14 –
Battle of Saseno: The Genoese fleet (16 galleys) manages to trick and capture an entire Venetian trade convoy near
Saseno Island off the coast of
Albania. The captured merchandise and ships are valued at more than 100,000
Genoese pounds, an enormous sum for the period, of which 30,000 goes into the Genoese treasury through the sale of the plunder.[6]
October 9 – Castilian forces under Alfonso X (the Wise) counter-attack and recapture Jerez de la Frontera, after a siege. The rebel-held towns of
Vejer de la Frontera,
Rota, and
Sanlúcar de Barrameda also fall to Alfonso. Muslims in the retaken towns are expelled and the mosques in Jerez are converted to churches. The region is settled by Christians from elsewhere.[7][8]
High Duke
Bolesław V (the Chaste) promulgates legal protection for Jewish communities in
Lesser Poland, including protection from kidnapping and forcible
baptism of Jewish children (approximate date).
British Isles
April 5 –
Battle of Northampton: English forces under
Roger Mortimer, advance over the water meadows south of
Northampton to attack its main gate with engines. Meanwhile, another party rides clockwise along the built-up area's western perimeter, looking for an easier entrance. While the townsmen entrust to hold up the initial attack, the outflanking detachment founds a breach in the garden wall of
St. Andrew's Priory, at the north of the town.
Simon de Montfort (the Younger), son of Simon de Montfort, reacts to the break-in – riding upon his horse with his squire, and some followers to contest the breach. But Simon is captured and throws the defenders into disarray. Simon de Montfort mounts a rearguard to relieve his son, but on
April 6 the castle falls.[11]
April 17–
19 – English rebels under Simon de Montfort beset
Rochester from two directions in a pincer movement from north and south. The garrison sortie burns the suburbs to deprive the rebels of cover. Initial assaults on the bridge the next morning are repulsed by
Roger de Leybourne. In the evening, however, supported by archers shooting across the river, Simon launches an amphibious assault, wind and current carrying his
fireship across to set fire to the bridge defenses. The rebels capture the castle's outer bailey and the garrison retires inside the keep on
April 19. Meanwhile, rebels under
Gilbert de Clare (the Red Earl) occupy the cathedral. The siege then boggs down, Simon receives reports of a relief force and orders to withdraw on
April 26.[12]
April – Gilbert de Clare (the Red Earl) leads a massacre of the Jews at
Canterbury, during the outbreak of the
Second Barons' War.[13] In the meantime, another of de Montfort's followers,
John FitzJohn, leads a massacre against the Jews in
London.[14] The Jewish communities of Northampton,
Winchester,
Cambridge, and
Lincoln are looted. The archæ (official chest of records) is destroyed or deposited at the headquarters of de Montfort's supporters at
Ely.[15]
May 14 –
Battle of Lewes: English rebels led by Simon de Montfort defeat Henry III and Prince
Edward (the Lord Edward), at
Lewes. Henry leaves the safety of
Lewes Castle and
St. Pancras Priory, to engage the rebels. Edward routes part of the rebel army (some 5,000 men) with a cavalry charge, but during the battle de Montfort's forces capture both Henry and Edward, making Simon the "uncrowned king of
England" for 15 months.[16]
May – Simon de Montfort marches on London but the drawbridge on
London Bridge has been raised by the
Lord Mayor. Simon has the support of the Londoners, who manage to lower the bridge allowing him into the city. Henry III is forced to pardon the rebel nobles and reinstates the
Provisions of Oxford. With Henry's power diminished, Simon announces that all debts owed to the Jews would be canceled.[17]
June – Simon de Montfort summons
Parliament in London to confirm new constitutional arrangements. Two knights are summoned for each county, and are allowed to comment on general matters of state – the first time this has occurred. In
France, Queen
Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III, makes plans for an invasion of England with the support of Louis IX (the Saint).[18]
The
Toluid Civil War ends:
Kublai Khan defeats his brother and
pretender to the title of "Great Khan",
Ariq Böke, who surrenders to Kublai on
August 24. He is imprisoned and with the Chinese support behind him, Kublai is acknowledged by the rulers of the western khanates and as sole ruler of the
Mongol Empire. He moves his capital from
Shangdu in
Inner Mongolia, to the Chinese city of
Dadu (modern-day
Beijing).
Asia
February – The Japanese era
Kōchō ends and the
Bun'ei era begins during the reign of the 14-year-old Emperor
Kameyama (until
1275).
^Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453, p. 50. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN0-8122-1620-2.
^Treharne, R. F.; Sanders, I. J. (1973). Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and Rebellion, 1258–1267, pp. 253–57.
ISBN0-19-822222-X.
^Doubleday, Simon R. (2015). The Wise King: A Christian Prince, Muslim Spain, and the Birth of the Renaissance, p. 110. Basic Books.
ISBN978-0-465-07391-7.
^O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 36. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN978-0-8122-4302-4.
^Stanton, Charles D. (2015). Medieval Maritime Warfare, p. 164. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword.
ISBN978-1-4738-5643-1.
^Doubleday, Simon R. (2015). The Wise King: A Christian Prince, Muslim Spain, and the Birth of the Renaissance, p. 121. Basic Books.
ISBN978-0-465-07391-7.
^Harvey, L. P. (1992). Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500, p. 54. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
ISBN978-0-226-31962-9.
^Szũcs, Jenõ (2002). Az utolsó Árpádok, p. 172. [The Last Árpáds] (in Hungarian). Osiris Kiadó.
ISBN963-389-271-6.
^Zsoldos, Attila (2007). Családi ügy: IV. Béla és István ifjabb király viszálya az 1260-as években [A family affair: The Conflict between Béla IV and Junior King Stephen in the 1260s] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. pp. 140–141.
ISBN978-963-9627-15-4.
^Richard Brooks (2015). Osprey: Lewes and Evesham 1264–65, p. 26.
ISBN978-1-4728-1150-9.
^Richard Brooks (2015). Osprey: Lewes and Evesham 1264–65, pp. 32–33.
ISBN978-1-4728-1150-9.
^Huscroft, Richard (2006). Expulsion: England's Jewish Solution. Stroud: Tempus. p. 105.
ISBN9780752437293.
^Fogle, Lauren (2019). The King's Converts. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. p. 40.
ISBN9781498589215.
^Jacobs, Joseph (1903). "England". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 161–174.
^Maurice Keen (1999). Medieval Warfare: A History, p. 309. OUP Oxford.
ISBN978-0-19-164738-3.
^Jobson, Adrian (2012). The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War, p. 132. London, UK: Bloomsbury.
ISBN978-1-84725-226-5.
^Jobson, Adrian (2012). The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War, pp. 136–137. London, UK: Bloomsbury.
ISBN978-1-84725-226-5.