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Hamas, an Islamist militant group, won the
2006 Palestinian legislative election and
a subsequent battle in the Gaza Strip between it and
Fatah, which led to Hamas taking over governance of Gaza in 2007, and further escalating tensions with Israel.[136][137] Israel, along with Egypt, imposed
a blockade that significantly damaged Gaza's economy, citing security concerns as the justification.[138] International rights groups have characterized the blockade as a form of
collective punishment,[139][140] while Israel defended it as necessary to prevent weapons and
dual-use goods from entering the territory.[141][142] The
Palestinian Authority has not held national elections since 2006.[138][143]
The
Gaza Strip's economy declined greatly due to the blockade, with a 30% drop in real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) within a year. By 2015, the unemployment rate had risen to 45% (compared to the pre-blockade level of 10%).[154] In 2023,
UNRWA statistics for Gaza reported 81% of people living below the poverty level, and 63% being food insecure and dependent on international assistance.[128][155] Israeli economic policies vis-à-vis Gaza, particularly the blockade, have been described by
Harvard researcher
Sara Roy as having resulted in the "de-development" of the Gazan economy, which she describes as "the systematic dismantling of a normal economy and its rational functioning."[156][157] According to an analysis in The Independent, the Gaza blockade created hopelessness among Palestinians, which was exploited by Hamas, convincing young Palestinian men that violence was their only solution.[158]Daoud Kuttab wrote that Palestinian attempts to solve the conflict via negotiations or non-violent boycotts have been fruitless.[159]
Hamas has been designated as a terrorist organization by a number of states and regional blocs, particularly Israel's Western allies including the
United States, the
United Kingdom,
Japan,
Australia and the
European Union.[160][161][99][162] Other
UNSC permanent members, including China[163] and Russia, do not regard Hamas as a terrorist organization.[164][165][166] A 2018 attempt to condemn Hamas for "acts of terror" at the United Nations failed to achieve the two-thirds majority requirement set in place for the vote, with 87 votes in favor, 58 votes against, 32 abstentions and 16 non-votes.[167]
Mohammad Deif, the head of the
Qassam Brigades, said on 7 October that the Hamas attack was in response to what he called the "desecration" of the
Al-Aqsa Mosque, and Israel killing and wounding hundreds of Palestinians in 2023.[171] He called on Palestinians and Arab Israelis everywhere to "expel the occupiers and demolish the walls."[171][172] He said, "in light of the continuing crimes against our people, in light of the orgy of occupation and its denial of international laws and resolutions, and in light of American and western [sic] support, we've decided to put an end to all this, so that the enemy understands that he can no longer revel without being held to account."[173][174][175][176]
Despite the
7 October attacks emanating from the
Gaza Strip, most of the reasons
Mohammed Deif gave for the attack were events in the
West Bank and Jerusalem, such as
Israeli settler violence and the expansion of the
Israeli settlements.[177][175][178]"The Israeli occupation has seized thousands of dunums of Palestinian territory and uprooted Palestinian citizens from their homes and lands to build illegal settlements while providing cover for colonial settlers to rampage through Palestinian towns villages and attack and terrorise the Palestinian citizens".[177][176]
A likely additional motive of Hamas was to prevent a diplomatic normalization between Israel and Arab countries that was gaining momentum with the
Abraham Accords.[179]
Long term goals of Hamas
The long-term goals of Hamas are disputed. Hamas has repeatedly
called for the destruction of Israel, notably in its
1988 charter.[180][s]Bruce Hoffman has argued that Hamas' 1988 charter lays out aims that are antisemitic and "genocidal" in nature.[181] In 2017, Hamas replaced its old charter with
a new one that removed antisemitic language and stated that its struggle was with
Zionists, not Jews.[182][183][184][185] However, the revised charter did not formally repudiate or revoke the previous one, with founding Hamas members saying that it is not a substitute for its founding charter.[186][187] The 2017 charter accepts the idea of a
Palestinian state based on the
1967 borders.[188] However, the new charter indicates that Hamas will accept the peace agreements only provisionally, without relinquishing a claim to the entirety of
Palestine nor recognizing Israel.[189][181]
The attack was also seen as a resolution of internal tensions within Hamas as to whether the group's main goal is governing the Gaza Strip or fighting against Israel.[190] Internal strife in Israeli society caused by
protests against the judicial reform encouraged Hamas to go ahead with its attack.[191][192]
On 21 January 2024, Hamas released an 18-page English-language document reiterating its previously stated rationales and framing the attack in a wider context as a struggle against
colonialism, describing its actions as "a necessary step and a normal response to confront all Israeli conspiracies against the Palestinian people".[193][194] It said that "maybe some faults happened" during the attacks "due to the rapid collapse of the Israeli security and military system, and the chaos caused along the border areas with Gaza" and that "[if] there was any case of targeting civilians it happened accidentally".[195][193] The timing of the release raised questions; sources in Gaza, including those aligned with Hamas, told Haaretz that the document was designed to contend with criticism of the heavy price Gazans have paid for the attacks on Israel.[196][197]
Israeli policy
Benjamin Netanyahu has been Israel's prime minister for nearly the entire 15 year period preceding the war, with the exception of the 18 months from June 2021 to January 2023 when
Naftali Bennett and later
Yair Lapid took office.[198] The Netanyahu government has been criticized within Israel for having championed a policy of empowering the Hamas government in Gaza by, for instance, granting
work permits to Gazan residents, facilitating the transfer of funds to Hamas and maintaining relative calm.[199][200][201] By the conclusion of Netanyahu's fifth government in 2021, the issuance of work permits to Gazans reached approximately 2,000–3,000. Later, under the Bennett-Lapid government, this number significantly increased to 10,000,[199] and since Netanyahu's return to power in 2023 the number rose again to 20,000.[199] These workers were accused of spying on Israel and being complicit in the October 7 attack.[202][203][204] After the attack, the
Israeli war cabinet granted additional 8,000 work permits to West Bank residents, despite concerns about their vetting and potential security risks.[202]
In addition to granting workers permits,
millions of dollars from Qatar have been transported into Gaza, escorted by
Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency, intended for Gaza's power plant, infrastructure projects and monthly stipends for impoverished Palestinian families, while Israeli officials were aware that Hamas might divert the funds to acquire weapons and rockets.[205][200]
These strategies towards Hamas have been criticized as having backfired in light of the attacks on 7 October 2023.[201] Critics cautioned that such policies may have strengthened Hamas's power in Gaza while weakening
Mahmoud Abbas of the
Palestinian Authority in the
West Bank, thus sabotaging a
two-state solution.[206][201] This criticism has been echoed by several Israeli officials, including former prime minister
Ehud Barak and former head of the
Shin Bet internal security service
Yuval Diskin.[206] The Palestinian Authority and
Saudi Arabia were also critical of Netanyahu's government allowing
Qatar to deliver suitcases of money to Hamas[206] in exchange for maintaining the ceasefire.[199] Netanyahu's strategy towards the Palestinian issue has been described as that of "divide-and-conquer".[207][208] A Times of Israel op-ed argued after the Hamas attack that Netanyahu's policy to treat the Palestinian Authority as a burden and Hamas as an asset had "blown up in our faces".[199] Netanyahu himself has criticized opinions on his responsibility for the 7 October attacks, stating "Did people ask Franklin Roosevelt, after Pearl Harbor, that question? Did people ask George Bush after the surprise attack of November [sic] 11?" referring to the 11 September 2001 terror attacks.[209]
Over the course of 2023, before the October 7 attack, 32 Israelis and two foreign nationals had been killed in Palestinian attacks. At least 247 Palestinians had been killed by Israeli forces.[221] Increases in settler attacks had displaced hundreds of Palestinians, and there were
clashes around the
Al-Aqsa Mosque which sits on the
Temple Mount, a contested holy site in Jerusalem.[222]
In August 2023, 1,264 Palestinians were held in administrative detention in Israel, without charge or trial, the highest number in three decades.[223][224] Israel says this tactic is necessary to contain dangerous militants.[223]
Tensions between Israel and Hamas rose in September 2023, and the Washington Post described the two "on the brink of war".[225] Israel found explosives hidden in a shipment of jeans and halted all exports from Gaza.[225] In response, Hamas put its forces on high alert, and conducted military exercises with other groups, including openly practicing storming Israeli settlements.[225] Hamas also allowed Palestinians to resume protests at the
Gaza–Israel barrier.[225] On 13 September, five Palestinians were killed at the border. According to the Washington Post, the Palestinians were attempting to detonate an explosive device.[225]Al-Jazeera reported that a Palestinian Explosives Engineering Unit was working to deactivate the device.[226] On 29 September, Qatar, the UN, and Egypt mediated an agreement between Israel and Hamas officials in the Gaza Strip to reopen closed crossing points and deescalate tensions.[227][228]
Simon Tisdall argues that an uptick in Israeli–Palestinian violence in the West Bank in the first half of 2023 had portended war,[229] and stated that Netanyahu's "refusal to contemplate any type of peace process" added "fuel to the smouldering fire" in the context of "the relentless expansion of illegal Israeli settlements".[229] Prior to the attack, Saudi Arabia warned Israel of an "explosion" as a result of the continued occupation,[230] Egypt had warned of a catastrophe unless there was political progress,[159] and similar warnings were given by Palestinian Authority officials.[159] Two months before the attacks,
King Abdullah II of Jordan commented that Palestinians have "no civil rights; no freedom of mobility".[159]
Israeli intelligence failure
Israeli intelligence officials initially stated that they had no warnings or indications of the 7 October attack by Hamas, despite Israel exercising extensive monitoring over Gaza.[231] Furthermore, the United States warned the Israeli government of the possibility of a surprise attack from Hamas a few days before the incident.[232] Egypt said it warned Israel days before the attack, "an explosion of the situation is coming, and very soon, and it would be big".[233] Israel denied receiving such a warning,[234] but the Egyptian statement was corroborated by
Michael McCaul, Chairman of the
US House Foreign Relations Committee, who said warnings were made three days before the attack.[235]
According to the New York Times, Israeli officials had obtained detailed attack plans more than a year prior to the actual attack. The document described operational plans and targets, including the size and location of Israeli forces, and raised questions in Israel as to how Hamas was able to learn these details. The document provided a plan that included a large scale rocket assault prior to an invasion, drones to knock out the surveillance cameras and gun turrets that Israel has deployed along the border, and gunmen invading Israel, including with
paragliders. The Times reported that "Hamas followed the blueprint with shocking precision". According to the Times, the document was circulating among the Israeli military and intelligence leadership, who largely dismissed the plan as being beyond Hamas's capabilities, though it was unclear if the political leadership was informed. In July 2023, a member of the
Israeli signals intelligence unit alerted her superiors that Hamas was conducting preparations for the assault. An Israeli colonel ignored her concerns.[236] According to the Financial Times, alerts from the signals unit were ignored because they came from lower-ranking soldiers, contradicted the belief that Hamas was contained by Israel's
blockade of the Gaza Strip, bombing, and placation via aid, and the belief that Hamas was seeking to avoid a full war.[237][238]
At the time of the attack, Israel and Saudi Arabia were conducting
negotiations to normalize relations. Amid the negotiations, in early August, Israeli PM Netanyahu rejected a Palestinian state.[239][240][241] Nevertheless Saudi Arabian crown prince
Mohammed bin Salman said normalization was "for the first time real".[242] This was an apparent reversal of Saudi policy, articulated in the
2002 Arab Peace Initiative, when Saudi Arabia had offered Israel normalization with the whole Arab world if Israel allows the creation of a Palestinian state.[243][244][245][246] Israeli[246] and other officials involved in the negotiations confirmed that the Saudis were considering normalization with Israel without the creation of a Palestinian state.[247] Many Palestinians worried that Israeli-Saudi normalization would cost them their last significant leverage for Palestinian statehood.[248] Most in the US foreign policy establishment believed Palestinian statehood "no longer matters in the Middle East".[249] On October 4, three days before the Hamas attack, US diplomat
Dennis Ross said Palestinian statehood "is not an option" in the Israeli-Saudi talks.[250]
On October 21, US President
Joe Biden said the aim of the 7 October attacks was to disrupt the normalization talks.[251] According to Menachem Klein, Israeli normalization with other Middle Eastern states, including Saudi Arabia, threatened to leave the Palestinians "isolated and weak".[168] On 7 February 2024, Saudi Arabia stated that diplomatic relations with Israel requires an independent Palestinian state on 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital.[252]
The attack took place during the Jewish holidays of
Simchat Torah and
Shemini Atzeret on
Shabbat,[253] and one day after the 50th anniversary of the start of the
Yom Kippur War, which also began with a surprise attack.[254] At around 6:30 a.m.
IDT (UTC+3) on 7 October 2023,[221] Hamas announced the start of what it called "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood", stating it had fired over 5,000 rockets from the Gaza Strip into Israel within a span of 20 minutes. Israeli sources reported that at least 3,000 projectiles had been launched from Gaza. At least five people were killed by the rocket attacks.[255][256][257] Explosions were reported in areas surrounding the strip and in cities in the
Sharon Plain including
Gedera,
Herzliyya,[258]Tel Aviv, and
Ashkelon.[259] Air raid sirens were activated in
Beer Sheva,
Jerusalem,
Rehovot,
Rishon Lezion, and
Palmachim Airbase.[260]
Hamas employed tactics such as using aerial drones to disable Israeli observation posts, paragliders for infiltration into Israel, and motorcycles, which was unusual for Hamas.[261] Palestinian militants opened fire on Israeli boats, while clashes broke out between Palestinians and the
Israel Defense Forces (IDF) along the
Gaza perimeter fence.[260] In the evening, Hamas launched another barrage of 150 rockets towards Israel, with explosions reported in
Yavne,
Givatayim,
Bat Yam,
Beit Dagan, Tel Aviv, and Rishon Lezion.[256] Simultaneously, around 3,000 Hamas militants[262] infiltrated Israel from Gaza using trucks, motorcycles, bulldozers, speedboats, and
paragliders.[254][221][242] They took over checkpoints at
Kerem Shalom and
Erez, and created openings in the border fence in five other places.[263] Hamas militants also carried out an amphibious
landing in Zikim.[264][265]
Hamas has stated that its attack was in response to the blockade of the Gaza Strip, the expansion of
illegal Israeli settlements, rising Israeli settler violence and recent escalations at
Al-Aqsa.[101][102][170] Intelligence and security officials from multiple Western countries say that Hamas initiated the war to create a "permanent" state of war and to revive interest in the Palestinian cause.[286][287]
Initial Israeli counter-operation (7–27 October)
Clockwise from top:
Approximate situation on 9 October
Aftermath of a Hamas rocket hit on the maternity ward of
Barzilai Medical Center, a hospital in
Ashkelon, Israel, on 8 October 2023
Building in the Gaza Strip being destroyed by Israeli missiles
Wounded child and man receive treatment on the floor at Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza City
Remains of the Sderot police station, following recapture by IDF
Destruction of a residential building in Gaza by an Israeli airstrike
After the initial breach of the Gaza perimeter by Palestinian militants, it took hours for the IDF to start its counter-attack.[288]
The first helicopters sent to support the military were launched from the north of Israel, and arrived at the Gaza Strip an hour after fighting began.[289] They immediately encountered difficulty in determining which outposts and communities were occupied, and distinguishing between Palestinian militants and the soldiers and civilians on the ground.[289] The helicopter crews initially sustained a high rate of fire, attacking approximately 300 targets in 4 hours. Later on the crews began to slow down the attacks and carefully select targets.[289]
According to Haaretz's journalist Josh Breiner, a police source said that a police investigation indicated an IDF helicopter which had fired on Hamas militants "apparently also hit some festival participants" in the
Re'im music festival massacre.[290] The Israeli police denied the Haaretz report.[291]
A subsequent Israeli investigation claimed that militants had been instructed not to run so that the air force would think they were Israelis.[289] This deception worked for some time, but pilots began to realize the problem and ignore their restrictions. By around 9:00 am, amid the chaos and confusion, some helicopters started laying down fire without prior authorization.[289]
The attack appeared to have been a complete surprise to the Israelis.[292] Prime Minister Netanyahu convened an emergency gathering of security authorities, and the IDF launched Operation Swords of Iron in the Gaza Strip.[293][256] In a televised broadcast, Netanyahu said, "We are at war".[242] He threatened to "turn all the places where Hamas is organized and hiding into cities of ruins", called Gaza "the city of evil", and urged its residents to leave.[294][101] Netanyahu and Defense Minister
Yoav Gallant conducted security assessments at IDF headquarters in Tel Aviv.[266][259] Overnight, Israel's
Security Cabinet voted to act to bring about the "destruction of the military and governmental capabilities of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad".[295] The
Israel Electric Corporation, which supplies 80% of the Gaza Strip's electricity, cut off power to the area.[259] This reduced Gaza's power supply from 120 MW to 20 MW, provided by power plants paid for by the Palestinian Authority.[296]
The IDF declared a "state of readiness for war",[256] mobilized tens of thousands of army
reservists,[221][259] and declared a state of emergency for areas within 80 kilometers (50 mi) of Gaza.[297] The
Yamam counterterrorism unit was deployed,[298] along with four new divisions, augmenting 31 existing battalions.[254] Reservists were reported deployed in Gaza, in the West Bank, and along borders with Lebanon and Syria.[299]
Residents near Gaza were asked to stay inside, while civilians in southern and central Israel were "required to stay next to shelters".[259] The southern region of Israel was closed to civilian movement,[298] and roads were closed around Gaza[254] and Tel Aviv.[259] While Ben Gurion Airport and
Ramon Airport remained operational, multiple airlines cancelled flights to and from Israel.[300]Israel Railways suspended service in parts of the country and replaced some routes with temporary bus routes,[301][302] while
cruise ships removed the ports of
Ashdod and
Haifa from their itineraries.[303]
Following the surprise attack, the Israeli Air Force conducted airstrikes that they said targeted Hamas compounds, command centers, tunnels, and other targets.[256][297][304] Israel employed its
artificial intelligenceHabsora ("The Gospel") software with a new and superior capacity to automatically generate targets to be attacked.[305][306] Two days after the surprise attack, Israel said that 426 Hamas targets had been hit, including destroying
Beit Hanoun, homes of Hamas officials, a mosque, and an internet hub.[304][307][308][309] Israel also rescued two hostages before declaring a
state of war for the first time since the
1973 Yom Kippur War.[310][311] Defense Minister Gallant announced a "total" blockade of the Gaza Strip, cutting off electricity and blocking the entry of food and fuel, adding "We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly".[312] This drew criticism from Human Rights Watch who described the order as "abhorrent" and as a "call to commit a war crime".[313] Later, Gallant changed his position of a complete blockade after receiving pressure from US President
Joe Biden and a deal was made on 19 October for Israel and Egypt to allow aid into Gaza.[314] The first aid convoy after the start of the war entered Gaza on 21 October 2023,[315] while fuel entered Gaza only in November.[316]
The IDF later deployed
C-130 and
C-130J transport aircraft to retrieve off-duty personnel from abroad.[317]
As a part of a bombing run targeting Hamas command centers and weapon caches, the IDF stated that it had bombed the
Nukhba forces—a Hamas special forces unit that is thought to have led the attack on Israel.[318]
Human Rights Watch accused Israel of using
white phosphorus munitions over Gaza on 10 and 11 October, stating that it violated international law.[319] Israel denied the allegations.[320]
Almost a week after the initial attack on Israel, on 13 October, the IDF issued an evacuation warning for communities north of the
Wadi Gaza. All Palestinians in that region, including those in Gaza City, were given 24 hours to evacuate to the south. The Hamas Authority for Refugee Affairs responded by telling residents in northern Gaza to "remain steadfast in your homes and stand firm in the face of this disgusting psychological war waged by the occupation".[321]
As a part of the order, the IDF announced a six-hour window from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. local time on 13 October, for refugees to flee south along specified routes within the Gaza Strip.[326] An
explosion at 5:30 p.m. along one of the safe routes killed 70 people.[327] Some sources attributed it to an IDF airstrike, while CNN said the cause was unclear. The Jerusalem Post said open-source analysts believed the explosion originated from a car on the ground, but the cause was unclear.[328][329] The Financial Times carried out an investigation, concluding "analysis of the video footage rules out most explanations aside from an Israeli strike", although it was "difficult to conclusively prove whether these blasts came from an IDF strike, a potential Palestinian rocket misfire or even a car bomb".[330]
The IDF stated Hamas set up roadblocks to keep Gaza residents from evacuating south and caused traffic jams.[331] Israeli officials stated this was done to use civilians as "human shields", which Hamas denied.[332] A number of countries and international organizations condemned what they called Hamas's use of hospitals and
civilians as human shields.[333][334][335][336]
According to an unnamed Israeli official, Hamas leader
Yahya Sinwar left Gaza City using a vehicle associated with a
humanitarian relief mission.[337]
A man carries the body of a Palestinian child killed during the shelling of 17 October 2023
The impact crater
Aftermath of Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion
On 17 October, Israel bombed in areas of southern Gaza.[338] Ministry of Health officials in Gaza reported heavy overnight bombing killing over 70 people, including families who had evacuated from Gaza City in the north.[339] One of the airstrikes killed a senior Hamas military commander
Ayman Nofal.[340] In the afternoon, an
Israeli strike hit a UNRWA school in the
Al-Maghazi refugee camp, killing six and injuring 12.[341]
Late in the evening, an
explosion occurred in the parking lot of the
Al-Ahli Arabi Baptist Hospital in the center of Gaza City, killing hundreds. The cause of the explosion was disputed by Hamas and the IDF, and the ongoing conflict prevented independent on-site analysis.[342] Palestinian statements that it was an Israeli airstrike were denied by the IDF, which stated that the explosion resulted from a failed rocket launch by
Palestinian Islamic Jihad.[343] The PIJ denied any involvement.[344][345] An independent analysis by
Human Rights Watch indicated that the evidence pointed to a misfired Palestinian rocket as the cause, but stated that further investigation was required.[346]
On 18 October, President Biden said the Pentagon had independently concluded that the explosion was not caused by Israel, but by "the other team", based on data from the
Defense Department.[347] Over the next few days, Canadian, British, and French officials announced that their respective intelligence agencies concluded the cause to be a failed Palestinian rocket and not an Israeli airstrike.[348][349][350] In its article dated 2 November, CNN stated that multiple experts said "they believe this to be the most likely scenario – although they caution the absence of munition remnants or shrapnel from the scene made it difficult to be sure. All agreed that the available images of evidence of the damage at the site was not consistent with an Israeli airstrike."[351]
Invasion of the Gaza Strip until the truce (27 October – 24 November)
Israeli soldiers preparing for the
ground invasion of the Gaza Strip on 29 October
Israeli military during ground operations on 31 October
Israeli military during ground operations on 1 November
Armored IDF D9R bulldozer around 16 November 2023
Israeli tanks during operations on 31 October
On 27 October, the IDF launched a large-scale, multi-pronged ground incursion into parts northern Gaza. The IDF was building up a force of over 100,000 soldiers in the cities of
Ashkelon,
Sderot and
Kiryat Gat. Clashes between Hamas and the IDF were reported near
Beit Hanoun and
Bureij.[352][353] Israeli airstrikes targeted the area around the
al-Quds hospital,[354] where around 14,000 civilians were believed to be sheltering in or near the hospital.[354] Associated Press reported that Israeli airstrikes also destroyed roads leading to the
Al-Shifa hospital, making it increasingly difficult to reach.[355] The following day, the IDF
struck at densely-populated
Jabaliarefugee camp, killing 50 and wounding 150 Palestinians according to the Gaza Health Ministry. According to Israel, a senior Hamas commander and dozens of militants in a vast underground tunnel complex were among those killed. Hamas denied the presence of a senior commander on the scene.[356][357][358] The nearby
Indonesia Hospital's surgical director said they had received 120 dead bodies and treated 280 wounded, the majority of them women and children.[359] The attack resulted in several ambassador recalls.[360][361][362] According to The New York Times at least two 2,000-pound bombs, the second largest type in Israel's arsenal, were used.[363]
Instagram videos by Ahmed Hijazi of the Al-Shifa Hospital strike shown in the Visual Investigations report published by The New York Times.[364] Contains graphic images of severe injury.
On 31 October, Israel
bombed a six-story apartment building in central Gaza, killing at least 106 civilians including 54 children in what Human Rights Watch called an "apparent war crime."[365] On 1 November, the first group of evacuees left Gaza for Egypt. 500 evacuees, comprising critically wounded and foreign nationals, would be evacuated over the course of several days, with 200 evacuees already waiting at the border crossing.[366] On the same day, the Jabalia refugee camp was bombed for a second time.[367][368] The IDF released what it stated was an intercepted call between Hamas operatives and the head of the Indonesia Hospital, where they discuss diverting some of the hospital's fuel supply to Hamas.[369]
On 3 November, the Gaza health ministry stated that
Israel struck an ambulance convoy directly in front of Al-Shifa Hospital, killing at least 15 people and injuring 60 more.[370] The IDF acknowledged having launched an airstrike, adding that a "number of Hamas terrorist operatives were killed in the strike",[371] which a Hamas official described as "baseless".[371] The Palestinian Red Crescent Society (PRCS) said one of its ambulances was struck "by a missile fired by the Israeli forces" about two metres from the entrance to al-Shifa hospital.[371] The PRCS said another ambulance was fired on about a kilometre from the hospital.[371] The next day, a UNRWA spokeswoman confirmed reports that Israel had conducted
an airstrike against a UN-run school in the Jabalia refugee camp.[372] According to the Gaza health ministry, the attack killed 15 and wounded dozens more.[372]
Fighting continued through the middle of November and on 18 November Israeli strikes killed more than 80 people in Jabalia refugee camp.[373] On 22 November, Israel and Hamas reached a temporary ceasefire agreement, providing for a four-day "pause"[374] or "lull"[375][376] in hostilities, to allow for the release of 50 hostages held in Gaza.[374][375] The deal also provided for the release of approximately 150 Palestinian women and children incarcerated by Israel.[375] The agreement was approved by the Israeli cabinet in the early hours of the day; in a statement, the Israeli Prime Minister's Office stated Israel's intention to continue the war.[374][375]
Following the introduction of a Qatari-brokered
truce on 24 November, starting at 7:00 am
Israel time, active fighting in the Gaza Strip ceased and some of the Israeli and foreign hostages were released by Hamas in
exchange for the release of some of the Palestinian political prisoners held by Israel. The truce was announced for a period of four days, but was extended for a longer period.
From 24 to 30 November, Hamas released hostages and Israel released prisoners. On 27 November, Qatar announced that an agreement between Israel and Hamas to extend the truce by two days had been reached.[377] Both Israel and Hamas accused each other of violating the truce on 28 November. On 30 November, Hamas released two more hostages as the truce, which was supposed to end minutes later, was extended by another day.[378]
Resumption of hostilities (1 December 2023 – 6 May 2024)
Continuation of operations in Northern Gaza (December 2023 – January 2024)
The truce expired on 1 December, as Israel and Hamas blamed each other for failing to agree on extension. The disagreement centered on "how to define soldiers versus civilians and how many Palestinian prisoners Israel would release for its hostages".[379] The remaining Israeli hostages include a
year old baby, his 4 year old brother and their mother, 13 women aged 18–39, and 85 men, some over 80.[380] Thousands of Palestinians remain in
administrative detention.[381] A Hamas official said that after the exchange, the only remaining hostages were "soldiers and civilian men who served in the occupation army", and refused to exchange them until "all our prisoners are freed and a ceasefire takes hold".[382] US National Security Advisor Kirby said "Hamas agreed to allow the
Red Cross access to these hostages while the pause was in place", which "didn't happen and is still not happening".[383] The Palestinian Prisoners' Club said 240 Palestinian prisoners were released as part of the ceasefire deal, another 240 Palestinians were incarcerated. Released Palestinian prisoners reported mistreatment including beatings, overcrowding, food deprivation, and suspension of access for the Red Cross.[384] Released prisoners were forbidden to speak with the media and threatened with fines.[385]
Israel adopted a grid system to order precise evacuations within Gaza, released a map, and dropped leaflets with a
QR code. Israel was criticized for the map being hard to access due to lack of electricity and internet connectivity, and for causing confusion. Some evacuation instructions have been vague or contradictory,[386][387] and Israel has struck "safe" areas it had told people to evacuate to.[388][389][390]
Law experts said they had not seen significant changes in how Israel waged war, due to its warnings to civilians appearing ineffective and it being unclear if anywhere in Gaza is safe.[391] Amnesty International said "US-made weapons facilitated the mass killings of extended families". Amnesty found no evidence of military targets at the sites of the strikes, or indication occupants were affiliated with Hamas, prompting it to request airstrikes be investigated as possible war crimes.[392] Decomposed babies were found in Al-Nasr Children's Hospital in north Gaza, two weeks after its forced evacuation.[393] US Secretary of Defense Austin warned against replacing "a tactical victory with a strategic defeat" if Israel does not work towards protecting Palestinian civilians.[394] The US State Department said it was too early to definitively assess whether Israel was heeding calls to protect civilians.[395]
Advance into Central Gaza (December 2023 – February 2024)
The IDF reported its troops had reached the centers of Khan Yunis, Jabalia, and Shejaiya reporting the most "intense fighting" since the invasion of Gaza began.[396] Intensified bombing pushed Palestinian civilians south to Rafah.[397] On 7 December, Israel
detained 150 men in the Gaza Strip, with dozens more detained on 10 December. According to Israel, the detentions followed a mass surrender of Hamas militants.[398][399] The New York Times reported that the statement about Hamas fighters surrendering was made after video and photos of "men stripped to their underwear, sitting or kneeling on the ground, with some bound and blindfolded" were seen on social media.[400]The Guardian reported that among those in the images were civilians, including a journalist. The ICRC said it was concerned and strongly emphasized "the importance of treating all those detained with humanity and dignity, in accordance with international humanitarian law".[401] The BBC reported that a video of the apparent surrender of weapons was unclear on whether a man is "surrendering" weapons, or just moving them as instructed, suggesting it was performed for the camera, rather than authentic surrender, and it is unknown if the individuals are involved with Hamas, or the 7 October attack.[402]Haaretz reported that Israel believed about 10% of the people shown in the video were affiliated with Hamas, and despite public statements by Israel, this was not a "mass surrender" by Hamas.[403] Amnesty International described the treatment of those detained on 7 December as a violation of international law.[404]
On 8 and 9 December, the IDF released footage of what it said was its soldiers engaging combatants inside schools in Shejaiya. According to the IDF, fighters discovered a tunnel from a school to a mosque.[405][406] It released footage of armament it stated was on the campus of
Al-Azhar University, along with a tunnel shaft leading to a school.[407] The IDF said that, since it designated a humanitarian zone for civilians in the Gaza Strip on 18 October, 116 rockets had been fired from there toward Israel, including 38 falling inside Gaza.[408] The Pentagon announced on 9 December that the Biden administration had authorized the sale of around 14,000 rounds of tank ammunition to Israel without congressional authorization, using emergency powers.[409] On 29 December, it did so again with $148 million worth of artillery shells and related items.[410]
On 15 December, the IDF announced it had
killed three of their own hostages by
friendly fire. They "mistakenly identified three Israeli hostages as a threat" during operations in
Shuja'iyya and fired, killing them.[411][412][413] According to an IDF official on 16 December, they were shirtless and carrying "a stick with a white cloth on it" when an Israeli soldier, who declared them to be "terrorists" after feeling "threatened", opened fire, killing two and injuring the third, who was killed by Israeli reinforcements.[414]
Withdrawal from Northern Gaza (January 2024 – February 2024)
On 1 January 2024, Israel withdrew from neighbourhoods in North Gaza.[415] On 7 January the IDF conducted a targeted missile strike on a car carrying Al Jazeera journalists Hamza Dadouh and Mustafa Thuraya; they and their driver were killed.[416]
Rocket attacks on Israeli cities by Hamas decreased during this period with notable attacks on New Year's Eve and 29 January 2024.[417][418] On 15 January, Israeli Defense Minister
Yoav Gallant said the most intense fighting in the north of the Gaza Strip had ended, and a new phase of low intensity fighting was about to begin.[419] On 13 January, an Israeli tank fired at a convoy of
Paltel repair workers on their way back to Rafah from the Paltel central offices in Khan Younis. Two were killed. The job they completed and the route they took were pre-approved by
COGAT.[420]
By 18 January, the IDF stated that Hamas had begun to rebuild its armies in formerly occupied parts of North Gaza. The IDF had previously said that Hamas control over North Gaza was "dismantled" without providing any evidence.[421] By 18 January the fighting strength of Hamas' northern battalions had been significantly restored.[422]
On 22 January, 24 IDF soldiers died in the deadliest day for the IDF since the invasion began. Of these, 21 died in a single incident where Palestinian militants fired an RPG at a tank, and adjacent buildings soldiers were rigging to demolish, which caused the buildings to collapse. The IDF soldiers brought landmines into the empty building for the demolition process. It is unclear whether the collapse of the buildings was due to the primary RPG explosion, or secondary landmine explosions.[423][424][425] Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Defense Minister Yoav Gallant and President Isaac Herzog publicly mourned the loss.[426][427][428]
Preparations for the attack on Rafah (February 2024 – May 2024)
During February to early May 2024, Israeli preparations to invade Rafah became a dominant issue in public rhetoric made by Israeli officials. In February, Israel stated its next objective would be the
capture of
Rafah. On 12 February, Israel started the
bombing campaign on Rafah.[429] On February 15, The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times reported that Egypt was building a refugee camp for over 100,000 people south of Rafah, surrounded by five-meter-high concrete walls.[430][431] However, the governor of
North Sinai Governorate, Mohamed Abdel-Fadil Shousha, denied these rumors in a statement published by
Al-Arabiya.[432] On 18 February, Israeli war cabinet member
Benny Gantz warned that a ground offensive would be launched in Rafah on 10 March unless Hamas freed all hostages. Gantz added Israel would act in "a co-ordinated manner, facilitating the evacuation of civilians in dialogue with our American and Egyptian partners to minimise civilian casualties".[433]
On 29 February, more than
100 Palestinians were killed and 750 wounded during the
flour massacre when Israeli forces opened fire on Palestinians waiting for food aid southwest of Gaza City, with many victims run over by trucks according to accounts.[434] Survivors described it as an
ambush, stating that Israeli forces opened fire as people approached the aid trucks, resulting in a rush away from the gunfire that added to the death toll.[435][436]
On 1 March, the US announced they would begin an operation airdropping food aid into Gaza.[437] Some experts called the airdrops performative and claimed they would not alleviate the food situation.[438] During his
State of the Union Address, Biden announced a new initiative for providing food and medications to Gaza by sea, setting up a temporary port on Gaza's coast to enable aid delivery.[439]
By 6 March, Israel had completed a new road in Gaza running from east to west. The IDF reported the road was an "active logistical route, constantly maintained during the war". It was intended to be used for mobilization of troops and supplies, to connect and defend IDF positions on al-Rashid and Salah al-Din streets, and prevent people in the south Gaza Strip from returning to the north.[440]
Re-occupation of al-Shifa Hospital and withdrawal from southern Gaza (March 2024 – April 2024)
Israeli forces raided al-Shifa hospital again between 18 March-1 April. The IDF clashed with Hamas in the area.[441] Israeli forces killed Faiq al-Mabhouh, who they said was head of the operations directorate of Hamas' internal security service. Hamas said al-Mabhouh was in charge of civil law enforcement and had been engaged in "purely civil and humanitarian activity,"[442] coordinating aid deliveries to north Gaza.[443][444] News agencies reported that the IDF assaulted and detained al-Jazeera correspondent Ismail al-Ghoul and more than 80 others, including medical staff and other journalists, and confiscated and destroyed media equipment.[445][446] Al-Ghoul was released the following day, but could not verify the whereabouts of his colleagues.[447][448] The
Committee to Protect Journalists said it was "deeply alarmed and outraged by reports of the assault....Ismail Al-Ghoul...and other journalists while doing their jobs reporting on the Israeli offensive on the hospital".[448]
According to the IDF, senior Hamas leaders were killed during the fighting at the hospital, including Mahmoud Khalil Zakzuk, the deputy commander of Hamas's rocket unit in Gaza City and Raad Thabet, head of recruitment and supply acquisition.[449] Survivors of events at al-Shifa said workers in Gaza's civil government, were receiving their salaries at the hospital, before it was raided. Doctors, members of the civil government and those who refused to evacuate were executed.[450] The IDF said it killed 200 people in and around the hospital. Time Magazine said it provided "no evidence that all were militants."[451] Photos of the hospital after the withdrawal of Israeli forces showed its "walls blown out and frame blackened" by fire.[452] Hundreds of bodies were found on hospital grounds, and Palestinian witnesses reported massacres.[453]
A deputy military commander of Hamas
Marwan Issa was reportedly killed in an airstrike in mid-March.[454] On 23 March, 19 Palestinians were killed by the IDF while waiting for humanitarian aid at the Kuwait roundabout in Gaza City.[455] On 25 March, the UN Security Council passed a resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza, to last for the remainder of
Ramadan. The US abstained, all other delegates voted in favor.[456] Israeli military activities in the Gaza Strip remained unchanged following adoption of the resolution. On 28 March, the IDF shot and killed two unarmed men in central Gaza, before burying them in sand with bulldozers.[457] The Council on American-Islamic Relations called for a UN investigation into the "heinous war crime."[458]
On 1 April, 7 aid workers from
World Central Kitchen, including British,
Polish,
Australian, and
Irish nationals, were killed in an
Israeli airstrike south of
Deir el-Balah.[459][460][461] World Central Kitchen said their vehicles were clearly marked and their location known to Israel. World Central Kitchen,
ANERA and
Project HOPE suspended their operations in Gaza. 240 tons of aid from World Central Kitchen was not distributed due to its withdrawal.[462][463] On 4 April, Israel opened the
Erez crossing for the first time since October 7 after US pressure.[464]
On April 7, Israel withdrew from the south Gaza Strip, with only one brigade remaining in the Netzarim Corridor in the north.[465] Palestinians displaced from that city began to return from the south of the Gaza Strip.[466] Israel planned to initiate its
ground offensive in Rafah around mid-April, but postponed to consider its response to the
Iranian strikes on Israel.[467] On 25 April, Israel intensified strikes on Rafah ahead of threatened invasion.[468][469] On 5 May, Hamas launched a rocket attack from Rafah towards Kerem Shalom, killing 3 Israeli soldiers.[470]
On 6 May, the Israeli military ordered civilians in eastern Rafah to evacuate to
Al-Mawasi, west of Khan Yunis, affecting about 100,000 people.[471] Later that day, Hamas announced that it had accepted the terms of a ceasefire brokered by Egypt and Qatar.[472] The deal included a 6-week ceasefire and exchange of prisoners.[473] However, Israel rejected this deal.[474] Israel responded that the terms Hamas had accepted were "far from Israel's basic requirements", but that it would send a delegation to further negotiate "to exhaust the possibility of reaching an agreement under conditions acceptable to Israel", while the military operation on Rafah would continue in the meantime to "exert military pressure on Hamas".[475][476]
Hours after Hamas' announcement, Israel ordered a series of airstrikes on Rafah, while the Israeli war cabinet voted to invade Rafah.[477][478] Later that day, the IDF entered the outskirts of Rafah and approached the
Rafah Crossing and Egyptian border.[477][479][480] On 7 May, the Israeli military seized control of the Gaza side of the Rafah Crossing bordering Egypt.[481][482] Haaretz reported that as talks continued, Israel committed to Egypt and the United States that it would limit fighting to the Rafah crossing and transfer control of the area to an American security company. However, the State Department and White House denied any knowledge of this commitment.[483] The previous week, the US had paused a shipment of bombs to Israel over concerns of a Rafah offensive,[484] and on 8 May, US President Joe Biden said that the US would stop sending arms to Israel if it went ahead with a major invasion of Rafah.[485] By 11 May, the Israeli military ordered more residents to evacuate eastern and central Rafah.[486] By 15 May, an estimated 600,000 had fled Rafah and another 100,000 from the north, according to the United Nations.[487] On 24 May, the
International Court of Justice ruled that Israel must immediately halt its military offensive in Rafah.[124]
On 24 May, the
United Nations said only 906 aid truckloads had reached Gaza since Israel's Rafah operation began.[488] On 26 May, Hamas fired a barrage of rockets towards Central Israel for the first time in months. Israel
bombed the
Tel al-Sultan displacement camp in Rafah in an area designated by Israel as a safe zone, killing at least 45 people. The IDF said the strike hit a "militant compound" and killed two senior Hamas officials.[489][490] The bombing provoked a skirmish between Egyptian and Israeli soldiers at the Gaza border in which one Egyptian soldier was killed.[491] Despite global outrage and calls from government officials from around the world to halt its Rafah offensive, less than 48 hours after the
Tel al-Sultan massacre, the
Al-Mawasi refugee camp, another designated civilian evacuation zone, was bombed, killing at least 21 people, thirteen of them women and girls.[492][493] The IDF denied involvement in the attack.[494]
On 6 June, Israel
bombed a UN-run school sheltering displaced people in the
Nuseirat refugee camp in central Gaza, killing at least 33 Palestinians, including nine children and three women.[496] Israel said that the school housed a Hamas compound. Analyses found that US-made munitions and parts were used in the strike.[497][498]
On 8 June, Israel conducted an
attack on Nuseirat refugee camp which
resulted in the rescue of four hostages. The IDF said that the four hostages were found in sound medical condition.[499] This was a joint operation by the IDF, the Shin Bet and Yamam.[500] The United States provided advice and intelligence to Israeli forces during the raid, through its "hostage cell" stationed in Israel.[499][501] Israeli forces disguised their vehicles as humanitarian aid trucks to infiltrate the camp.[502] The attack resulted in the deaths of 274 Palestinians, including 64 children and 57 women.[503] Witnesses reported that entire residential blocks were wiped out.[504] The operation also resulted in the death of an Israeli officer in Yamam.[505]
Other confrontations
Hezbollah in southern Lebanon and the
Houthi movement in Yemen have launched limited attacks against Israel, raising fears of a wider regional military conflict. Iranian-backed militias in Iraq and Syria have also traded attacks with the US and IDF.[506] Israel has bombed targets in and around
Damascus throughout the war,[507][508][509] with an attack on the Iranian embassy in Damascus on April 1 leading to a direct Iranian response.[510] Iran launched a series of
retaliatory airstrikes on Israel.[510][511] Over 100 Palestinians have been killed in confrontations with Israeli soldiers and settlers in the West Bank since 7 October. Settler violence has been heavily criticized by the IDF.[512][513]
Amnesty International released a report[514] on 5 February 2024 stating that Israel is carrying out unlawful killings in the West Bank and displaying "a chilling disregard for Palestinian lives" and that Israeli forces are carrying out numerous illegal acts of violence that constitute clear violations of international law.[515][516]
Even before the war, 2023 was the deadliest year for Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied West Bank in 20 years. From 7 to 31 October, B'Tselem said that Israeli forces had killed more than 100 Palestinians while Israeli settlers had killed at least seven, leading to fears that the situation would escalate out of control.[512] About 1,000 Palestinians have been forcibly displaced by settlers since 7 October and almost half of clashes have included "Israeli forces accompanying or actively supporting Israeli settlers while carrying out the attacks" according to a U.N. report.[517] According to the West Bank Protection Consortium, which is funded by the European Union, since the 7 October attacks six Palestinian communities have been abandoned due to the violence.[518]
By 10 October, confrontations between Palestinians and Israeli forces had left 15 Palestinians dead, including two in East Jerusalem.[519] On 11 October, Israeli settlers attacked the village of
Qusra, killing four Palestinians. A 16-year-old child was fatally shot by the IDF in
Bani Naim, while another person was shot dead by the IDF near
Bethlehem.[520] On 12 October, two Palestinians were killed after Israeli settlers interrupted a funeral procession for Palestinians killed in prior settler attacks and opened fire.[521][522][523]
On 18 October, protests broke out over the al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion, with clashes reported in
Ramallah.[524] In
Jenin, a 12-year-old girl was shot dead by crossfire from Palestinian Authority security forces, and another youth was injured by PA forces in
Tubas. One Palestinian was killed in confrontations with Israeli forces in
Nabi Saleh, and 30 others were injured across the West Bank.[525] On 19 October, more than 60 Hamas members were arrested and 12 people were killed in overnight
Israeli raids across the West Bank. Those arrested included the movement's spokesperson in the West Bank,
Hassan Yousef.[526]
On 22 October, Israel
struck the al-Ansar Mosque in the Jenin refugee camp, saying that it had killed several "terror operatives" from Hamas and Islamic Jihad who were planning attacks inside without providing evidence.[527] Within a few days Ayser Mohammad Al-Amer, a senior commander of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad was killed during a clash with IDF in the Jenin refugee camp.[528] On 31 October, the IDF engaged Hamas around
Shuweika.[529]
On 1 November,
Issa Amro said the situation in the West Bank had become "very hard", noting "All the checkpoints are closed. Israeli settlers and soldiers are acting violently with the Palestinians."[530] The
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs warned Israeli settler violence against Palestinians was on the rise.[531]
On 30 November, two Palestinian gunmen
killed three and wounded eleven Israeli civilians at a bus stop on the
Givat Shaul Interchange in Jerusalem. Hamas claimed responsibility.[532]
On 16 February 2024, a Palestinian gunman
shot and killed two Israeli civilians and injured four others in
Kiryat Malakhi, Israel. The shooter was killed by an off-duty IDF reservist at the scene.[533]
On 12 April 2024 a 14-old Israeli shepherd was killed and on 16 April 2024 two Palestinians were killed by
Israeli settlers in
Aqraba.[534]
On 20 April, fourteen Palestinians were killed in clashes during an Israeli raid in the West Bank. Palestinian sources identified one of the victims as a militant,[535] while Israel said that 14 gunmen were killed.[536]
On 13 May, at the Tarqumiya checkpoint, a convoy of trucks carrying food supplies to Gaza was attacked by Israeli settlers, who damaged the trucks and threw supplies on the ground.[537]
In December 2023, a military base at
Sde Teiman in the Negev Desert was converted to a detention camp by the IDF. Whistleblowers reported beatings and torture of Palestinian detainees at the camp, as well as amputations of limbs due to injuries sustained from handcuffing.[538][539] After conditions in the camp came to light in May 2024,
Israel's supreme court held a hearing and the IDF began transferring 1,200 of the prisoners to
Ofer Prison.[540]
A
series of border clashes occurred along the
Israel–Lebanon border. On 8 October,
Hezbollah launched an artillery attack on Israeli positions in
Shebaa Farms; this was met with immediate retaliation.[541][542] Skirmishes have occurred every day since, spilling over to the occupied
Golan Heights. The clashes resulted in the deaths of 513 Lebanese militants and 15 Israeli soldiers,[543][544] as well as over 72 Lebanese civilians, 15 Syrian civilians and six Israeli civilians,[545][546] one Lebanese Army soldier,[547] and the displacement of 100,000 people in
Lebanon and 80,000 more in Israel.[548][549]
Several strikes against Israel and commercial ships in the
Red Sea are thought to have launched by Iran-backed
Houthi militants in
Yemen.[550][551][552] On 19 October, the United States Navy destroyer
USS Carney shot down several missiles that were traveling north over the
Red Sea towards Israel.[553] On 31 October, Houthi military spokesperson Yahya Saree said that the group had launched
ballistic missiles and drones towards Israel, and that they would continue to do so "to help the Palestinians to victory"[554] in an event that has been misrepresented in some news sites as a
declaration of war by Yemen.[555] On 19 November, tensions increased when the
Galaxy Leader, a cargo ship chartered by a Japanese logistics company with 25 individuals on board, was hijacked by the Houthis using a
Mil Mi-17 helicopter.[556]
On 3 December, the Houthis said that they had attacked two ships, the Unity Explorer and Number 9, allegedly linked to Israel, in order "to prevent Israeli ships from navigating the Red Sea".[557][558] Any ship destined for Israel, according to the group, was a "legitimate target". Saree announced in a post on X that the "horrific massacres" against the Palestinians in Gaza was the reason for this decision and that they will not stop until the Gaza Strip is supplied with food and medicine. Israeli National Security Adviser
Tzachi Hanegbi called this development a "global issue" and that Israel is "giving the world some time to organize in order to prevent this" otherwise, the country "would will act in order to remove this naval siege".[559]
On 10 October 2023, Israel exchanged rocket and mortar fire with forces in southern Syria. On 12 October, Israel bombed the Damascus and Aleppo airports ahead of a visit to Syria by Iranian foreign minister
Hossein Amir-Abdollahian.[507] Since 2024, Israel has continued to launch airstrikes at targets in Syria, including in Damascus[509] and Aleppo.[572] Some of its targets include officials and locations associated with Iran such as members of the
Quds Force[573] and the Iranian consulate in Damascus.[574][575]
On 24 November 2023, a suspected Iranian drone attacked the CMA CGM Symi, owned by
Eastern Pacific Shipping, whose principal is Israeli, in the Indian Ocean, according to a US defense official. An anonymous source said the drone was suspected to have been a
Shahed-136 drone. The attack caused damage to the ship but did not injure any of the crew.[576]
In December, the US military was reportedly looking to build a maritime task force to protect trade against Iranian harassment.[577]
On 23 December, a suspected Iranian drone
attacked the Israel-affiliated oil tanker MV Chem Pluto in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of
Gujarat. The attack did not harm any of its 20 crew members, but caused a fire that was extinguished. The vessel was reportedly carrying Saudi oil to
Mangalore, India.[578]
As of 21 May 2024[update], over 37,000 people (35,562 Palestinian[584] and 1,478 Israeli[596] have been reported as killed in the Israel–Hamas war, including 105 journalists (100 Palestinian, 2 Israeli and 3 Lebanese)[597] and over 224 humanitarian aid workers, including 179 employees of
UNRWA.[598]
The vast majority of casualties have been in the
Gaza Strip. The death toll reported by the UN OCHA comes from the
Gaza Health Ministry.[599] The breakdown of the figures in the UN OCHA report only includes casualties whose identities have been confirmed, while the overall figure is the number of reported deaths.[600] Over 24,000 of the dead have been fully identified by the
Gaza Health Ministry;[601] of these, 52% are women and minors, 40% are men, and 8% are elderly of both sexes.[602] Some have speculated that the total death toll in Gaza might be higher than reported, with roughly 10,000 Gazans believed still buried under the rubble.[603][604][605][606] The number of deaths do not include those who have died from "preventable disease, malnutrition and other consequences of the war".[602]
The
Gaza Strip is experiencing a
humanitarian crisis as a result of the Israel–Hamas war.[610][611] The crisis includes both a
famine and a
healthcare collapse. At the start of the
war, Israel tightened its
blockade on the Gaza Strip, which has resulted in significant shortages of fuel, food, medication, water, and essential medical supplies.[610][612][613] This siege resulted in a 90% drop in electricity availability, impacting hospital power supplies, sewage plants, and shutting down the desalination plants that provide drinking water.[614] Widespread disease outbreaks have spread across Gaza.[611]
Heavy bombardment by Israeli airstrikes caused catastrophic damage to Gaza's infrastructure, further deepening the crisis. Direct attacks on telecommunications infrastructure by Israel, electricity blockades and fuel shortages caused the near-total collapse of Gaza's largest cell network providers.[615][616][617] Lack of internet access has obstructed Gazan citizens from communicating with loved ones, learning of IDF operations, and identifying both the areas most exposed to bombing and possible escape routes.[615] The blackouts have also impeded emergency services, making it more difficult to locate and access the time-critical injured,[615] and have impeded humanitarian aid agencies and journalists as well.[615] By December 2023, 200,000 Gazans (approximately 10% of the population) had received internet access through an eSIM provided by
Connecting Humanity.[618]
Both Israel and Hamas have been accused of attempted or imminent
genocide, and several other
war crimes, including
sexual violence.[628] A
UN Commission to the Israel–Palestine conflict stated that there is "clear evidence that war crimes may have been committed in the latest explosion of violence in Israel and Gaza, and all those who have violated international law and targeted civilians must be held accountable."[629][630][631] On 27 October, a spokesperson for the
OHCHR called for an independent court to review potential war crimes committed by both sides.[632]
On 7 June 2024, both Israel and Hamas were added to the list of shame, an annex attached to an annual report submitted by the UN Secretary-General documenting rights violations against children in armed conflict. While past reports accused Israel of grave rights violations against children, the country was never included in the annex.[640][641]
The war sparked a major
diplomatic crisis, with many countries around the world reacting strongly to the conflict that affected the momentum of regional relations.[642] At least nine countries took the drastic step of recalling their ambassadors and cutting diplomatic ties with Israel.[643][644]
The war has also resulted in a renewed focus on a two-state solution to the broader conflict.[645][646] Global public opinion of Israel has dropped during the war as well; a Morning Consult poll published in January 2024 indicated that the United States was the only remaining wealthy country in which Israel had net positive approval.[647]
In an interview to the Wall Street Journal on 25 December, Netanyahu said that Israel's objectives were to "destroy Hamas, demilitarize Gaza and
deradicalize the whole of Palestinian society".[654] There was broad support in Israeli society for military operations in Gaza.[655][656][657]
Palestinian territories
Initially, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas asserted the Palestinians' right to self-defense against the "terror of settlers and occupation troops"[658] and condemned the orders by Israel for residents to evacuate north Gaza, labeling it a "second Nakba".[659] Later, Abbas rejected the killing of civilians on both sides, and said that the Palestinian Liberation Organization was the sole representative of the Palestinians.[660]
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(May 2024)
Significant geopolitical divisions emerged during the war. Much of the
Western world provided "strong" support to Israel militarily and diplomatically,[661] including the
United States,[662]United Kingdom,[663] and
Germany[664] although the strong support is "at odds with the attitudes of Western publics which continue to shift away from Israel", according to Hugh Lovatt, a senior policy fellow with the Middle East and North Africa Programme at the
European Council on Foreign Relations. Lovatt says that during the Cold War, Israel sided with the West against the Arab countries supported by the Soviets, and Western leaders generally see Israel "as a fellow member of the
liberal democratic club" and that this partially "explains the continued strong Western support for Israel – which has now largely become reflexive".[661] At least 44 nations denounced Hamas and explicitly condemned its conduct on October 7 as terrorism, including a joint statement by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany. [665]
In contrast, the
Islamic world and much of the
Global South denounced the actions of Israel and its allies, criticizing the "moral authority of the West" and alleging that it holds
double standards surrounding
human rights.[661][666] The double standards, in their view, is condemning an illegal occupation in Ukraine while standing firmly behind Israel that has occupied Palestinian lands.[667]Bolivia has cut all ties with Israel as a result of the conflict, while fellow South American countries
Colombia and
Chile recalled their ambassadors to the country.[668][669]
The United States, United Kingdom, and Germany have supplied Israel with substantial military and medical aid.[663][670][671]
The Israeli government's response prompted international
protests, arrests, and
harassment.[672]
Brazil announced a rescue operation of nationals using an air force transport aircraft.[673]Poland announced that it would deploy two C-130 transport planes to evacuate 200 of its nationals.[674] Hungary evacuated 215 of its nationals from Israel using two aircraft on 9 October, while Romania evacuated 245 of its citizens, including two pilgrimage groups, on two
TAROM planes and two private aircraft on the same day.[675] Australia also announced repatriation flights.[676] 300 Nigerian pilgrims in Israel fled to Jordan before being airlifted home.[677]
On 12 October, the United Kingdom arranged flights for its citizens in Israel; the first plane departed Ben Gurion Airport that day. The government had said before that it would not be evacuating its nationals due to available commercial flights. However, most commercial flights were suspended.[678] Nepal arranged a flight to evacuate at least 254 of its citizens who were studying in Israel.[679] India launched
Operation Ajay to evacuate its citizens from Israel.[680] Ukraine has facilitated the evacuation of around 450 of its citizens from Israel as of 18 October, with additional evacuation flights in the planning for the near future.[681]
According to
Daniel Byman and Alexander Palmer, the attack showcased the decline of the
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the rise of Hamas as a power center in
Palestinian politics. They predicted the PLO's further decline if the status quo held.[682] Laith Alajlouni wrote that the immediate effect of the Hamas offensive was to unite Hamas and PLO. However, it may soon lead to conflict between them, possibly leading the PLO to lose control of the security situation in the West Bank, if more militant groups there begin to launch their independent attacks.[683]
Political journalist
Peter Beaumont described the attack as "an intelligence failure for the ages" on the part of the Israeli government.[684] The
Jewish News Syndicate deemed it a "
failure of imagination".[685] A BBC report on the intelligence failure commented that "it must have taken extraordinary levels of operational security by Hamas".[686] US officials expressed shock at how Israeli intelligence appeared to be unaware of any preparations by Hamas.[687] Israeli officials later anonymously reported to Axios that the IDF and Shin Bet had detected abnormal movements by Hamas the day before the attack, but decided to wait for additional intelligence before raising the military's alert level. They also did not inform political leaders of the intelligence reports.[688]
Amit Segal, chief political commentator for Israel's
Channel 12, said that the conflict would test Benjamin Netanyahu's survival as
prime minister, noting that
past wars had toppled the governments of several of his predecessors such as that of
Golda Meir following the 1973 Yom Kippur War,
Menachem Begin following the
1982 Lebanon War, and
Ehud Olmert following the
2006 Lebanon War.[689] Prior to the formation of an emergency unity government on 11 October, Politico described the then-potential move as Netanyahu's opportunity to correct his course and save his political legacy.[690] Citing the Israeli intelligence failure, which some observers attributed to
the incumbent government focusing more on internal dissent, the
judicial reform, and efforts to deepen Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories,[691] some commentators criticized Netanyahu for putting aside the PLO and propping up Hamas,[205] and described him as a liability.[229][692]
In an analysis by The Times of Israel, the newspaper wrote, "Hamas has violently shifted the world's eyes back to the Palestinians and dealt a severe blow to the momentum for securing a landmark US-brokered deal between Israel and Saudi Arabia."[693] Andreas Kluth wrote in his
Bloomberg News column that Hamas "torched Biden's deal to remake the Middle East", arguing that the deal that was being discussed between Saudi Arabia, Israel, and the United States would have left Palestinians in the cold, so the group decided to "blow the whole thing up". He added that viewed from Gaza, things were only going to get worse, considering that Netanyahu's coalition partners opposed a two-state solution for the conflict. He suggested they would prefer to annex the entirety of the West Bank, even at the expense of turning Israel into an apartheid state.[694]
On 9 November, the Bank of Israel reported that the drop in labor supply caused by the war was costing the Israeli economy $600 million a week, or 6% of weekly GDP. The bank also stated that the estimate does not reflect total damage and did not include damages caused by the absence of Palestinian and foreign workers.[695] In the final quarter of 2023, the Israeli economy shrank by 5.2% quarter-to-quarter due to labour shortages in construction and from the mobilization of 300,000 reservists.[696] While Israel did still see economic growth of 2%, this was down from 6.5% growth in the year before the war. Further consequences of the war were that consumer spending declined by 27%, imports declined by 42% and exports were reported to decline by 18%.
Israel's high-tech factories reported on 25 December that they had been having trouble with electronic imports from China due to recent bureaucratic obstacles, leading to higher import costs and delayed delivery times.[697] Israeli officials also reported that China had refused to send workers to their country during the war against the backdrop of a worker shortage in Israel's construction and farming sectors.[698] China's actions were described as a
de factosanction.[699][697]
The Water Transport Workers Federation of India, a trade union representing 11 major Indian ports and 3,500 workers, said it would refuse to operate shipments carrying weapons to Israel.[700] The declaration came a few months after one Indian company halted production of Israeli police uniforms due to the war in Gaza.[701]
About 9,855 Thai workers in the agricultural sector, 4,331 workers in the construction sector and 2,997 in the nursing sector left Israel following al-Aqsa Flood. In addition, the prevention of 85,000 Palestinian workers from entering Israel created a shortage of about 100,000 foreign and Palestinian workers.[702]
It has been calculated that the
carbon cost in terms of climate impact of rebuilding Gaza would exceed the annual greenhouse emissions of 135 countries.[703]
Over 750 journalists signed an open letter condemning "Israel's killing of reporters in Gaza and criticizing Western media's coverage of the war". The letter said newsrooms are "accountable for dehumanizing rhetoric that has served to justify ethnic cleansing of Palestinians". Signers of the letter were criticized for potentially impeding their organizations' ability to gather news and could face management backlash,[704]Semafor reported that Los Angeles Times journalists who signed the letter were barred from covering the Gaza war "in any way" for at least three months.[705]
On 13 November eleven international news organizations sent a letter to Israel and Egypt, asking for access to the Gaza Strip to cover the war.[706]
CBS reported on 14 December a statement of the
International Federation of Journalists noting that "the number of journalists killed in the past two months in the war in Gaza has surpassed the amount killed in the
Vietnam War, which lasted two decades".[707] More than 50 Palestinian journalists died.[707] Various dangerous facts such as airstrikes, but also starvation due to lack of food, risks linking for having no clean water available and shelter made that "Palestine is one of the most dangerous places for a journalist to do their job".[707]Reporters Without Borders filed a complaint with the
International Criminal Court, under section 8.2.b of the
Rome Statute accusing Israel of committing war crimes against 8 journalists.[708][709] It also lodged a complaint against Hamas, under section 8.2.a of the Rome Statute for the killing of a reporter covering the 7 October attack.[708]
The
Committee to Protect Journalists has accused Israel of targeting journalists reporting from Gaza and their families, saying that in at least two cases, "journalists reported receiving threats from Israeli officials and Israel Defense Forces officers before their family members were killed".[710]
Unsubstantiated reports of certain 7 October atrocities
In the aftermath of the initial Hamas assault, witnesses from the IDF and the Israeli organization
ZAKA reported on various media outlets that they had seen bodies of beheaded infants and children at the site of the
Kfar Aza massacre.[711][712][713] This claim was repeated by the US President Biden and by Secretary of State Blinken with the White House subsequently saying that the President was referring to the reports of beheadings.[714][715]
However, these stories were later found to be untrue or unverified.[716][715][717] In reality, only three babies were known to have died on 7 October, one from a bullet and the other due to complications after birth.[716]
Embedded journalists with Israel
Foreign media such as CNN, ABC, NBC, The New York Times, and Fox News, have limited access to Gaza only in the presence of Israeli soldiers. Vox reported that the news organizations "have to submit all materials and footage to the IDF for review before publication".[709]
Censorship by social media companies
On 20 December,
Human Rights Watch issued a 51-page report documenting
Meta's pattern of removal and suppression of speech on
Facebook and
Instagram including peaceful expression in support of Palestine and public debate about Palestinian human rights.[718]
Israel's ban of Al Jazeera
On 5 May 2024, the Israeli government shut down
Al Jazeera in Israel and authorized seizing its equipment.[719][720]
^Israeli UN Ambassador
Gilad Erdan responded directly to Guterres, stating, "Shame on [Guterres]... More than 30 minors – among them a 9-month-old baby as well as toddlers and children who witnessed their parents being murdered in cold blood – are being held against their will in the Gaza Strip. Hamas is the problem in Gaza, not Israel's actions to eliminate this terrorist organization."[620][621]
^
ab"Day 235: Al-Qassam continues to confront and inflict losses on the enemy (اليوم الـ 235.. القسام يواصل التصدي وتكبيد العدو الخسائر)" (in Arabic). 28 May 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
Arabic: …والتي أسفرت حتى اللحظة عن مقتل (636) ضابطاً وجندياً وإصابة أكثر من (3611) آخرين حسب اعتراف جيش العدو، وما يزيد عن (7306) جريح حسب تقارير المستشفيات…,
lit. '...which has so far resulted in the killing of (636) officers and soldiers and the wounding of more than (3611) others, according to the confession of the enemy army, and more than (7306) wounded according to hospital reports...'
^"ההזיות של סינוואר: הרגנו 1,600 חיילים ישראלים" (in Hebrew). Srugim. 25 December 2023.
Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. Quote: The Al Jazeera network today published a letter from
Sinwar to the political office of Hamas located in Turkey and Qatar in which he detailed the battles that his men have been waging against Israel since the beginning of the ground maneuver… "During the ground war, the Al-Qassam battalions attacked at least 5,000 soldiers and officers, a third of them were killed, another third were seriously injured and the last third was permanently disabled". }}
^Ahmed, Kaamil (4 February 2024).
"'Everything beautiful has been destroyed': Palestinians mourn a city in tatters". The Observer.
ISSN0029-7712. Retrieved 27 March 2024. A recent report by the Palestinian culture ministry into Israeli damage to Palestinian heritage said Israel's bombardment of Gaza had destroyed 207 buildings of cultural or historical significance, including 144 in the old city and 25 religious sites.
^
ab"Data on casualties". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – occupied Palestinian territory (
OCHAoPt).
Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
^Ackerman, Seth (4 January 2024).
"There was an Iron Wall in Gaza". Jacobin.
Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024. The unemployment rate soared to "probably the highest in the world", four-fifths of the population were forced to rely on humanitarian assistance, three-quarters became dependent on food aid, more than half faced "acute food insecurity", one in ten children were stunted by malnutrition, and over 96 percent of potable water became unsafe for human consumption.
^Kane, Alex; Cohen, Mari; Shamir, Jonathan; Scher, Isaac (10 October 2023).
"The Hamas Attacks and Israeli Response: An Explainer". Jewish Currents.
ISSN0362-4331.
Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023. Since Israel's disengagement from Gaza in 2006... Hamas has sometimes used rocket fire to exact concessions from Israel... Israel has frequently reacted to Hamas rocket attacks with bombing campaigns, an approach Israeli strategists have referred to as 'mowing the grass'...
^"Where We Work. Gaza Strip". United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (
UNRWA).
Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
^Freedman, Robert O. (2013).
"Russia". In Peters, Joel; Newman, David (eds.). The Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.
Routledge. pp. 325–333 [331].
ISBN9780415778626. Archived from
the original on 16 November 2023.
^
ab"خطاب "طوفان الأقصى"". مؤسسة الدراسات الفلسطينية (Institute for Palestine Studies) (in Arabic). Institute for Palestine Studies. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
^
abCite error: The named reference statement was invoked but never defined (see the
help page).
^"What is Hamas and why is it fighting with Israel in Gaza?". 7 October 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2024. Hamas justified its attack as a response to what it calls Israeli crimes against the Palestinian people. These include security raids on Islam's third holiest site – the al-Aqsa Mosque, in occupied East Jerusalem – and Jewish settlement activity in the occupied West Bank.
^Hamed, Qossay (2023). Hamas in Power: The Question of Transformation. IGI Global. p. 161.
^Spitka, Timea (2023). National and International Civilian Protection Strategies in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.
Springer International Publishing. pp. 88–89.
^Heer, Jeet (11 December 2023).
"Why Netanyahu Bolstered Hamas". thenation.com. The Nation.
Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
^"A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid". B'Tselem. 12 January 2021.
Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2023. A regime that uses laws, practices and organized violence to cement the supremacy of one group over another is an apartheid regime. Israeli apartheid, which promotes the supremacy of Jews over Palestinians, was not born in one day or of a single speech. It is a process that has gradually grown more institutionalized and explicit, with mechanisms introduced over time in law and practice to promote Jewish supremacy. These accumulated measures, their pervasiveness in legislation and political practice, and the public and judicial support they receive – all form the basis for our conclusion that the bar for labeling the Israeli regime as apartheid has been met.
^Kaye, Dalia Dassa (17 August 2023).
"The Case Against an Israeli-Saudi Deal". Foreign Affairs. In an early August interview with Bloomberg, Netanyahu...called the Palestinian issue no more than a "checkbox" and reiterated his opposition to a Palestinian state.
^"Israel-Saudi peace can end all hope for Palestinian statehood - opinion". The Jerusalem Post. 10 August 2023. To which [Palestinian state] Bibi emphatically says, "No, never." Many in Israel and elsewhere are confident that the Saudis aren't really serious about Palestinian statehood and are unwilling to sacrifice their own interests for it.
^Ackerman, Spencer (10 October 2023).
"A Mideast Deal Signed in Blood".
The Nation. It is not lost on anyone, least of all the Palestinians, that in 2002, then–Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz conditioned recognition for Israel on Palestinian statehood. Now–Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has removed that condition.
Alghoul, Fares; Khraiche, Dana; Altstein, Galit (7 May 2024).
"Israel Says a Cease-Fire Plan Backed by Hamas Falls Short". Bloomberg News. Archived from
the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024. The Palestinian militant group Hamas said it had agreed to a cease-fire proposal for the Gaza Strip, but Israel's war cabinet unanimously rejected it as "far from Israel's necessary demands,"...
^Jhaveri, Ashka; Moore, Johanna; Tyson, Kathryn; Carter, Brian; Ganzeveld, Annika; Carl, Nicholas (31 October 2023).
"Iran Update, October 31, 2023".
Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 1 November 2023. The al Quds Brigades and the Tulkarm Battalion of the al Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades conducted a combined small arms attack on Israeli forces in Shuweika near Tulkarm, indicating growing coordination between the two groups. This was the first combined attack between the al Quds Brigades and al Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades in the West Bank since October 19.
^Fabian, Emanuel.
"Authorities name 347 soldiers, 58 police officers killed in Gaza war". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 5 November 2023. Six soldiers have also been killed in attacks claimed by the Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the Hezbollah terror group on the border with Lebanon since the fighting started. One soldier was killed in a West Bank terror attack. The military's list also includes a soldier killed by friendly fire in the West Bank, a soldier killed due to malfunctioning ammunition on the Lebanon border, and two soldiers killed in a tank accident in northern Israel.
^Fabian, Emanuel.
"Authorities name 347 soldiers, 58 police officers killed in Gaza war". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 5 November 2023. Six soldiers have also been killed in attacks claimed by the Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the Hezbollah terror group on the border with Lebanon since the fighting started. One soldier was killed in a West Bank terror attack. The military's list also includes a soldier killed by friendly fire in the West Bank, a soldier killed due to malfunctioning ammunition on the Lebanon border, and two soldiers killed in a tank accident in northern Israel.
^
abcBusari, Stephanie; Ebrahim, Nadeen; Al Lawati, Abbas (19 January 2024).
"Israel's war in Gaza has exposed a deepening global divide". CNN.
Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024. Beyond the courtroom drama, experts say divisions over the war in Gaza symbolize a widening gap between Israel and its traditional Western allies, notably the United States and Europe, and a group of nations known as the Global South — countries located primarily in the southern hemisphere, often characterized by lower income levels and developing economies... Israel sided with the West against Soviet-backed Arab regimes during the Cold War, and Western countries largely view it "as a fellow member of the liberal democratic club", he added. "Some of this explains the continued strong Western support for Israel – which has now largely become reflexive."
^"Germany stands firmly alongside Israel". Bundesregierung. 22 December 2023.
Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024. The Federal Government is also supporting Israel by providing military and medical equipment.
^
abZomer, Navit (25 December 2023).
"Israeli high-tech factories have difficulties importing components from China". Ynetnews.
Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024. The Chinese are imposing a kind of sanction on us. They don't officially declare it, but they are delaying shipments to Israel," a senior figure in one of the factories told Ynet. "They have various excuses and pretexts, such as requiring suppliers from China to obtain export licenses to Israel that did not exist before. Additionally, they demand that we fill out numerous forms, causing significant delays. This has never happened to us before.
^Lakhani, Nina (6 June 2024).
"Revealed: repairing Israel's destruction of Gaza will come at huge climate cost". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 June 2024. The carbon cost of rebuilding Gaza will be greater than the annual greenhouse gas emissions generated individually by 135 countries, exacerbating the global climate emergency on top of the unprecedented death toll, new research reveals. Reconstructing the estimated 200,000 apartment buildings, schools, universities, hospitals, mosques, bakeries, water and sewage plants damaged and destroyed by Israel in the first four months of the war on Gaza will generate as much as 60m tonnes of CO2 equivalent (tCO2e), according to new analysis by researchers in the UK and US. This is on a par with the total 2022 emissions generated by countries such as Portugal and Sweden – and more than twice the annual emissions of Afghanistan.