Comparison of a wide range of lengths
Objects of sizes in different order of magnitude (at inconsistent intervals).
Graphical overview of sizes
The following are examples of
orders of magnitude for different
lengths .
Overview
Scale
Range (
m )
Unit
Example items
≥
<
Subatomic
–
0
–
Gravitational singularity
10−36
10−33
ℓ P
Fixed value (not a range).
Quantum foam ,
string
10−18
10−15
am
proton ,
neutron ,
pion
Atomic to cellular
10−15
10−12
fm
Atomic nucleus
10−12
10−9
pm
Wavelength of
gamma rays and
X-rays ,
hydrogen atom
10−9
10−6
nm
DNA
helix ,
virus , wavelength of
optical spectrum , transistors used in CPUs
Cellular to human
10−6
10−3
μm
Bacterium ,
fog water droplet, human
hair 's diameter
[note 1]
10−3
1
mm
Mosquito ,
golf ball ,
domestic cat ,
violin ,
football
Human to astronomical
1
103
m
Piano ,
human ,
automobile ,
sperm whale ,
football field ,
Eiffel Tower
103
106
km
Mount Everest , length of
Panama Canal and
Trans-Siberian Railway , larger
asteroid
Astronomical
106
109
Mm
The
Moon , Earth, one
light-second
109
1012
Gm
Sun , one
light-minute ,
Earth's orbit
1012
1015
Tm
Orbits of
outer planets ,
Solar System
1015
1018
Pm
A
light-year , the distance to
Proxima Centauri
1018
1021
Em
Galactic arm
1021
1024
Zm
Milky Way , distance to
Andromeda Galaxy
1024
1027
Ym
Huge-LQG ,
Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall ,
Observable universe
Detailed list
To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various lengths between
1.6
×
10
−
35
{\displaystyle 1.6\times 10^{-35}}
metres and
10
10
10
122
{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{122}}}}
metres.
Subatomic scale
Atomic to cellular scale
Cellular to human scale
Human to astronomical scale
Factor (
m )
Multiple
Value
Item
1 (100 )
1 metre (
m )
1 m (exactly)
Since 2019, defined as the length of the path travelled by
light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a
second , where the second is defined by a hyperfine transition frequency of
caesium .
2.72 m
Height of
Robert Wadlow , tallest-known human.
[31]
8.38 m
Length of a London bus (
AEC Routemaster )
101
1 decametre (
dam )
33 m
Length of the longest-known
blue whale
[32]
52 m
Height of the
Niagara Falls
[33]
93.47 m
Height of the
Statue of Liberty
102
1 hectometre (
hm )
105 m
Length of a typical
football field
137 m (147 m)
Height (present and original) of the
Great Pyramid of Giza
300 m
Height of the
Eiffel Tower , one of the famous monuments of Paris
979 m
Height of the
Salto Angel , the world's highest free-falling waterfall (
Venezuela )
103
1 kilometre (
km )
2.3 km
Length of the
Three Gorges Dam , the largest
dam in the world
[34]
[35]
3.1 km
Narrowest width of the
Strait of Messina , separating
Italy and
Sicily
8.848 km
Height of
Mount Everest , the highest mountain on Earth
104
10 km
10.9 km
Depth of the
Challenger Deep in the
Mariana Trench , the deepest-known point on Earth's surface
27 km
Circumference of the
Large Hadron Collider , as of May 2010
[update] the largest and highest energy
particle accelerator
42.195 km
Length of a
marathon
105
100 km
100 km
The distance the
IAU considers to be the limit to
space , called the
Karman line
163 km
Length of the
Suez Canal , connecting the
Mediterranean Sea to the
Red Sea
491 km
Length of the
Pyrenees , the
mountain range separating
Spain and
France
974.6 km
Greatest diameter of the dwarf planet
Ceres .
[36]
106
1 megametre (
Mm )
2.38 Mm
Diameter of dwarf planet
Pluto , formerly the smallest
planet category
[note 2] in the Solar System
3.48 Mm
Diameter of the
Moon
5.2 Mm
Typical distance covered by the winner of the
24 Hours of Le Mans automobile endurance race
6.371 Mm
Average
radius of Earth
6.378 Mm
Equatorial radius of Earth
6.4 Mm
Length of the
Great Wall of China
6.6 Mm
Approximate length of the two longest rivers, the
Nile and the
Amazon
7.821 Mm
Length of the
Trans-Canada Highway
9.288 Mm
Length of the
Trans-Siberian Railway , longest in the world
Astronomical scale
Factor (
m )
Multiple
Value
Item
107
10 Mm
12.756 Mm
Equatorial diameter of Earth
20.004 Mm
Length of a
meridian on Earth (distance between Earth's poles along the surface)
[37]
40.075 Mm
Length of Earth's
equator
108
100 Mm
142.984 Mm
Diameter of
Jupiter
299.792 Mm
Distance traveled by light in vacuum in one second (a
light-second , exactly 299,792,458 m by definition of the
speed of light )
384.4 Mm
Moon 's orbital distance from Earth
109
1 gigametre (
Gm )
1.39 Gm
Diameter of the
Sun
5.15 Gm
Greatest mileage ever recorded by a car (3.2 million miles by a 1966
Volvo P-1800S )
[38]
1010
10 Gm
18 Gm
Approximately one
light-minute
1011
100 Gm
150 Gm
1
astronomical unit (au); mean distance between Earth and Sun
1012
1 terametre (Tm)
1.3 Tm
Optical diameter of
Betelgeuse
1.4 Tm
Orbital distance of
Saturn from Sun
2 Tm
Estimated optical diameter of
VY Canis Majoris , one of the
largest-known stars
5.9 Tm
Orbital distance of Pluto from the Sun
~ 7.5 Tm
Outer boundary of the
Kuiper belt
1013
10 Tm
Diameter of the
Solar System as a whole
[1]
16.09 Tm
Total length of DNA molecules in all cells of an adult human body
[39]
21.49 Tm
Distance of the
Voyager 1 spacecraft from Sun (as of Oct 2018
[update] ), the farthest man-made object so far
[40]
62.03 Tm
Estimated radius of the
event horizon of the
supermassive black hole in
NGC 4889 , the largest-known
black hole to date
1014
100 Tm
180 Tm
Size of the
debris disk around the star
51 Pegasi
[41]
1015
1 petametre (Pm)
~7.5 Pm
Supposed outer boundary of the
Oort cloud (~ 50,000 au)
9.461 Pm
Distance traveled by light in vacuum in one year; at its current speed, Voyager 1 would need 17,500 years to travel this distance
1016
10 Pm
30.857 Pm
1
parsec
39.9 Pm
Distance to nearest star (
Proxima Centauri )
41.3 Pm
As of March 2013, distance to nearest discovered
extrasolar planet (
Alpha Centauri Bc )
1017
100 Pm
193 Pm
As of October 2010, distance to nearest discovered extrasolar planet with potential to support life as presently defined by science (
Gliese 581 d )
615 Pm
Approximate radius of humanity's radio bubble, caused by high-power TV broadcasts leaking through the atmosphere into outer space
1018
1 exametre (Em)
1.9 Em
Distance to nearby
solar twin (
HIP 56948 ), a star with properties virtually identical to the Sun
[42]
1019
10 Em
9.46 Em
Average thickness of
Milky Way Galaxy
[43] (1,000 to 3,000 ly by
21 cm observations
[44] )
1020
100 Em
113.5 Em
Thickness of
Milky Way Galaxy 's gaseous disk
[45]
1021
1 zettametre (Zm)
1.54 Zm
Distance to
SN 1987A , the most recent naked eye supernova
1.62 Zm
Distance to the
Large Magellanic Cloud (a
dwarf galaxy
orbiting the
Milky Way )
1.66 Zm
Distance to the
Small Magellanic Cloud (another dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way)
1.9 Zm
Diameter of galactic disk of
Milky Way Galaxy
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49]
6.15 Zm
Diameter of the low surface brightness disc halo of the giant spiral galaxy
Malin 1
1022
10 Zm
13.25 Zm
Radius of the diffuse stellar halo of
IC 1101 , one of the largest-known galaxies
24 Zm
Distance to
Andromeda Galaxy
30.857 Zm
1
megaparsec
50 Zm
Diameter of
Local Group of
galaxies
1023
100 Zm
300–600 Zm
Distance to
Virgo cluster of
galaxies
1024
1 yottametre (Ym)
2.19 Ym
Diameter of the
Local Supercluster and the largest voids and filaments
2.8 Ym
End of Greatness
~5 Ym
Diameter of the
Horologium Supercluster
[50]
9.461 Ym
Diameter of the
Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex , the supercluster complex which includes Earth
1025
10 Ym
13 Ym
Length of the
Sloan Great Wall , a giant wall of galaxies (
galactic filament )
[51]
30.857 Ym
1
gigaparsec
37.84 Ym
Length of the
Huge-LQG , a group of 73
quasars
1026
100 Ym
95 Ym
Estimated
light travel distance to certain
quasars . Length of the
Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall , a colossal wall of galaxies, the largest and the most massive structure in the observable universe as of 2014
127 Ym
Estimated light travel distance to
GN-z11 , the
most distant object ever observed
870 Ym
Approximate diameter (
comoving distance ) of the
visible universe
[1]
1027
1 Rm
1.2 Rm
Lower bound of the (possibly infinite) radius of the universe, if it is a
3-sphere , according to one estimate using the
WMAP data at 95% confidence
[52] It equivalently implies that there are at minimum 21
particle horizon -sized volumes in the universe.
10
10
115
{\displaystyle 10^{10^{115}}}
[note 3]
10
10
115
{\displaystyle 10^{10^{115}}}
m
10
10
115
{\displaystyle 10^{10^{115}}}
m
According to the laws of probability, the distance one must travel until one encounters a volume of space identical to our
observable universe with conditions identical to our own.
[53]
[54]
10
10
10
122
{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{122}}}}
10
10
10
122
{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{122}}}}
m
10
10
10
122
{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{122}}}}
m
Minimal size of universe after
cosmological inflation , implied by one resolution of the
No-Boundary Proposal
[55]
1 quectometre and less
The quectometre (
SI symbol: qm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 10−30
metres .
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths shorter than 10−30
m (1 qm).
1.6 × 10−5 quectometres (1.6 × 10−35 metres) – the
Planck length (Measures of distance shorter than this do not make physical sense, according to current theories of
physics .)
1 qm – 1 quectometre, the smallest named subdivision of the metre in the
SI base unit of length, one nonillionth of a metre.
[56]
1 rontometre
The rontometre (
SI symbol: rm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 10−27
metres .
1 rm – 1 rontometre, a subdivision of the metre in the
SI base unit of length, one octillionth of a metre.
[56]
10 rontometres
1 yoctometre
The yoctometre (
SI symbol: ym ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 10−24
metres .
1 zeptometre
The zeptometre (
SI symbol: zm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 10−21
metres .
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths between 10−21
m and 10−20 m (1 zm and 10 zm).
10 zeptometres
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths between 10−20
m and 10−19 m (10
zm and 100 zm).
100 zeptometres
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists lengths between 10−19
m and 10−18 m (100
zm and 1
am ).
1 attometre
The attometre (
SI symbol: am ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 10−18
metres .
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths between 10−18
m and 10−17 m (1 am and 10 am).
10 attometres
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths between 10−17
m and 10−16 m (10
am and 100 am).
100 attometres
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists lengths between 10−16
m and 10−15 m (100
am and 1
fm ).
831 am – approximate proton radius
[59]
1 femtometre (or 1 fermi)
The
femtometre (
SI symbol: fm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 10−15
metres .
In
particle physics , this unit is sometimes called a
fermi , also with abbreviation "fm". To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths between 10−15
metres and 10−14 metres (1 femtometre and 10 fm).
10 femtometres
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths between 10−14
m and 10−13 m (10
fm and 100 fm).
100 femtometres
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists lengths between 10−13
m and 10−12 m (100
fm and 1
pm ).
570 fm – typical distance from the atomic nucleus of the two innermost electrons (electrons in the 1s shell) in the
uranium atom, the heaviest naturally-occurring atom
1 picometre
The
picometre (
SI symbol: pm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 10−12
metres (1 / 1000 000 000 000 m = 0.000000 000 001 m ).
To help compare different
orders of magnitude this section lists
lengths between 10−12 and 10−11 m (1 pm and 10 pm).
10 picometres
To help compare different
orders of magnitude this section lists
lengths between 10−11 and 10−10
m (10 pm and 100 pm).
100 picometres
To help compare different
orders of magnitude this section lists
lengths between 10−10 and 10−9
m (100 pm and 1 nm; 1
Å and 10 Å).
1 nanometre
The
nanometre (
SI symbol: nm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 10−9
metres (1 / 1000 000 000 m = 0.000000 001 m ).
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists lengths between 10−9 and 10−8 m (1 nm and 10 nm).
10 nanometres
To help compare different
orders of magnitude this section lists
lengths between 10−8 and 10−7
m (10 nm and 100 nm).
100 nanometres
Comparison of sizes of semiconductor manufacturing process nodes with some microscopic objects and visible light wavelengths. At this scale, the
width of a human hair is about 10 times that of the image.
[68]
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths between 10−7 and 10−6
m (100
nm and 1
μm ).
100 nm – greatest particle size that can fit through a
surgical mask
[69]
100 nm – 90% of particles in wood
smoke are smaller than this.[
citation needed ]
120 nm – greatest particle size that can fit through a
ULPA filter
[70]
120 nm – diameter of a
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
[71]
120 nm – approximate diameter of
SARS-CoV-2
[72]
125 nm – standard depth of pits on
compact discs (width: 500 nm, length: 850 nm to 3.5 μm)
180 nm – typical length of the
rabies virus
200 nm – typical size of a
Mycoplasma bacterium, among the smallest bacteria
300 nm – greatest particle size that can fit through a
HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) filter (N100 removes up to 99.97% at 300 nm, N95 removes up to 95% at 300 nm)
[73]
300–400 nm – near
ultraviolet wavelength*400–420 nm – wavelength of
violet light (see
Color and
Visible spectrum )
420–440 nm – wavelength of
indigo light
440–500 nm – wavelength of
blue light
500–520 nm – wavelength of
cyan light
520–565 nm – wavelength of
green light
565–590 nm – wavelength of
yellow light
590–625 nm – wavelength of
orange light
625–700 nm – wavelength of
red light
700–1.4 μm – wavelength of
near-infrared radiation
1 micrometre (or 1 micron)
The silk for a spider's web is 5–7 μm (0.00020–0.00028 in) wide
The
micrometre (
SI symbol: μm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 10−6
metres (1 / 1000 000 m = 0.000001 m ).
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists some items with lengths between 10−6 and 10−5 m (between 1 and 10
micrometres , or μm).
10 micrometres
Fog particles are around 10–50 μm (0.00039–0.00197 in) long.
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths between 10−5
m and 10−4 m (10
μm and 100 μm).
100 micrometres
A
paramecium is around 300 μm (0.012 in) long.
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths between 10−4
m and 10−3 m (100
μm and 1
mm ). The term myriometre (abbr. mom, equivalent to 100 micrometres; frequently confused with the
myriametre , 10 kilometres)
[86] is deprecated; the decimal metric prefix
myrio-
[87] is obsolete
[88]
[89]
[90] and was not included among the
prefixes when the
International System of Units was introduced in 1960.
1 millimetre
An average
red ant is about 5 mm (0.20 in) long.
The
millimetre (
SI symbol: mm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 10−3
metres (1 / 1000 m = 0.001 m ).
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists lengths between 10−3 m and 10−2 m (1 mm and 1 cm).
1.0 mm – 1/1,000 of a metre
1.0 mm – 0.03937
inches or 5/127 (exactly)
1.0 mm – side of a
square of area
1 mm²
1.0 mm – diameter of a pinhead
1.5 mm – average length of a flea
[27]
2.54 mm – distance between pins on old
dual in-line package (DIP) electronic components
5 mm – length of an average red ant
5 mm – diameter of an average grain of rice
5.56×45mm NATO – standard ammunition size
6 mm – approximate width of a pencil
7 mm – length of a
Paedophryne amauensis , the smallest-known vertebrate
[96]
7.1 mm – length of a sunflower seed
7.62×51mm NATO – common military ammunition size
[97]
8 mm – width of old-format home movie film
8 mm – length of a
Paedocypris progenetica , the smallest-known fish
[98]
1 centimetre
An average human
fingernail is 1 cm (0.39 in) wide
"10 mm" redirects here. For firearms cartridges, see
10 mm calibre .
The
centimetre (
SI symbol: cm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 10−2
metres (1 / 100 m = 0.01 m ).
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists lengths between 10−2 m and 10−1 m (1 cm and 1 dm).
1 cm – 10
millimetres
1 cm – 0.39
inches
1 cm – edge of a
square of area
1 cm2
1 cm – edge of a
cube of volume
1 mL
1 cm – length of a coffee bean
1 cm – approximate width of average fingernail
1.2 cm – length of a bee
1.2 cm – diameter of a die
1.5 cm – length of a very large mosquito
1.6 cm – length of a Jaragua Sphaero, a very small reptile
1.7 cm – length of a Thorius arboreus, the smallest salamander
[99]
2 cm – approximate width of an adult human finger
2.54 cm – 1 inch
3.08568 cm – 1
attoparsec
3.4 cm – length of a quail egg
[100]
3.5 cm – width of film commonly used in motion pictures and still photography
3.78 cm – amount of distance the Moon moves away from Earth each year
[101]
4.3 cm – minimum diameter of a golf ball
[102]
5 cm – usual diameter of a chicken egg
5 cm – height of a hummingbird, the smallest-known bird
5.08 cm – 2
inches ,
5.5 × 5.5 × 5.5 cm – dimensions of a 3x3x3 Rubik's cube
6.1 cm – average height of an apple
7.3–7.5 cm – diameter of a baseball
[28]
8.6 cm × 5.4 cm – dimensions of a standard credit card (also called CR80)
[103]
9 cm – length of a speckled padloper, the smallest-known turtle
1 decimetre
An adult human foot is about 28 cm (11 in) long.
The
decimetre (
SI symbol: dm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 10−1
metres (1 / 10 m = 0.1 m ).
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists lengths between 10
centimetres and 100 centimetres (10−1 metre and 1 metre).
Conversions
10 centimetres (abbreviated to 10 cm) is equal to:
Wavelengths
Human-defined scales and structures
10.16 cm = 1.016 dm – 1
hand used in measuring height of horses (4 inches)
12 cm = 1.2 dm – diameter of a compact disc (CD) (= 120 mm)
15 cm = 1.5 dm – length of a Bic pen with cap on
22 cm = 2.2 dm – diameter of a typical association football (soccer ball)
30 cm = 3 dm – typical school-use ruler length (= 300 mm)
30.48 cm = 3.048 dm – 1
foot (measure)
60 cm = 6 dm – standard depth (front to back) of a domestic kitchen worktop in Europe (= 600 mm)
90 cm = 9 dm – average length of a rapier, a fencing sword
[30]
91.44 cm = 9.144 dm – one
yard (measure)
Nature
10 cm = 1 dm – diameter of the human
cervix upon entering the second stage of labour
11 cm = 1.1 dm – diameter of an average potato in the US
13 cm = 1.3 dm – body length of a Goliath birdeater
15 cm = 1.5 dm – approximate size of largest beetle species
19 cm = 1.9 dm – length of a banana
26.3 cm = 2.6 dm – length of average male human foot
29.98 cm = 2.998 dm – distance light in vacuum travels in one
nanosecond
30 cm = 3.0 dm – maximum leg length of a Goliath birdeater
31 cm = 3.1 dm – wingspan of largest butterfly species
Ornithoptera alexandrae
46 cm = 4.6 dm – length of an average domestic cat
50 to 65 cm = 5–6.5 dm – a coati's tail
66 cm = 6.6 dm – length of the longest pine cones (produced by the sugar pine
[104] )
Astronomical
84 cm = 8.4 dm – approximate diameter of 2008 TS26, a meteoroid
1 metre
"1m" redirects here. For other uses, see
1M .
Leonardo da Vinci drew the
Vitruvian Man within a square of side 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) and a circle about 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) in radius
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists lengths between one
metre and ten metres.
Light, in vacuum, travels 1 metre in 1 ⁄299,792,458 , or 3.3356409519815E-9 of a second.
Conversions
1
metre is:
Human-defined scales and structures
1 m – approximate height of the top part of a doorknob on a door
1 m – diameter of a very large beach ball
1.435 m – standard gauge of railway track used by about 60% of railways in the world = 4 ft 81 ⁄2 in
2.5 m – distance from the floor to the ceiling in an average residential house
[105]
2.7 m – length of the Starr Bumble Bee II, the smallest plane
2.77–3.44 m – wavelength of the broadcast radio FM band 87–108 MHz
3.05 m – the length of an old Mini
8.38 m – the length of a London Bus (
AEC Routemaster )
Sports
2.44 m – height of an association football goal
[106]
2.45 m – highest high jump by a human (Javier Sotomayor)
[107]
3.05 m – (10 feet) height of the basket in basketball
8.95 m – longest long jump by a human (Mike Powell)
[108]
Nature
1 m – height of
Homo floresiensis (the "Hobbit")
1.15 m – a
pizote (mammal)
1.63 m – (5 feet 4 inches) (or 64 inches) – height of average U.S. female human as of 2002
[update] (source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC))
1.75 m – (5 feet 8 inches) – height of average U.S. male human as of 2002
[update] (source: U.S. CDC as per female above)
2.5 m – height of a sunflower
2.72 m – (8 feet 11 inches) – tallest-known human (Robert Wadlow)
[31]
3.63 m – the record wingspan for living birds (a wandering albatross)
5 m – length of an elephant
5.2 m – height of a giraffe
[109]
5.5 m – height of a
Baluchitherium , the largest land mammal ever lived
6.5 m – wingspan of
Argentavis , the largest flying bird known
7.4 m – wingspan of
Pelagornis , the bird with longest wingspan ever.
[110]
7.5 m – approximate length of the human gastrointestinal tract
Astronomical
3–6 m – approximate diameter of
2003 SQ222 , a meteoroid
4.1 m – diameter of
2008 TC3 , a small asteroid that flew into the Earth's atmosphere on 7 October 2008
[111]
1 decametre
A
blue whale has been measured as 33 m (108 ft) long; this drawing compares its length to that of a human diver and a dolphin.
The
decametre (
SI symbol: dam ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 10
metres (101 m).
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists lengths between 10 and 100 metres.
Conversions
10 metres (very rarely termed a
decametre which is abbreviated as dam) is equal to:
Human-defined scales and structures
Sports
11 metres – approximate width of a doubles tennis court
15 metres – width of a standard FIBA basketball court
15.24 metres – width of an NBA basketball court (50 feet)
18.44 metres – distance between the front of the pitcher's rubber and the rear point of home plate on a baseball field (60 feet, 6 inches)
[112]
20 metres – length of cricket pitch (22 yards)
[113]
27.43 metres – distance between bases on a baseball field (90 feet)
28 metres – length of a standard FIBA basketball court
28.65 metres – length of an NBA basketball court (94 feet)
49 metres – width of an American football field (531 ⁄3 yards)
59.436 metres – width of a Canadian football field (65 yards)
70 metres – typical width of an association football field
91 metres – length of an American football field (100 yards, measured between the goal lines)
Nature
10 metres – average length of human digestive tract[
citation needed ]
12 metres – length of a whale shark, largest living fish
12 metres – wingspan of a
Quetzalcoatlus , a pterosaur
13 metres – length of a giant squid and colossal squid, the largest living invertebrates
15 metres – approximate distance the tropical circles of latitude are moving towards the equator and the polar circles are moving towards the poles each year due to a natural, gradual decrease in the Earth's axial tilt
18 metres – height of a
Sauroposeidon , the tallest-known dinosaur
20 metres – length of a
Leedsichthys , the largest-known fish to have lived
21 metres – height of
High Force waterfall in England
33 metres – length of a blue whale,
[114] the largest animal on earth, living or extinct, in terms of mass
39 metres – length of a
Supersaurus , the longest-known dinosaur and longest vertebrate
[115]
52 metres – height of Niagara Falls
[33]
55 metres – length of a bootlace worm, the longest-known animal
[116]
66 metres - highest possible sea level rise due to a complete melting of all ice on Earth
83 metres – height of a Western hemlock
Astronomical
30 metres – diameter of
1998 KY26 , a rapidly spinning meteoroid
30.8568 metres – 1 femtoparsec
32 metres – approximate diameter of
2008 HJ , a small meteoroid
1 hectometre
The Great Pyramid of Giza is 138.8 m (455 ft) high.
British
driver location sign and location marker post on the
M27 in
Hampshire . The location marker posts are installed at 100-metre intervals.
[117]
The
hectometre (
SI symbol: hm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 100
metres (102 m).
To compare different
orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 100 metres and 1,000 metres (1
kilometre ).
Conversions
100 metres (sometimes termed a hectometre) is equal to:
328
feet
one side of a
1 hectare square
a fifth of a modern
li , a Chinese unit of measurement
the approximate distance travelled by light in 300
nanoseconds
Human-defined scales and structures
100 metres – wavelength of the highest medium wave radio frequency,
3 MHz
100 metres – spacing of location marker posts on British motorways
138.8 metres – height of the
Great Pyramid of Giza (Pyramid of Cheops)
139 metres – height of the world's tallest roller coaster,
Kingda Ka
[118]
169 metres - height of the
Washington Monument
187 metres – shortest wavelength of the broadcast radio AM band,
1600 kHz
192 metres - height of the
Gateway Arch
202 metres – length of the
Széchenyi Chain Bridge connecting Buda and Pest
270 metres - length of the
Titanic
318 metres – height of The
New York Times Building
318.9 metres – height of the
Chrysler Building
328 metres – height of Auckland's
Sky Tower , the tallest free-standing structure in the Southern Hemisphere (1996–2022)
330 metres – height of the
Eiffel Tower (including antenna)
[119]
336 metres – height of the world's tallest bridge as of October 2023, the
Millau Viaduct
390 metres – height of the
Empire State Building
400–800 metres – approximate heights of the world's tallest skyscrapers from 1931 to 2010
458 metres – length of the
Knock Nevis , the world's largest supertanker
553.33 metres – height of the
CN Tower
[120]
555 metres – longest wavelength of the broadcast radio AM band,
540 kHz
630 metres – height of the
KVLY-TV mast , second-tallest structure in the world
646 metres – height of the
Warsaw radio mast , the world's tallest structure until its collapse in 1991
828 metres – height of
Burj Khalifa , world's tallest structure on 17 January 2009
[121]
1,000 metres – wavelength of the lowest mediumwave radio frequency,
300 kHz
Sports
100 metres – the distance a very fast human can run in about 10 seconds
100.584 metres – length of a Canadian football field between the goal lines (110
yards )
91.5 metres – 137 metres – length of a soccer field
[106]
105 metres – length of football pitch (UEFA stadium categories 3 and 4)
105 metres – length of a typical football field
109.73 metres – total length of an American football field (120 yards, including the end zones)
110–150 metres – the width of an Australian football field
135–185 metres – the length of an Australian football field
137.16 metres – total length of a Canadian football field, including the end zones (150 yards)
Nature
115.5 metres – height of the world's tallest tree in 2007, the Hyperion sequoia
[122]
310 metres – maximum depth of Lake Geneva
340 metres – distance sound travels in air at sea level in one second; see
Speed of sound
979 metres – height of the Salto Angel, the world's highest free-falling waterfall (Venezuela)
Astronomical
1 kilometre
Mount Fuji is 3.776 kilometres (2.346 mi) high.
The
kilometre (
SI symbol: km ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 1000
metres (103 m).
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths between 1 kilometre and 10
kilometres (103 and 104
metres ).
Conversions
1
kilometre (unit symbol km) is equal to:
Human-defined scales and structures
1 km – wavelength of the highest
long wave radio frequency,
300
kHz
[124]
1.280 km – span of the
Golden Gate Bridge (distance between towers)
[125]
1.609 km – 1 statute mile
1.852 km – 1
nautical mile , equal to 1
arcminute of
latitude at the surface of the Earth
[126]
1.991 km – span of the
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge
[127]
2.309 km – axial length of the
Three Gorges Dam , the largest
dam in the world
[34]
3.991 km – length of the
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge , longest
suspension bridge in the world as of December 2008
[update]
[128]
5.072 km – elevation of
Tanggula Mountain Pass , below highest peak in the
Tanggula Mountains , highest
railway pass in the world as of August 2005
[update]
[129]
5.8 km – elevation of Cerro Aucanquilcha, highest road in the world, located in
Chile
[130]
98 airports have paved runways from 4 km to 5.5 km in length.
8 km – length of
Palm Jebel Ali , an
artificial island built off the coast of
Dubai
9.8 km – length of
The World , an artificial archipelago that is also built off the coast of
Dubai , whose islands resemble a
world map
Nature
1.5 km – distance sound travels in water in one second
Geographical
1.637 km – deepest dive of
Lake Baikal in
Russia , the world's largest
freshwater
lake
[131]
2.228 km – height of
Mount Kosciuszko , highest point on mainland
Australia
[132]
Most of
Manhattan is from 3 to 4 km wide.
4.810 km – height of
Mont Blanc , highest peak in the
Alps
4.884 km – height of
Carstensz Pyramid , highest peak in
Oceania
[133]
4.892 km – height of
Mount Vinson , highest peak in
Antarctica
5.610 km – height of
Mount Damavand , highest peak in
Iran
5.642 km – height of
Mount Elbrus , highest peak in
Europe
5.895 km – height of
Mount Kilimanjaro , highest peak in
Africa
6.081 km – height of
Mount Logan , highest peak in
Canada
6.190 km – height of
Denali , highest peak in
North America
6.959 km – height of
Aconcagua , highest peak in
South America
7.5 km – depth of
Cayman Trench , deepest point in the
Caribbean Sea
8.611 km - height of
K2 , second highest mountain on
Earth
8.848 km – height of
Mount Everest , highest peak on
Earth , on the border between
Nepal and
China
Astronomical
10 kilometres
The
Strait of Gibraltar is 13 km (8.1 mi) wide.
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths between 10 and 100
kilometres (104 to 105
metres ). The myriametre
[134] (sometimes also spelled myriometre ; 10,000 metres) is a deprecated unit name; the decimal metric prefix
myria-
[87] (sometimes also written as
myrio-
[135]
[136]
[137] ) is obsolete
[88]
[89]
[90] and was not included among the
prefixes when the
International System of Units was introduced in 1960.
Conversions
10 kilometres is equal to:
Distance marker on the
Rhine : 36 (XXXVI) myriametres from
Basel . The stated distance is 360 km (220 mi); the comma is the
decimal separator in
Germany .
Sports
Human-defined scales and structures
Geographical
Astronomical
100 kilometres
The
Suez Canal is 163 km (101 mi) long.
A length of 100 kilometres (about 62 miles), as a rough amount, is relatively common in measurements on Earth and for some astronomical objects.
It is the altitude at which the
FAI defines
spaceflight to begin.
To help compare
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths between 100 and 1,000
kilometres (105 and 106
metres ).
Conversions
A distance of 100 kilometres is equal to about 62 miles (or 62.13711922 miles).
Human-defined scales and structures
Geographical
Astronomical
1 megametre
Small planets, the
Moon and
dwarf planets in the Solar System have diameters from one to ten million metres. Top row:
Mars (left),
Mercury (right); bottom row:
Moon (left),
Pluto (center), and
Haumea (right), to scale.
The megametre (
SI symbol: Mm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 1000 000
metres (106 m).
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths starting at 106
m (
1 Mm or 1,000
km ).
Conversions
1 megametre is equal to:
1 E+6 m (one million metres)
approximately 621.37
miles
1 E+12 μm (one trillion micrometres)
Side of
square with area 1,000,000 km2
Human-defined scales and structures
2.100 Mm – Length of proposed
Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipe
2.100 Mm – Distance from
Casablanca to
Rome
2.288 Mm – Length of the official
Alaska Highway when it was built in the 1940s
[148]
3.069 Mm – Length of
Interstate 95 (from
Houlton, Maine to
Miami , Florida)
3.846 Mm – Length of
U.S. Route 1 (from
Fort Kent, Maine to
Key West, Florida )
5.000 Mm – Width of the
United States
5.007 Mm – Estimated length of
Interstate 90 (Seattle, Washington to Boston, Massachusetts)
5.614 Mm – Length of the Australian
Dingo Fence
[149]
6.371 Mm – Global-average
Earth radius
6.4 Mm – Length of the
Great Wall of China
7.821 Mm – Length of the
Trans-Canada Highway , the world's longest national highway (from
Victoria, British Columbia to
St. John's, Newfoundland )
8.836 Mm – Road distance between
Prudhoe Bay , Alaska, and
Key West, Florida , the endpoints of the U.S. road network
8.852 Mm – Aggregate length of the
Great Wall of China , including trenches, hills and rivers
[150]
9.259 Mm – Length of the
Trans-Siberian railway
[151]
Sports
The
Munda Biddi Trail in
WA ,
Australia is over 1,000 km long – the world's longest off-road cycle trail
1.200 Mm – the length of the
Paris–Brest–Paris bicycling event
Several endurance auto races are, or were, run for 1,000 km:
Geographical
Astronomical
1.000 Mm – Estimated shortest axis of
triaxial
dwarf planet
Haumea
1.186 Mm – Diameter of
Charon , the largest moon of
Pluto
1.280 Mm – Diameter of the trans-Neptunian object
50000 Quaoar
1.436 Mm – Diameter of
Iapetus , one of
Saturn 's major moons
1.578 Mm – Diameter of
Titania , the largest of
Uranus 's moons
1.960 Mm – Estimated longest axis of
Haumea
2.326 Mm – Diameter of the dwarf planet
Eris , the largest
trans-Neptunian object found to date
2.376 Mm – Diameter of
Pluto
2.707 Mm – Diameter of
Triton , largest moon of
Neptune
3.122 Mm – Diameter of
Europa , the smallest
Galilean satellite of
Jupiter
3.476 Mm – Diameter of
Earth 's
Moon
3.643 Mm – Diameter of
Io , a moon of Jupiter
4.821 Mm – Diameter of
Callisto , a moon of Jupiter
4.879 Mm – Diameter of
Mercury
5.150 Mm – Diameter of
Titan , the largest moon of Saturn
5.262 Mm – Diameter of Jupiter's moon
Ganymede , the largest moon in the
Solar System
6.371 Mm –
Radius of Earth
6.792 Mm – Diameter of
Mars
10 megametres
Planets from Venus up to Uranus have diameters from ten to one hundred million metres. Top row:
Uranus (left),
Neptune (right); middle row:
Earth (left),
Sirius B (center), and
Venus (right), to scale
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths starting at 107
metres (
10 megametres or 10,000
kilometres ).
Conversions
10 megametres (10 Mm) is
Human-defined scales and structures
Geographical
Astronomical
12.000 Mm – Diameter of
Sirius B , a
white dwarf
[153]
12.104 Mm – Diameter of
Venus
12.742 Mm – Diameter of
Earth
12.900 Mm – Minimum distance of the
meteoroid
2004 FU162 from the centre of Earth on 31 March 2004, closest on record
14.000 Mm – Smallest diameter of Jupiter's
Great Red Spot
19.000 Mm – Separation between
Pluto and
Charon
30.8568 Mm – 1 nanoparsec
34.770 Mm – Minimum distance of the
asteroid
99942 Apophis on 13 April 2029 from the centre of Earth
35.786 Mm – Altitude of
geostationary orbit
40.005 Mm – Polar circumference of the Earth
40.077 Mm – Equatorial circumference of the Earth
49.528 Mm – Diameter of
Neptune
51.118 Mm – Diameter of
Uranus
100 megametres
The
Earth -
Moon orbit,
Saturn ,
OGLE-TR-122b ,
Jupiter , and
other objects , to scale. Click on image for detailed view and links to other length scales.
Scale model at megametres of the main Solar System bodies.
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
lengths starting at 108
metres (
100 megametres or 100,000
kilometres or 62,150
miles ).
1 gigametre
13 things in the gigametre group
Upper part:
Gamma Orionis ,
Algol B , the
Sun (centre), and
other objects to scale ; lower part: their darker mirror images (artist's interpretation).
The gigametre (
SI symbol: Gm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 1000 000 000
metres (109 m).
To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 109
metres (1 gigametre (Gm) or 1 billion
metres ).
10 gigametres
Rigel and Aldebaran (top left and right) compared to smaller stars, the Sun (very small dot in lower middle, with orbit of Mercury as yellow ellipse) and transparent sphere with radius of one light-minute.
To help compare different
distances this section lists lengths starting at 1010
metres (10
gigametres (Gm) or 10 million
kilometres , or 0.07
astronomical units ).
100 gigametres
From largest to smallest: Jupiter's orbit, red supergiant star Betelgeuse, Mars' orbit, Earth's orbit, star R Doradus, and orbits of Venus, Mercury. Inside R Doradus's depiction are the blue supergiant star Rigel and red giant star Aldebaran. The faint yellow glow around the Sun represents one light-minute. Click image to see more details and links to their scales.
To help compare distances at different
orders of magnitude this section lists lengths starting at 1011
metres (100
gigametre or 100 million
kilometres or 0.7
astronomical units ).
1 terametre
8 things in the terametre group
Comparison of size of the Kuiper belt (large faint torus) with the star VY Canis Majoris (within Saturn's orbit), Betelgeuse (inside Jupiter's orbit) and R Doradus (small central red sphere) together with the orbits of Neptune and Uranus, to scale. The yellow ellipses represent the orbits of each planet and the dwarf planet Pluto.
The terametre (
SI symbol: Tm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 1000 000 000 000
metres (1012 m).
To help compare different
distances , this section lists lengths starting at 1012
m (1
Tm or 1 billion
km or 6.7
astronomical units ).
10 terametres
Sedna's orbit (left) is longer than 100 Tm, but other lengths are between 10 and 100 Tm:
Comet Hale-Bopp 's orbit (lower, faint orange); one
light-day (yellow spherical shell with yellow Vernal point arrow as radius); the heliosphere's
termination shock (blue shell); and other arrows show positions of
Voyager 1 (red) and
Pioneer 10 (green). Click on image for larger view and links to other scales.
To help compare different
distances this section lists lengths starting at 1013
m (10
Tm or 10 billion
km or 67
astronomical units ).
10 Tm – 67 AU – Diameter of a hypothetical
quasi-star
11.1 Tm – 74.2 AU – Distance that
Voyager 1 began detecting returning particles from
termination shock
11.4 Tm – 76.2 AU –
Perihelion distance of
90377 Sedna
12.1 Tm – 70 to 90 AU – Distance to
termination shock (Voyager 1 crossed at 94 AU)
12.9 Tm – 86.3 AU – Distance to 90377 Sedna in March 2014
13.2 Tm – 88.6 AU – Distance to
Pioneer 11 in March 2014
14.1 Tm – 94.3 AU – Estimated radius of the
Solar System
14.4 Tm – 96.4 AU – Distance to
Eris in March 2014 (now near its
aphelion )
15.1 Tm – 101 AU – Distance to
heliosheath
16.5 Tm – 111 AU – Distance to
Pioneer 10 as of March 2014
16.6 Tm – 111.2 AU – Distance to
Voyager 2 as of May 2016
18 Tm – 123.5 AU – Distance between
sun to the farthest dwarf planet in the solar system the Farout
2018 VG18
20.0 Tm – 135 AU – Distance to
Voyager 1 as of May 2016
20.6 Tm – 138 AU – Distance to Voyager 1 as of late February 2017
21.1 Tm – 141 AU – Distance to Voyager 1 as of November 2017
25.9 Tm – 173 AU – One
light-day
30.8568 Tm – 206.3 AU – 1 milliparsec
55.7 Tm – 371 AU – Aphelion distance of the
comet
Hale-Bopp
100 terametres
The largest yellow sphere indicates one light month distance from the Sun. Click the image for larger view, more details and links to other scales.
To help compare different
distances this section lists lengths starting at 1014
m (100
Tm or 100 billion
km or 670
astronomical units ).
1 petametre
Largest circle with yellow arrow indicates one
light-year from
Sun ;
Cat's Eye Nebula on left and
Barnard 68 in middle are depicted in front of
Comet 1910 A1 's orbit. Click image for larger view, details and links to other scales.
The petametre (
SI symbol: Pm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 1015
metres .
To help compare different
distances this section lists lengths starting at 1015
m (1 Pm or 1 trillion
km or 6685
astronomical units (AU) or 0.11
light-years ).
1.0 Pm = 0.105702341 light-years
1.9 Pm ± 0.5 Pm = 12,000 AU = 0.2 light-year radius of
Cat's Eye Nebula 's inner core
[177]
[178]
3.08568 Pm = 20,626 AU = 1 deciparsec
4.7 Pm = 30,000 AU = half-light-year diameter of
Bok globule
Barnard 68
[179]
7.5 Pm – 50,000 AU – Possible outer boundary of
Oort cloud (other estimates are 75,000 to 125,000 or even 189,000
AU (1.18, 2, and 3
light-years , respectively))
9.5 Pm – 63,241.1 AU – One
light-year , the distance traveled by light in one year
9.9 Pm – 66,000 AU –
Aphelion distance of the
C/1999 F1 (Catalina)
10 petametres
Objects with size order of magnitude 1e16m: Ten light-years (94.6
Pm ) radius circle with yellow Vernal Point arrow; Bubble Nebula (NGC 7635), left; Dumbbell Nebula (NGC 6853), right; one light-year shell lower right with the smaller Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC_6543) and Barnard 68 adjacent.
1e16m lengths: Ten light-years (94.6
Pm ) yellow shell; Sirius below right; BL Ceti below left; Proxima and Alpha Centauri upper right; light-year shell with Comet 1910 A1's orbit inside top right
To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1016
m (10
Pm or 66,800
AU , 1.06
light-years ).
100 petametres
Lengths with order of magnitude 1e17m: yellow Vernal Point arrow traces hundred light-year radius circle with smaller ten light-year circle at right; globular cluster Messier 5 in background; 12 light-year radius Orion Nebula middle right; 50-light-year-wide view of the Carina Nebula bottom left; Pleiades cluster and Bubble nebula with similar diameters each around 10 light-years bottom right; grey arrows show distances from Sun to stars Aldebaran (65 light-years) and Vega (25 light-years).
To help compare different
distances this section lists lengths between 1017
m (100
Pm or 11
light-years ) and 1018 m (106 light-years).
110 Pm – 12 light-years – Distance to
Tau Ceti
230 Pm – 24 light-years – Diameter of the
Orion Nebula
[180]
[181]
240 Pm – 25 light-years – Distance to
Vega
260 Pm – 27 light-years – Distance to
Chara , a star approximately as bright as the Sun. Its faintness gives an idea how the
Sun would appear when viewed from this distance.
308.568 Tm – 32.6 light-years – 1 dekaparsec
350 Pm – 37 light-years – Distance to
Arcturus
373.1 Pm – 39.44 light-years – Distance to
TRAPPIST-1 , a star recently discovered to have 7 planets around it
400 Pm – 42 light-years – Distance to
Capella
620 Pm – 65 light-years – Distance to
Aldebaran
750 Pm – 79.36 light-years – Distance to
Regulus
900 Pm – 92.73 light-years – Distance to
Algol
946 Pm – 1 light-century
1 exametre
Lengths with order of magnitude 1e18m: thousand light-year radius circle with yellow arrow and 100 light-year circle at right with globular cluster Messier 5 within and Carina Nebula in front; globular cluster Omega Centauri to left of both; part of the 1,400-light-year-wide Tarantula Nebula fills the background.
The exametre (
SI symbol: Em ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 1018
metres . To help compare different
distances this section lists lengths between 1018
m (1
Em or 105.7
light-years ) and 1019 m (10 Em or 1,057 light-years).
10 exametres
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
distances starting at 10
Em (1019
m or 1,100
light-years ).
10.6 Em – 1,120 light-years – Distance to
WASP-96b
13 Em – 1,300 light-years – Distance to the
Orion Nebula
[187]
14 Em – 1,500 light-years – Approximate thickness of the
plane of the
Milky Way
galaxy at the
Sun 's location
14.2 Em – 1,520 light-years – Diameter of the
NGC 604
30.8568 Em – 3,261.6 light-years – 1
kiloparsec
31 Em – 3,200 light-years – Distance to
Deneb according to
Hipparcos
46 Em – 4,900 light-years – Distance to
OGLE-TR-56 , the first
extrasolar planet discovered using the
transit method
47 Em – 5,000 light-years – Distance to the
Boomerang nebula , coldest place known (
1 K )
53 Em – 5,600 light-years – Distance to the
globular cluster
M4 and the
extrasolar planet
PSR B1620-26 b within it
61 Em – 6,500 light-years – Distance to
Perseus Spiral Arm (next spiral arm out in the Milky Way galaxy)
71 Em – 7,500 light-years – Distance to
Eta Carinae
94.6073 Em – 1 light-decamillennium = 10,000 light-years
100 exametres
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
distances starting at 100
Em (1020
m or 11,000
light-years ).
1 zettametre
The zettametre (
SI symbol: Zm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 1021
metres .
[56]
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
distances starting at 1
Zm (1021
m or 110,000
light-years ).
10 zettametres
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
distances starting at 10
Zm (1022
m or 1.1 million
light-years ).
100 zettametres
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
distances starting at 100
Zm (1023
m or 11 million
light-years ).
1 yottametre
The yottametre (
SI symbol: Ym ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 1024
metres .
[56]
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
distances starting at 1 Ym (1024
m or 105.702 million
light-years ).
10 yottametres
The universe within one billion light-years of Earth
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
distances starting at 10
Ym (1025
m or 1.1 billion
light-years ). At this scale, expansion of the
universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured
redshifts , which depends on the
cosmological models used.
100 yottametres
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
distances starting at 100
Ym (1026
m or 11 billion
light-years ). At this scale, expansion of the
universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured
redshifts , which depend on the
cosmological models used.
1 ronnametre
The ronnametre (
SI symbol: Rm ) is a
unit of
length in the
metric system equal to 1027
metres .
[56]
To help compare different
orders of magnitude , this section lists
distances starting at 1 Rm (1027
m or 110 billion
light-years ). At this scale, expansion of the
universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured
redshifts , which depend on the
cosmological models used.
See also
Notes
References
^
a
b
c
d
e Burgess, Cliff;
Quevedo, Fernando (November 2007).
"The Great Cosmic Roller-Coaster Ride" .
Scientific American . 297 (5): 55.
Bibcode :
2007SciAm.297e..52B .
doi :
10.1038/scientificamerican1107-52 (inactive 13 March 2024).
PMID
17990824 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . {{
cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
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^ Neuroscience: The Science of the Brain
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^ Baines, Ellyn K.; Armstrong, J. Thomas; Schmitt, Henrique R.; Zavala, R. T.; Benson, James A.; Hutter, Donald J.; Tycner, Christopher; Belle, Gerard T. van (2017).
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^
a
b
c Plaskett, J. S. (1922).
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S2CID
119414301 . They derived an angular diameter of 20.58±0.03 milliarcsec, which given a distance of 65 light-years yields a diameter of 61 million km.
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^
a
b Georgy, Cyril; Saio, Hideyuki; Meynet, Georges (1 June 2021).
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^ Bauer, W. H.; Gull, T. R.; Bennett, P. D. (2008).
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^
a
b Shenoy, Dinesh; Humphreys, Roberta M.; Jones, Terry J.; Marengo, Massimo; Gehrz, Robert D.; Helton, L. Andrew; Hoffmann, William F.; Skemer, Andrew J.; Hinz, Philip M. (2016).
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^ Wittkowski, M; Abellan, F. J; Arroyo-Torres, B; Chiavassa, A; Guirado, J. C; Marcaide, J. M; Alberdi, A; De Wit, W. J; Hofmann, K.-H; Meilland, A; Millour, F; Mohamed, S; Sanchez-Bermudez, J (28 September 2017). "Multi-epoch VLTI-PIONIER imaging of the supergiant V766 Cen: Image of the close companion in front of the primary". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 1709 : L1.
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doi :
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S2CID
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^ Wittkowski, M.; Hauschildt, P.H.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J.M. (5 April 2012). "Fundamental properties and atmospheric structure of the red supergiant VY CMa based on VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 540 : L12.
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^ Parthasarathy, M. (2000). "Birth and early evolution of planetary nebulae". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India . 28 : 217–224.
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^ radius = distance times sin(angular diameter/2) = 0.2
light-year . Distance = 3.3 ± 0.9
kly ; angular diameter = 20
arcseconds (
Reed et al. 1999 )
^ Reed, Darren S.; Balick, Bruce; Hajian, Arsen R.; Klayton, Tracy L.; Giovanardi, Stefano; Casertano, Stefano; Panagia, Nino; Terzian, Yervant (1999). "Hubble Space Telescope Measurements of the Expansion of NGC 6543: Parallax Distance and Nebular Evolution". Astronomical Journal . 118 (5): 2430–2441.
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doi :
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S2CID
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^ Szpir, Michael (May–June 2001).
"Bart Bok's Black Blobs" .
American Scientist . Archived from
the original on 29 June 2003. Retrieved 19 November 2008 . Bok globules such as Barnard 68 are only about half a light-year across and weigh in at about two solar masses
^ Sandstrom, Karin M; Peek, J. E. G.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Bolatto, Alberto D.; Plambeck, Richard L. (1999). "A Parallactic Distance of 389+24 −21 parsecs to the Orion Nebula Cluster from Very Long Baseline Array Observations". The Astrophysical Journal . 667 (2): 1161–1169.
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Bibcode :
2007ApJ...667.1161S .
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18192326 .
^ diameter=sin(65 arcminutes)*1270 light-years=24; where "65.00 × 60.0 (arcmin)" sourced from
Revised NGC Data for NGC 1976
^ distance × sin( diameter_angle ), using distance of 5kpc (15.8 ± 1.1 kly) and angle 36.3', = 172 ± 12.5 ly.
^ van de Ven, G.; van den Bosch, R. C. E.; Verolme, E. K.; de Zeeuw, P. T. (2006). "The dynamical distance and intrinsic structure of the globular cluster ω Centauri".
Astronomy and Astrophysics . 445 (2): 513–543.
arXiv :
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Bibcode :
2006A&A...445..513V .
doi :
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S2CID
15538249 . best-fit dynamical distance D=4.8±0.3 kpc ... consistent with the canonical value 5.0±0.2 kpc obtained by photometric methods
^
a
b van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 474 (2): 653–664.
arXiv :
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S2CID
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Vizier catalog entry
^ Neuhäuser, R; Torres, G; Mugrauer, M; Neuhäuser, D L; Chapman, J; Luge, D; Cosci, M (29 July 2022).
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ISSN
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^ Harris, Hugh C.; Dahn, Conard C.; Canzian, Blaise; Guetter, Harry H.; et al. (2007). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae". The Astronomical Journal . 133 (2): 631–638.
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^
Reid, M. J.; et al. (2009). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Massive Star Forming Regions: VI. Galactic Structure, Fundamental Parameters and Non-Circular Motions".
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Bibcode :
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doi :
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S2CID
11347166 .
External links
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