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verification. (August 2019) |
Taiwanese Hangul | |
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Script type | |
Creator | Hsu Tsao-te (first proposed) |
Time period | since 1987 |
Languages | Taiwanese Hokkien |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems |
Hangul
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Part of a series on |
Written Hokkien |
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Mixed script ( Hàn-lô) |
Taiwanese Hangul ( Hangul: 대끼깐뿐; Chinese: 臺語諺文; pinyin: Táiyǔ Yànwén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-gí Gān-bûn) is an orthography system for Taiwanese Hokkien (Taiwanese). Developed and promoted by Taiwanese linguist Hsu Tsao-te in 1987, it uses modified Hangul letters to represent spoken Taiwanese, and was later supported by Ang Ui-jin. [1] [2] Because both Chinese characters and Hangul are both written in the space of square boxes, unlike letters of the Latin alphabet, the use of Chinese-Hangul mixed writing is able to keep the spacing between the two scripts more consistent compared to Chinese-Latin mixed writing.
Bilabial | Alveolar | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
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Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | ||
Nasal |
ᄆ [m] ㄇ 毛 (mo͘ ) |
ᄂ [n] ㄋ 耐 (nāi) |
ㄸ [ŋ] ㄫ 雅 (ngá) |
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Stop | Unaspirated |
ᄇ [p] ㄅ 邊 (pian) |
ᄈ [b] ㆠ 文 (bûn) |
ᄃ [t] ㄉ 地 (tē) |
ᄀ [k] ㄍ 求 (kiû) |
ᄁ [ɡ] ㆣ 語 (gí) |
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Aspirated |
ᄑ [pʰ] ㄆ 波 (pho) |
ᄐ [tʰ] ㄊ 他 (thaⁿ) |
ᄏ [kʰ] ㄎ 去 (khì) |
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Affricate | Unaspirated |
ᄌ [ts] ㄗ 曾 (tsan/chan) |
ᄍ [dz] ㆡ 熱 (joa̍h) |
ᄌ [tɕ] ㄐ 尖 (tsiam/chiam) |
ᄍ [dʑ] ㆢ 入 (ji̍p) |
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Aspirated |
ᄎ [tsʰ] ㄘ 出 (tshut/chhut) |
ᄎ [tɕʰ] ㄑ 手 (tshiú/chhiú) |
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Fricative |
ㅅ [s] ㄙ 衫 (saⁿ) |
ㅅ [ɕ] ㄒ 寫 (siá) |
ᄒ [h] ㄏ 喜 (hí) | |||||||
Lateral |
ᄅ [l] ㄌ 柳 (liú) |
|
|
Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal consonant |
ᄆ [m] ㆬ (-m) |
ᄂ [n] ㄣ (-n) |
ㅇ [ŋ] ㆭ (-ng) |
|
Stop consonant | ᄇ [p̚] ㆴ (-p) |
ᄃ [t̚] ㆵ (-t) |
ᄀ [k̚] ㆶ (-k) |
ᄒ [ʔ] ㆷ (-h) |
No. | Hangul | Latin diacritics | Chinese tone name | Examples Hangul/Latin/ Hanzi (Listen 🔊) meaning |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ᄋ | absent |
陰平 (yinping) dark level |
카ᄋ/
kha/
跤
🔊 foot; leg |
2 | ᄅ | ◌́ |
上聲 (
sióng-siaⁿ)/
陰上 (yinshang) rising / dark rising |
쥐ㄹ/
tsúi/
水
🔊 water |
3 | ᄂ | ◌̀ |
陰去 (yinqu) dark departing |
갈ㄴ/
kàu/
到
🔊 arrive |
4 | ᄋ | absent |
陰入 (yinru) dark entering |
빻ㅇ/bah/
肉
🔊 meat |
5 | ᄉ | ◌̂ |
陽平 (yangping) light level |
옹ㅅ/
ông/
王
🔊 king |
(6) appears only in Lukang dialect; merged to 7 in the prestige dialect |
not devised | ◌̆ |
陽上 (yangshang) light rising |
[]/
huǎn (Lukang)/
犯 violate / commit (a crime) |
7 | ᄀ | ◌̄ |
陽去 (yangqu) light departing |
환ㄱ/
huān (prestige)/
犯
🔊 violate / commit (a crime) |
8 | ᄇ | ̍ (overstroke/vertical line above) |
陽入 (yangru) light entering |
쫳ㅂ/
joa̍h/
熱
🔊 hot |
Continuous tone sandhi | ㅣ | absent | occurs when a character/syllable is before another one in a phrase. Rule of the prestige dialect: 5→7, 7→3, 3→2, 2→1, 1→7; 4→8, 8→4 |
대시끼ㄹ/
Tâi-gí/
臺語
🔊 Taiwanese language |
Taiwanese Hokkien | Korean | Note | |
---|---|---|---|
ㅃ | /b/, a voiced consonant | /p͈/, a tense consonant | |
ㄲ | /g/, a voiced consonant | /k͈/, a tense consonant | |
ㅉ | /ʣ/ or /ʥ/, a voiced consonant | /t͡ɕ͈/, a tense consonant | |
ㄸ | /ŋ/, | /t͈/ | as the syllable onset such as 따 |
ㅎ | /ʔ/, a glottal stop | /t̚/ | as the syllable coda such as 앟 |
ㅅ | /ⁿ/, vowel nasalization | /t̚/ | as the syllable coda such as 앗 |
ㅆ | /ⁿʔ/, a combination of ㅅ and ㅎ | /s͈/ or /t̚/ | as the syllable coda such as 았 |
ᅥ | /o/ or /ə/ | /ʌ/ | |
ᅩ | /ɔ/ | /o/ | |
ㅐ | /ai/ | /ɛ/ | |
알 | /au/ | /aɭ/ | |
ㅡ | silent | /ɯ/ | |
ㅢ | 읨/m̩ʔ/, 읭/ŋ̍ʔ/ | /ɰi/, /i/, /ɛ/ |
Taiwanese Hangul | Pe̍h-ōe-jī | ||
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Chinese characters | 關係行善的教訓
恁著謹慎,毋通為著欲予儂看,故意蹛儂的面前顯示恁的善行; |
||
Chinese-Hangul mixed writing |
關係行善에教訓
린뎧謹慎,음탕為뎧뼇호儂看,故意돠儂에面前顯示린에善行; |
Chinese-Latin mixed writing |
關係行善ê教訓
Lín tio̍h謹慎,m̄-thang為tio̍h boeh hō͘儂看,故意toà儂ê面前顯示lín ê善行; |
Hangul | 관헤 형센 에 갈훈
린 뎧 긴신,음탕 위뎧 뼇 호 랑 쾃,고이 돠 랑 에 삔졍 헨시 린 에 센형; |
Romanization | Koan-he Hêng-siān ê Kàu-hùn
Lín tio̍h kín-sīn, m̄-thang ūi-tio̍h boeh hō͘ lâng khoàⁿ, kò-ì toà lâng ê bīn-chêng hián-sī lín ê siān-hêng. |