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Image 1
The 99th Military Base Deveselu (Baza Militară 99 Deveselu), or the Deveselu Military Base, is a
RomanianNATO base hosting the
United States NavyAegis Ashore Ballistic Missile Defense System. The base consists of three military units: The Romanian 99th Military Base, which hosts two American bases: the Naval Support Facility Deveselu and the Aegis Ashore Defense System Romania. Located in
Deveselucommune,
Olt County, the base has an area of 900 ha (2,200 acres); of those, 170 ha (420 acres) are used by the U.S. forces.
The Deveselu base is operated by about 500 Romanian soldiers, 250 U.S. troops, and other personnel. The base is subordinated to the
Romanian Joint Logistics Command. The current base commander is
Colonel Marius Chiriță. (Full article...)
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Golubac Fortress
The Golubac Fortress (
Serbian: Голубачки град or Golubački grad) was a
medievalfortified town on the south side of the
Danube River, 4 km (2.5 mi) downstream from the modern-day town of
Golubac,
Serbia. According to recent discoveries, the fortress, which was built during the 14th century by
Medieval Serbian state, is split into three compounds which were built in stages. It has ten towers, most of which started square, and several of which received many-sided reinforcements with the advent of firearms. Towers were not connected for easier defense. Serbian Medieval frescos were recently found inside the fortress.
Golubac Fortress has had a tumultuous history. Prior to its construction it was the site of a
Roman settlement. During the
Middle Ages, it became the object of many battles, especially between the
Ottoman Empire and the
Kingdom of Hungary. It changed hands repeatedly, passing between
Turks,
Bulgarians,
Hungarians,
Serbs, and
Austrians, until 1867, when it was turned over to the Serbian
Knez,
Mihailo Obrenović III. In the 21st century it is a popular tourist attraction in the region and a sightseeing point on Danube boat tours. (Full article...)
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The Middle Ages in Romania began shortly after the withdrawal of the
Roman legions from the former
Romanprovince of
Dacia in the late 3rd century and with the start of the
Early Middle Ages and the
Migration Period that followed afterwards respectively. It subsequently came to an end with the reign of
DomnMichael the Brave (1593–1601) who managed, for a short time between 1599 and 1600, to rule
Wallachia,
Moldavia, and
Transylvania together, the three principalities whose territories were to be united some three centuries later to form modern and contemporary
Romania.
Over most of this period,
Banat,
Crișana,
Maramureș, and Transylvania – now
regions in Romania to the west of the
Carpathian Mountains – were part of the
Kingdom of Hungary. They were divided into several types of administrative units, such as "
counties" and "
seats". The heads of the Transylvanian counties or "
counts" were subordinated to a special royal official called voivode, but the province was seldom treated as a single unit, since the
Székely and
Saxon seats were administered separately. In the kingdom,
Romanian peasants, being
Orthodox, were exempt from the
tithe, an ecclesiastical tax payable by all
Roman Catholic commoners. However, Romanian noblemen slowly lost the ability to participate in political life, as the 14th-century monarchs pursued a zealous pro-Catholic policy. Their position became even worse after 1437 when the so-called "
Union of Three Nations", an alliance of the Hungarian noblemen, the Székelys, and the Saxons, was formed in order to crush the
Bobâlna peasant uprising. (Full article...)
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Mai bună ca niciodată (
Romanian: Better than Ever) is the only
studio album recorded by Romanian actress, television host and singer
Oana Zăvoranu under her
mononym Oana. It was released on 28 June 2007 by
Roton and Sincron. Zăvoranu had gained significant popularity in her native country in the early 2000s for her acting roles, but took a hiatus in 2006 to focus on a music career and parted ways with the television production company
Media Pro.
Mai bună ca niciodată features production by Adrian Cristescu, who was also a contributing songwriter along with Georgiana Ariton, Sabina Cojocar, Dan Lazăr and Silviu Păduraru. "Pusă pe fapte" and "Cariño" featuring Cristescu under his stage name Adi Korekt were selected as
singles to support the album, with the latter receiving an accompanying
music video and peaking at number 99 on the
Romanian Top 100chart. (Full article...)
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"It's My Life" is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Cezar, released as part of a
CD single in 2013 through the
Romanian Television (TVR). It was solely written and produced by Cristian Faur. Musically, the track has been described as an
operatic pop and
dubstep song, with the latter genre being predominantly present in the track's
bridge. A love song, its instrumentation consists of
electronic beats, while Cezar prominently uses his "feminine"
falsetto register.
Reviewers likened his vocal delivery to the works of Scottish singer
Jimmy Somerville and Australian musician
Nick Cave.
"It's My Life"
represented Romania in the
2013 Eurovision Song Contest in
Malmö, Sweden after winning the pre-selection show Selecția Națională. The country reached 13th place in a field of 26, scoring a total of 65 points. Cezar's show featured him dressed in a black
sequin cloak standing between
fluorescent lighting tubes, while dancers who emerged from a red material placed under him performed
interpretive dance. The performance was met with mixed reactions and often featured in publications' lists of Eurovision's most outstanding and peculiar performances. The track itself received similar reviews, with critics arguing over its catchiness, originality, composition and dance nature, as well as over Cezar's vocals. (Full article...)
Despite its rapid gains and popular backing, the new administration was marked by conflicts between the
radical wing and more
conservative forces, especially over the issue of
land reform. Two successive abortive coups were able to weaken the Government, and its international status was always contested by Russia. After managing to rally a degree of sympathy from
Ottoman political leaders, the Revolution was ultimately isolated by the intervention of Russian diplomats, and ultimately repressed by a common intervention of Ottoman and Russian armies, without any significant form of armed resistance. Nevertheless, over the following decade, the completion of its goals was made possible by the international context, and former revolutionaries became the original political class in united
Romania. (Full article...)
Image 7
I Am the Club Rocker is the second studio album recorded by Romanian singer
Inna, released on 19 September 2011 by
Roton as a follow-up to her 2009 album, Hot. The complete production and writing process for the record was handled by
Play & Win, with
Juan Magán providing additional production for the album's opener, "
Un Momento". Initially rumoured to be titled Powerless, the release of the album led to Inna encouraging her worldwide fanbase to affirm themselves as "Club Rockers". I Am the Club Rocker was described as a
Europop,
dance-pop,
techno and
house record, with the singer's vocals being processed with
Auto-Tune.
Music critics gave the record mixed reviews, praising the harmony of its material but also criticizing it for being repetitive. Commercially, I Am the Club Rocker experienced success in selected countries, peaking at number eight in Mexico and within the top 30 in Czech Republic, Belgium and France. It was certified Gold by the
Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry (ZPAV) for selling 10,000 copies in Poland, and was also named one of the best albums of 2011 by Inna's label Roton, alongside Wounded Rhymes (2011) by
Lykke Li and Christmas (2011) by
Michael Bublé. It was nominated for Best Album at the 2012
Romanian Music Awards. (Full article...)
Charles came to the Kingdom of Hungary upon the invitation of an influential Croatian lord,
Paul Šubić, in August 1300. Andrew III died on 14 January 1301, and within four months Charles was crowned king, but with a provisional crown instead of the
Holy Crown of Hungary. Most Hungarian noblemen refused to yield to him and elected
Wenceslaus of Bohemia king. Charles withdrew to the southern regions of the kingdom.
Pope Boniface VIII acknowledged Charles as the lawful king in 1303, but Charles was unable to strengthen his position against his opponent. Wenceslaus abdicated in favor of
Otto of Bavaria in 1305. Because it had no central government, the Kingdom of Hungary had disintegrated into a dozen provinces, each headed by a powerful
nobleman, or
oligarch. One of those oligarchs,
Ladislaus III Kán, captured and imprisoned Otto of Bavaria in 1307. Charles was elected king in
Pest on 27 November 1308, but his rule remained nominal in most parts of his kingdom even after he was crowned with the Holy Crown on 27 August 1310. (Full article...)
The inscribed ring remains the subject of considerable academic interest, and a number of theories regarding its origin, the reason for its burial and its date have been proposed. The inscription, which sustained irreparable damage shortly after its discovery, can no longer be read with certainty, and has been subjected to various attempts at reconstruction and interpretation. Recently, however, it has become possible to reconstruct the damaged portion with the aid of rediscovered depictions of the ring in its original state. Taken as a whole, the inscribed ring may offer insight into the nature of the pre-Christian
pagan religion of the Goths. (Full article...)
Image 10
Multiple
record charts have been inaugurated in
Romania since the 1990s. The Romanian Top 100 was the country's national chart until 2012. Founded in 1995, it was a ranking based on the compilation of charts submitted by local Romanian radio stations. The Romanian Top 100 was published weekly and was also announced during a radio show starting in 1998. Compilation of the list was first handled by Body M Production A-V, followed by
Media Forest. In the 2010s, the chart was announced during a podcast on
Kiss FM, but the broadcast ended in February 2012.
Later that month, the Airplay 100—which was compiled by Media Forest and also broadcast by Kiss FM—replaced the Romanian Top 100 as a national chart. Until its cancellation in November 2021, it measured the
airplay of songs on radio stations and television channels throughout the country. For a short period of time during the late 2000s and early 2010s,
Nielsen Music Control and
Uniunea Producătorilor de Fonograme din România (UPFR) jointly published airplay charts; UPFR resumed publishing charts in November 2021, in collaboration with BMAT. Media Forest has also been issuing
weekly radio and television airplay charts since 2009. In February 2022, Billboard inaugurated Romania Songs, a
streaming and
digital download-based chart compiled by
MRC Data. (Full article...)
Image 11
Peony during an interview in 2019
Ester Alexandra Crețu (Romanian pronunciation:[ˈesteralekˈsandraˈkret͡su]; born 21 July 1993), known professionally as Ester Peony (formerly only Ester), is a Romanian singer and songwriter. She represented Romania in the
Eurovision Song Contest 2019 with the song "
On a Sunday" after winning the selection show Selecția Națională 2019. However, she failed to qualify for the Grand Final in Tel Aviv. Peony started to compose music for Romanian artists before gaining recognition for posting covers on
YouTube in 2015. Later that year, she attained commercial success in Romania with her single "Sub aripa ta" featuring Vescan. (Full article...)
Image 12
"Déjà Vu" is a song by Romanian musician Bob Taylor and Romanian recording artist
Inna for the latter's debut studio album, Hot (2009). Released in June 2009, it was written and produced by
Sebastian Barac,
Radu Bolfea and
Marcel Botezan. Musically, the single is of the
dance genre, and originally contained the vocals of Romanian singer Alessia. However, after a feud over compensation between Taylor and her, the song was handed to Inna, although the early version had already been released.
When premiering the new version of "Déjà Vu", Taylor and Inna opted for pseudonyms before revealing their identity later. In order to accompany the single, a music video was shot at a club in
Neptun, Romania by Tom Boxer, and it initially did not feature Inna until another version of the visual showed footage of her in Turkey. Commercially, the recording experienced success in European countries, reaching the top ten of the charts in Greece, the
Commonwealth of Independent States, France and Romania, among others. "Déjà Vu" was certified Gold by the
Dutch Association of Producers and Importers of Image and Sound Carriers (NVPI) for selling over 10,000 copies in the Netherlands. (Full article...)
Image 13
"Yodel It!" is a song recorded by Romanian singers
Ilinca and
Alex Florea, released on 30 January 2017 by Cat Music. The track was written by Alexandra Niculae and produced by Mihai Alexandru for the Swiss band
Timebelle who rejected it. It was then given to Ilinca to record. Florea was chosen as a featured artist as both Alexandru and Ilinca felt her version was incomplete. "Yodel It!" is a mixture of
rock,
pop and
hip hop music, including Ilinca
yodeling during the chorus and Florea's
rap vocals. The track's optimistic lyrical message was compared to that of
Taylor Swift's "
Shake It Off" (2014).
"Yodel It!"
represented Romania in the
2017 Eurovision Song Contest in
Kyiv, Ukraine after winning the pre-selection show Selecția Națională. The country reached seventh place in a field of 26, scoring a total of 282 points. During their show, Ilinca and Florea were accompanied by a variety of colorful imagery displayed in the background. The song received mixed reviews from
music critics. While it was praised for its
catchiness and appeal, the yodeling sequences were criticized as being atypical of
Romanian culture. Some parts of the recording were also likened to the band
The Script and
will.i.am's song "
Hall of Fame" (2012). "Yodel It!" won in the Song of the Year category at the 2017 Radar de Media Awards in Romania. (Full article...)
Image 14
"Hot" is the debut single by Romanian singer
Inna, released on 12 August 2008. It is from her debut studio album
of the same name (2009). The song was written and produced by
Play & Win members Sebastian Barac, Radu Bolfea and Marcel Botezan. Musically, "Hot" is a
trance-inspired
electro house song, with its instrumentation consisting of
synthesizer sounds and trance beats. Throughout the track, the
hook is repeated multiple times, and male vocals are used to complement Inna.
Music critics gave generally positive to mixed reviews of the recording, commending its simplicity, efficacy and dance nature, while criticizing the quality of its lyrics and calling the track innovation loose. One reviewer also compared "Hot" to the work of British
rock band
New Order and French disc jockey
David Guetta. The song won in the Best Dance category at the 2009
Romanian Music Awards, while it was nominated for an
Eska Music Award in the same year. Commercially, it became Inna's breakthrough single, topping the charts in Bulgaria, Romania and Spain and reaching the top 20 in multiple countries. Due to high sales, "Hot" was awarded Gold and Platinum
certifications in Denmark, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. (Full article...)
Image 15
"Endless" is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Inna for her second studio album, I Am the Club Rocker (2011). The song was released on 25 November 2011 as the fourth single from the album. It was written and produced by
Play & Win members Sebastian Barac, Radu Bolfea and Marcel Botezan. A
flamenco-influenced
mid-tempoclub-
ballad, "Endless" features an
acoustic and
Spanish guitar in its instrumentation.
Music critics gave favorable reviews of the track, pointing it out as a highlight on I Am the Club Rocker. At the 2011
Balkan Music Awards, the song won in the Best Song in the Balkans from Romania in 2011 category. To promote "Endless", an accompanying music video was shot by
Alex Herron and uploaded onto Inna's
YouTube channel on 24 November 2011 to positive response. It was connected to the
International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, which is observed on 25 November. The singer had also launched a foundation against domestic violence simultaneously with the video's release. She further promoted the recording through various live performances. Commercially, "Endless" reached the top ten in Romania and Slovakia. (Full article...)
The
Eastern Orthodox princes of Wallachia and Moldavia ruled their realms with absolute power, but the boyars took control of state administration in the 1660s and 1670s. The growing influence of Greeks (who administered state revenues and seized landed estates) caused bitter conflicts in both principalities. Due to extensive taxation, the peasants often rebelled against their lords. The long reign of
Matei Basarab in Wallachia and of
Vasile Lupu in Moldavia contributed to the development of local economy (especially mining and commerce). Most princes of Wallachia and Moldavia also paid tribute to the
princes of Transylvania. The latter administered their realm in cooperation with the Diet, composed of the representatives of the
Hungarian noblemen, the
Transylvanian Saxons, and the
Székelys and of delegates appointed by the monarchs. In the principality, Catholicism,
Lutheranism,
Calvinism, and
Unitarianism enjoyed an official status. Romanians had no representatives in the Diet and their Eastern Orthodox religion was only tolerated. The three outstanding princes – the Calvinist
Stephen Bocskai,
Gabriel Bethlen, and
George I Rákóczi – expanded their countries and defended the liberties of the Estates in
Royal Hungary against the Habsburgs in the first half of the 17th century. (Full article...)
... that Caloian, a ritual once practiced in southern and eastern Romania, involved the burial of a figurine by young girls, one of whom acted as a priest?
Image 10Bran Castle (
German: Törzburg,
Hungarian: Törcsvár) built in 1212, is commonly known as Dracula's Castle and is situated in the centre of present-day Romania. In addition to its unique
architecture, the
castle is famous because of persistent myths that it was once the home of
Vlad III Dracula. (from History of Romania)
Image 43Lieutenant Emil Rebreanu was awarded the Medal for Bravery in gold, the highest military award given by the Austrian command to an ethnic Romanian; he would later be hanged for desertion while trying to escape to Romania. (from History of Romania)
Image 721941 stamp depicting a Romanian and a German soldier in reference to the two countries' common participation in Operation Barbarossa. The text below reads the holy war against
Bolshevism. (from History of Romania)
Image 77Romania has seen its largest waves of protests against judicial reform ordinances of the PSD-ALDE coalition during the
2017–2019 Romanian protests. (from History of Romania)
Image 82Ethnic map of Greater Romania according to the
1930 census. Sizeable ethnic minorities put Romania at odds with Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union throughout the interwar period. (from History of Romania)
Image 83Seal of Michael the Brave during the personal union of the two Romanian principalities with Transylvania (from History of Romania)
Image 85Romania after the territorial losses of 1940. The recovery of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina was the catalyst for Romania's entry into the war on Germany's side. (from History of Romania)
Image 89The Principalities of
Moldavia and
Wallachia in 1786, Italian map by G. Pittori, since the geographer Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni (from History of Romania)
Image 90One of the greatest existence of Dacia (from History of Romania)
Image 91Romanian keyboard with special characters (from Culture of Romania)
Image 92Romanian territorial losses in the Treaty of Bucharest in May 1918 (from History of Romania)
Image 93Map of Romania after World War II indicating lost territories (from History of Romania)
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