Librescu is most widely known for his actions during the
Virginia Tech shooting, when he held the doors to his lecture hall closed, allowing all but one of his students enough time to escape through the windows. Shot and killed during the attack, Librescu was posthumously awarded the
Order of the Star of Romania, the country's highest civilian honor. Coincidentally, Librescu's act of heroism happened on Nisan 27 in the
Jewish lunar calendar. That date is
Yom HaShoah, which is
Holocaust Remembrance Day in Israel. (Full article...)
Image 2
"No Help" is a song by Romanian singer
Inna, included on the deluxe edition of her fifth studio album Nirvana (2017). It was released for
digital download and
streaming on 6 September 2018 by
Global Records. Musically, "No Help" is a
pop and oriental-influenced
dance and
tropical house song, whose lyrics discuss confidence, independence and
self-help. The track received positive reviews from
music critics, who praised its catchiness and dance nature. For promotion, an accompanying music video was uploaded onto Inna's official
YouTube channel simultaneously with the song's release. It was filmed by Bogdan Păun in Morocco and Los Angeles. Reviewers praised the outfits and landscapes featured in the visual. "No Help" received minor commercial success in
Romania and
France. (Full article...)
The agreement defined a
demarcation line marking the southern limit of deployment of most Hungarian armed forces. It left large parts of the
Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (the Hungarian part of
Austria-Hungary) outside Hungarian control – including parts or entire regions of
Transylvania,
Banat,
Bačka,
Baranya, as well as
Croatia-Slavonia. It also spelled out in eighteen points the obligations imposed on Hungary by the Allies. Those obligations included Hungary's armed forces being reduced to eight divisions, the clearing of
naval mines, as well as the turning over of certain quantities of
rolling stock, river ships,
tugboats,
barges,
river monitors, horses and other
materiel to the Allies. Hungary was also obliged to make certain personnel available to repair wartime damage inflicted on
Serbia's telegraph infrastructure, as well as to provide personnel to staff railways. (Full article...)
The album's title was originally planned to be Latinna, and it also includes
promotional singles intended for the cancelled
extended play (EP) Summer Days. Inna and Body and the Sun were supported by several concert tours in Europe and Japan. Seven singles have also been released to aid the record, of which "
Cola Song" (2014) was successful in Europe and was certified Platinum in
Spain and "
Diggy Down" (2014) marked Inna's third number one hit in Romania. Commercially, Inna only reached minor success on
record charts, peaking at number 157 in Japan and at position 45 in Mexico. (Full article...)
Image 5
Sigismund Rákóczi (
Hungarian: Rákóczi Zsigmond; 1544 – 5 December 1608) was
Prince of Transylvania from 1607 to 1608. He was the son of János Rákóczi, a lesser nobleman with estates in
Upper Hungary. Sigismund began a military career as the sword-bearer of the wealthy Gábor Perényi in
Sárospatak. After Perényi died in 1567, Sigismund served in the royal fortresses of
Eger and
Szendrő. The royal chamber mortgaged him several estates to compensate him for unpaid salaries. He received
Szerencs in 1580, which enabled him to engage in the lucrative
Tokaji wine trade. He took possession of the large estates of András Mágóchy's minor sons as their guardian, and the second husband of their mother Judit Alaghy, in 1587.
Sigismund was made the captain of the important stronghold of Eger on 29 June 1588.
Rudolph I,
King of Hungary, granted him the title of baron on 28 August. Sigismund rose to fame after he routed the united forces of three Ottoman beys (captains) near
Szikszó on 8 October. He also helped the Calvinist pastor,
Gáspár Károli, publish the Hungarian translation of the Bible (the so-called Vizsoly Bible). He renounced the captaincy in 1590 or 1591 because the royal treasury had not provided enough funds to finance the management of the fortress. Sigismund was a successful commander of the royal army during the first decade of the
Long Turkish War, which broke out in 1593. (Full article...)
Left humerus of the
holotype specimen in ventral (A) and distal (B) view
Hatzegopteryx ("
Hațeg basin wing") is a
genus of
azhdarchidpterosaur found in the late
Maastrichtian deposits of the
Densuş Ciula Formation, an outcropping in
Transylvania,
Romania. It is known only from the
type species, Hatzegopteryx thambema, named by Buffetaut et al. in 2002 based on parts of the skull and
humerus. Additional specimens, including a
neck vertebra, were later placed in the genus, representing a range of sizes. The largest of these remains indicate it was among the biggest pterosaurs, with an estimated wingspan of 10 to 12 metres (33 to 39 ft).
Unusually among giant azhdarchids, Hatzegopteryx had a very wide skull bearing large muscular attachments, bones with a spongy internal texture instead of being hollow, and a short, robust, and heavily muscled neck measuring 1.5 metres (5 ft) long, which was about half the length of other azhdarchids with comparable wingspans and was capable of withstanding strong bending forces. Hatzegopteryx inhabited
Hațeg Island, an island situated in the
Cretaceous subtropics within the prehistoric
Tethys Sea. In the absence of large
theropods, Hatzegopteryx was likely the
apex predator of Hațeg Island, tackling proportionally larger prey (including dwarf
titanosaurs and
iguanodontians) than other azhdarchids. (Full article...)
Image 8
"Yodel It!" is a song recorded by Romanian singers
Ilinca and
Alex Florea, released on 30 January 2017 by Cat Music. The track was written by Alexandra Niculae and produced by Mihai Alexandru for the Swiss band
Timebelle who rejected it. It was then given to Ilinca to record. Florea was chosen as a featured artist as both Alexandru and Ilinca felt her version was incomplete. "Yodel It!" is a mixture of
rock,
pop and
hip hop music, including Ilinca
yodeling during the chorus and Florea's
rap vocals. The track's optimistic lyrical message was compared to that of
Taylor Swift's "
Shake It Off" (2014).
"Yodel It!"
represented Romania in the
2017 Eurovision Song Contest in
Kyiv, Ukraine after winning the pre-selection show Selecția Națională. The country reached seventh place in a field of 26, scoring a total of 282 points. During their show, Ilinca and Florea were accompanied by a variety of colorful imagery displayed in the background. The song received mixed reviews from
music critics. While it was praised for its
catchiness and appeal, the yodeling sequences were criticized as being atypical of
Romanian culture. Some parts of the recording were also likened to the band
The Script and
will.i.am's song "
Hall of Fame" (2012). "Yodel It!" won in the Song of the Year category at the 2017 Radar de Media Awards in Romania. (Full article...)
Charles came to the Kingdom of Hungary upon the invitation of an influential Croatian lord,
Paul Šubić, in August 1300. Andrew III died on 14 January 1301, and within four months Charles was crowned king, but with a provisional crown instead of the
Holy Crown of Hungary. Most Hungarian noblemen refused to yield to him and elected
Wenceslaus of Bohemia king. Charles withdrew to the southern regions of the kingdom.
Pope Boniface VIII acknowledged Charles as the lawful king in 1303, but Charles was unable to strengthen his position against his opponent. Wenceslaus abdicated in favor of
Otto of Bavaria in 1305. Because it had no central government, the Kingdom of Hungary had disintegrated into a dozen provinces, each headed by a powerful
nobleman, or
oligarch. One of those oligarchs,
Ladislaus III Kán, captured and imprisoned Otto of Bavaria in 1307. Charles was elected king in
Pest on 27 November 1308, but his rule remained nominal in most parts of his kingdom even after he was crowned with the Holy Crown on 27 August 1310. (Full article...)
Matthias Corvinus (
Hungarian: Hunyadi Mátyás;
Romanian: Matia/Matei Corvin;
Croatian: Matija/Matijaš Korvin;
Slovak: Matej Korvín;
Czech: Matyáš Korvín; 23 February 1443 – 6 April 1490) was
King of Hungary and
Croatia from 1458 to 1490, as Matthias I. After conducting several military campaigns, he was elected
King of Bohemia in 1469 and adopted the title
Duke of Austria in 1487. He was the son of
John Hunyadi,
Regent of Hungary, who died in 1456. In 1457, Matthias was imprisoned along with his older brother,
Ladislaus Hunyadi, on the orders of King
Ladislaus the Posthumous. Ladislaus Hunyadi was executed, causing a rebellion that forced King Ladislaus to flee Hungary. After the King died unexpectedly, Matthias's uncle
Michael Szilágyi persuaded the
Estates to unanimously proclaim the 14-year-old Matthias as king on 24 January 1458. He began his rule under his uncle's guardianship, but he took effective control of government within two weeks.
As king, Matthias waged wars against the Czech
mercenaries who dominated
Upper Hungary (today parts of
Slovakia and
Northern Hungary) and against
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, who claimed Hungary for himself. In this period, the
Ottoman Empire conquered
Serbia and
Bosnia, terminating the zone of
buffer states along the southern frontiers of the
Kingdom of Hungary. Matthias signed a peace treaty with Frederick III in 1463, acknowledging the Emperor's right to style himself King of Hungary. The Emperor returned the
Holy Crown of Hungary with which Matthias was crowned on 29 April 1464. In this year, Matthias invaded the territories that had recently been occupied by the Ottomans and seized fortresses in Bosnia. He soon realized he could expect no substantial aid from the Christian powers and gave up his anti-Ottoman policy. (Full article...)
Image 11
Hot is the debut studio album by Romanian singer
Inna, released on 4 August 2009 by
Magic Records. Inna collaborated on the record with Romanian trio
Play & Win, who entirely wrote, produced and arranged Hot at their Play & Win Studios in
Constanța, Romania. It was described as an
electronic dance music (EDM) album, with influences varying from
trance,
electro house and
techno to
Hi-NRG,
synth-pop and
chillout. Lyrically, Hot deals with love themes.
Music critics gave the album positive to mixed reviews, praising the danceable style but criticizing its lack of innovation. At the 2010
Romanian Music Awards, Hot won in the Best Album category, while also receiving an award at the
2011 Radio România Actualităţi Awards in the Pop/Dance Album of the Year section.
As of December 2011, the record has sold 500,000 copies worldwide, with revenue amounting to
€8 million from sales and accompanying concert tours. Commercially, it experienced success in Europe, peaking within the top 20 in multiple countries. Hot was also awarded Gold and Platinum
certifications in Romania and France, respectively. It was aided by the release of five singles, "
Hot" (2008), "
Love" (2009), "
Déjà Vu" (2009), "
Amazing" (2009) and "
10 Minutes" (2010), which achieved success on
record charts. "Hot" and "Amazing" were both number ones in Romania. Inna performed over 200 concerts to promote the album. (Full article...)
Image 12
"Déjà Vu" is a song by Romanian musician Bob Taylor and Romanian recording artist
Inna for the latter's debut studio album, Hot (2009). Released in June 2009, it was written and produced by
Sebastian Barac,
Radu Bolfea and
Marcel Botezan. Musically, the single is of the
dance genre, and originally contained the vocals of Romanian singer Alessia. However, after a feud over compensation between Taylor and her, the song was handed to Inna, although the early version had already been released.
When premiering the new version of "Déjà Vu", Taylor and Inna opted for pseudonyms before revealing their identity later. In order to accompany the single, a music video was shot at a club in
Neptun, Romania by Tom Boxer, and it initially did not feature Inna until another version of the visual showed footage of her in Turkey. Commercially, the recording experienced success in European countries, reaching the top ten of the charts in Greece, the
Commonwealth of Independent States, France and Romania, among others. "Déjà Vu" was certified Gold by the
Dutch Association of Producers and Importers of Image and Sound Carriers (NVPI) for selling over 10,000 copies in the Netherlands. (Full article...)
Image 13
Mateiu Ion Caragiale (Romanian:[maˈtejiˈonkaraˈdʒjale]; March 25 [
O.S. March 12] 1885 – January 17, 1936), also credited as Matei or Matheiu, or in the antiquated version Mateiŭ, was a Romanian poet and prose writer, best known for his novel Craii de Curtea-Veche, which portrays the milieu of
boyar descendants before and after
World War I. Caragiale's style, associated with
Symbolism, the
Decadent movement of the fin de siècle, and early
modernism, was an original element in the
Romanian literature of the
interwar period. In other late contributions, Caragiale pioneered
detective fiction locally, but there is disagreement over whether his work in the field produced a complete narrative or just fragments. The scarcity of writings he left is contrasted by their critical acclaim and a large, mostly posthumous, following, commonly known as mateists.
Romania participated in the
Eurovision Song Contest 2007 in
Helsinki, Finland. They selected their entry, "
Liubi, Liubi, I Love You" by Romanian group
Todomondo through the national selection competition Selecția Națională 2007 in February 2007. Controversy surrounded the event, as
Romanian Television (TVR) disqualified several entries over the course of the competition. Prior to the 2007 contest, Romania had participated in the
Eurovision Song Contest nine times since its first entry in
1994. Its highest placing in the contest had been third place, which the nation achieved in
2005. In
2006, Romania finished in fourth place. Prior to Eurovision, "Liubi, Liubi, I Love You" was promoted by a music video and a promotional tour in Belarus. Todomondo ultimately achieved 13th place in the contest's Grand Final on 12 May 2007, scoring 84 points. Their performance saw the use of
pyrotechnics. (Full article...)
Roma, traditionally Țigani (often called "Gypsies" though this term is typically considered a slur), constitute one of
Romania's largest minorities. According to the
2011 census, their number was 621,573 people or 3.3% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after
Hungarians. There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Romani ancestry in Romania, varying from 4.6 per cent to over 10 percent of the population, because many people of Romani descent do not declare themselves Roma.
For example, in 2007 the
Council of Europe estimated that approximately 1.85 million Roma lived in Romania, based on an average between the lowest estimate (1.2 to 2.2 million people) and the highest estimate (1.8 to 2.5 million people) available at the time. This figure is equivalent to 8.32% of the population. (Full article...)
... that the tanker MV Millennial Spirit sailed under a Moldovan flag, was crewed entirely by Russians, and was mistaken for a Romanian ship?
... that Gogu Rădulescu, a member of the
Romanian Communist Party central committee, was allegedly spied on by his colleagues through Lăutari performers, called upon to "sing him the blues"?
... that Matei Donici, a general in the
Imperial Russian Army, secretly wrote poetry with Romanian-nationalist and anti-Russian messages?
... that Romanian-born Helen O'Brien escaped advancing Russians on the King's horse, opened Eve, and worked as a spy for MI5 and MI6?
... that Romanian literary scholar Dan Simonescu, who edited a chronicle dealing with the reign of
Michael the Brave, had to delete any mention of Michael having "all the Jews murdered"?
More did you know
...that Romania renominated its currency, the leu, in July 2005, so that 10,000 old lei equal 1 new leu?
Image 81941 stamp depicting a Romanian and a German soldier in reference to the two countries' common participation in Operation Barbarossa. The text below reads the holy war against
Bolshevism. (from History of Romania)
Image 11Romania has seen its largest waves of protests against judicial reform ordinances of the PSD-ALDE coalition during the
2017–2019 Romanian protests. (from History of Romania)
Image 15Romania after the territorial losses of 1940. The recovery of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina was the catalyst for Romania's entry into the war on Germany's side. (from History of Romania)
Image 16Romanian territorial losses in the Treaty of Bucharest in May 1918 (from History of Romania)
Image 17Bran Castle (
German: Törzburg,
Hungarian: Törcsvár) built in 1212, is commonly known as Dracula's Castle and is situated in the centre of present-day Romania. In addition to its unique
architecture, the
castle is famous because of persistent myths that it was once the home of
Vlad III Dracula. (from History of Romania)
Image 25The Principalities of
Moldavia and
Wallachia in 1786, Italian map by G. Pittori, since the geographer Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni (from History of Romania)
Image 43Lieutenant Emil Rebreanu was awarded the Medal for Bravery in gold, the highest military award given by the Austrian command to an ethnic Romanian; he would later be hanged for desertion while trying to escape to Romania. (from History of Romania)
Image 60Ethnic map of Greater Romania according to the
1930 census. Sizeable ethnic minorities put Romania at odds with Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union throughout the interwar period. (from History of Romania)
Image 61Timeline of the borders of Romania between 1859 and 2010 (from History of Romania)
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![Image 1 Liviu Librescu (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈlivju liˈbresku]; Hebrew: ליביו ליברסקו; August 18, 1930 – April 16, 2007) was a Romanian–American scientist and engineer. A prominent academic in addition to being a survivor of the Holocaust, his major research fields were aeroelasticity and aerodynamics. Librescu is most widely known for his actions during the Virginia Tech shooting, when he held the doors to his lecture hall closed, allowing all but one of his students enough time to escape through the windows. Shot and killed during the attack, Librescu was posthumously awarded the Order of the Star of Romania, the country's highest civilian honor. Coincidentally, Librescu's act of heroism happened on Nisan 27 in the Jewish lunar calendar. That date is Yom HaShoah, which is Holocaust Remembrance Day in Israel. (Full article...)](/info/en/?search=File:Blank.png)
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