The
succession of monarchs has mostly been
hereditary, often building
dynasties. However,
elective and
self-proclaimed monarchies have also often occurred throughout history.
Aristocrats, though not inherent to monarchies, often serve as the pool of persons from which the monarch is chosen, and to fill the constituting institutions (e.g.
diet and
court), giving many monarchies
oligarchic elements.
Monarchs can carry various titles such as
emperor,
empress,
king, and
queen. Monarchies can form
federations,
personal unions and
realms with
vassals through personal association with the monarch, which is a common reason for monarchs carrying several titles.
Edward the Martyr (
c. 962 – 18 March 978) was
King of the English from 8 July 975 until he was killed in 978. He was the eldest son of
King Edgar (r. 959–975). On Edgar's death, the succession to the throne was contested between Edward's supporters and those of his younger half-brother, the future King
Æthelred the Unready. As they were both children, it is unlikely that they played an active role in the dispute, which was probably between rival family alliances. Edward's principal supporters were
Dunstan,
Archbishop of Canterbury, and
Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia, while Æthelred was backed by his mother, Queen
Ælfthryth and her friend
Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester. The dispute was quickly settled. Edward was chosen as king and Æthelred received the lands traditionally allocated to the king's eldest son in compensation.
Edgar had been a strong and overbearing king and a supporter of the
monastic reform movement. He had forced the lay nobility and
secular clergy to surrender land and sell it at low prices to the monasteries. Æthelwold had been the most active and ruthless in seizing land for his monasteries with Edgar's assistance. The nobles took advantage of Edgar's death to get their lands back, mainly by legal actions but sometimes by force. The leading magnates were split into two factions, the supporters of
Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia and Æthelwine, who both seized some monastic lands which they believed belonged to them, but also estates claimed by their rivals. The disputes never led to warfare. (Full article...)
Image 2
Ælle's name is visible in this line from the Parker manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, written
c. 890
Ælle (also Aelle or Ella) is recorded in early sources as the first
king of the
South Saxons, reigning in what is now called
Sussex, England, from 477 to perhaps as late as 514.
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ælle and three of his sons are said to have landed at a place called
Cymensora and fought against the local
Britons. The chronicle goes on to report a victory in 491, at present day
Pevensey, where the battle ended with the Saxons slaughtering their opponents to the last man. (Full article...)
Coenred (also spelled Cenred or Cœnredfl. 675–709) was king of
Mercia from 704 to 709. Mercia was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in the English Midlands. He was a son of the Mercian king
Wulfhere, whose brother
Æthelred succeeded to the throne in 675 on Wulfhere's death. In 704, Æthelred abdicated in favour of Coenred to become a monk.
Coenred's reign is poorly documented, but a contemporary source records that he faced attacks from the Welsh. Coenred is not known to have married or had children, although later chronicles describe him as an ancestor of
Wigstan, a 9th-century Mercian king. In 709, Coenred abdicated and went on pilgrimage to Rome, where he remained as a monk until his death. In the view of his contemporary,
Bede, Coenred "who had ruled the kingdom of Mercia for some time and very nobly, with still greater nobility renounced the throne of his kingdom".
Æthelred's son
Ceolred succeeded Coenred as king of Mercia. (Full article...)
Neferirkare Kakai, originally depicted as prince Ranefer, on a relief from the mortuary complex of his father Sahure. His royal title and regalia were added later during his own reign.
Neferirkare Kakai (known in
Greek as Nefercherês, Νεφερχέρης) was an
ancient Egyptianpharaoh, the third king of the
Fifth Dynasty. Neferirkare, the eldest son of
Sahure with his consort
Meretnebty, was known as Ranefer A before he came to the throne. He acceded the day after his father's death and reigned for eight to eleven years, sometime in the early to mid-25th century BCE. He was himself very likely succeeded by his eldest son, born of his queen
Khentkaus II, the prince Ranefer B who would take the throne as king
Neferefre. Neferirkare fathered another pharaoh,
Nyuserre Ini, who took the throne after Neferefre's short reign and the brief rule of the poorly known
Shepseskare.
Neferirkare was acknowledged by his contemporaries as a kind and benevolent ruler, intervening in favour of his
courtiers after a mishap. His rule witnessed a growth in the number of administration and priesthood officials, who used their expanded wealth to build architecturally more sophisticated
mastabas, where they recorded their biographies for the first time. Neferirkare was the last pharaoh to significantly modify the standard
royal titulary, separating the
nomen or birth name, from the
prenomen or throne name. From his reign onwards, the former was written in a cartouche preceded by the "Son of Ra" epithet. His rule witnessed continuing trade relations with
Nubia to the south and possibly with
Byblos on the
Levantine coast to the north. (Full article...)
Diocletian (/ˌdaɪ.əˈkliːʃən/,
DYE-ə-KLEE-shən;
Latin: Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus,
Ancient Greek: Διοκλητιανός,
romanized: Diokletianós; 242/245 – 311/312), nicknamed Jovius, was
Roman emperor from 284 until his abdication in 305. He was born Diocles to a family of low status in the
Roman province of
Dalmatia. Diocles rose through the ranks of the military early in his career, eventually becoming a
cavalry commander for the army of Emperor
Carus. After the deaths of Carus and his son
Numerian on a campaign in
Persia, Diocles was proclaimed emperor by the troops, taking the name Diocletianus. The title was also claimed by Carus's surviving son,
Carinus, but Diocletian defeated him in the
Battle of the Margus.
Diocletian's reign stabilized the empire and ended the
Crisis of the Third Century. He appointed fellow officer
Maximian as Augustus, co-emperor, in 286. Diocletian reigned in the
Eastern Empire, and Maximian reigned in the
Western Empire. Diocletian delegated further on 1 March 293, appointing
Galerius and
Constantius as junior colleagues (each with the title Caesar), under himself and Maximian respectively. Under the
Tetrarchy, or "rule of four", each tetrarch would rule over a quarter-division of the empire. Diocletian secured the empire's borders and purged it of all threats to his power. He defeated the
Sarmatians and
Carpi during several campaigns between 285 and 299, the
Alamanni in 288, and usurpers in
Egypt between 297 and 298. Galerius, aided by Diocletian, campaigned successfully against
Persia, the empire's traditional enemy, and in 299, he sacked their capital,
Ctesiphon. Diocletian led the subsequent negotiations and achieved a lasting and favorable peace. (Full article...)
Shepseskaf (meaning "His
Ka is noble") was a
pharaoh of
ancient Egypt, the sixth and probably last ruler of the
fourth dynasty during the
Old Kingdom period. He reigned most probably for four but possibly up to seven years in the late 26th to mid-25th century BC.
Shepseskaf's relation to his predecessor
Menkaure is not entirely certain; he might have been his son or possibly his brother. The identity of his mother is highly uncertain as she could have been one of Menkaure's consorts or queen
Khentkaus I or
Neferhetepes. Similarly, Shepseskaf's relation to his probable successor on the throne,
Userkaf, is not known although in the absence of clear indication of strife at the transition between the fourth and
fifth dynasties, Userkaf could well have been his son or his brother. If Shepseskaf was succeeded directly by Userkaf rather than by
Thampthis as claimed by some historical sources, then his death marks the end of the fourth dynasty. The transition to the fifth dynasty seems not to have been a sharp rupture but rather a continuous process of evolution in the king's power and role within the Egyptian state. Around this time, some of the highest positions of power such as that of
vizier which had hitherto been the prerogative of the royal family were opened to nobles of non-royal extraction. (Full article...)
Cædwalla (/ˈkædˌwɔːlə/;
c. 659 – 20 April 689 AD) was the
King of Wessex from approximately 685 until he
abdicated in 688. His name is derived from the Welsh
Cadwallon. He was exiled from Wessex as a youth and during this period gathered forces and attacked the
South Saxons, killing their king,
Æthelwealh, in what is now
Sussex. Cædwalla was unable to hold the South Saxon territory, however, and was driven out by Æthelwealh's
ealdormen. In either 685 or 686, he became King of Wessex. He may have been involved in suppressing rival dynasties at this time, as an early source records that Wessex was ruled by underkings until Cædwalla.
After his accession Cædwalla returned to Sussex and won the territory again. He also conquered the
Isle of Wight, gained control of
Surrey and the
kingdom of Kent, and in 686 he installed his brother
Mul as king of Kent. Mul was burned in a Kentish revolt a year later, and Cædwalla returned, possibly ruling Kent directly for a period. (Full article...)
Rhys ap Gruffydd or ap Gruffudd (often anglicised to "Griffith"; c. 1132 – 28 April 1197) was the ruler of the kingdom of
Deheubarth in south
Wales from 1155 to 1197. Today, he is commonly known as The Lord Rhys, in
WelshYr Arglwydd Rhys, although this title may have not been used in his lifetime. He usually used the title "Proprietary Prince of Deheubarth" or "Prince of South Wales", but two documents have been discovered in which he uses the title "
Prince of Wales" or "Prince of the Welsh". Rhys was one of the most successful and powerful
Welsh princes, and, after the death of
Owain Gwynedd of
Gwynedd in 1170, the dominant power in Wales.
Rhys's grandfather,
Rhys ap Tewdwr, was king of Deheubarth, and was killed at
Brecon in 1093 by
Bernard de Neufmarché. Following his death, most of Deheubarth was taken over by the
Normans. Rhys's father,
Gruffydd ap Rhys, eventually was able to become ruler of a small portion, and more territory was won back by Rhys's older brothers after Gruffydd's death. Rhys became ruler of Deheubarth in 1155. He was forced to submit to King
Henry II of England in 1158. Henry invaded Deheubarth in 1163, stripped Rhys of all his lands and took him prisoner. A few weeks later he was released and given back a small part of his holdings. Rhys made an alliance with Owain Gwynedd and, after the failure of another invasion of Wales by Henry in 1165, was able to win back most of his lands. (Full article...)
Nine years later, he defeated and killed Edwin's eventual successor,
Oswald, at the
Battle of Maserfield; from this point he was probably the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon rulers of the time, laying the foundations for the
Mercian Supremacy over the Anglo-Saxon
Heptarchy. He repeatedly defeated the
East Angles and drove
Cenwalh the king of
Wessex into exile for three years. He continued to wage war against the
Bernicians of Northumbria. Thirteen years after Maserfield, he suffered a crushing defeat by Oswald's successor and brother
Oswiu, and was killed at the
Battle of the Winwaed in the course of a final campaign against the Bernicians. (Full article...)
Image 14
Cleopatra VII, the last ruler of
Ptolemaic Egypt, died on either 10 or 12 August, 30 BC, in
Alexandria, when she was 39 years old. According to popular belief, Cleopatra killed herself by allowing an
asp (
Egyptian cobra) to bite her, but according to the Roman-era writers
Strabo,
Plutarch, and
Cassius Dio, Cleopatra
poisoned herself using either a
toxic ointment or by introducing the poison with a sharp implement such as a hairpin. Modern scholars debate the validity of ancient reports involving snakebites as the cause of death and whether she was murdered. Some academics hypothesize that her
Roman political rival
Octavian forced her to kill herself in a manner of her choosing. The location of
Cleopatra's tomb is unknown. It was recorded that Octavian allowed for her and her husband, the Roman politician and general
Mark Antony, who stabbed himself with a sword, to be
buried together properly.
The Qianlong Emperor was the sixth emperor of the
Manchu-led
Qing dynasty, and the fourth
Qing emperor to rule over China. The fourth son of the
Yongzheng Emperor, his reign officially began 11 October 1735, lasting for 60 years. Named Hongli, he chose the
era nameQianlong, meaning "heavenly prosperity". Although his early years saw the continuation of an era of prosperity and great military success in China, his final years saw troubles at home and abroad converge on the Qing Empire. Qianlong abdicated the throne at the age of 85, to his son, the
Jiaqing Emperor, fulfilling his promise not to reign longer than his grandfather, the
Kangxi Emperor.
Following the death of her spouse
Agron in 231 BC, she assumed the regency of the
Ardiaean Kingdom for her stepson
Pinnes, continuing Agron's policy of expansion in the
Adriatic Sea, in the context of an ongoing conflict with the
Roman Republic regarding the effects of
Illyrian piracy on regional trade. The death of one of the Roman ambassadors at the hands of Illyrian pirates gave Rome the occasion to declare war against her in 229 BC. She surrendered after losing the
First Illyrian War in 228. Teuta had to relinquish the southern parts of her territory and pay a tribute to Rome, but was eventually allowed to keep a realm confined to an area north of
Lissus (modern
Lezhë,
Albania). (Full article...)
The meaning of her name is unknown. It might be an English equivalent of the
Greek name Theocletiane (Θεοκλητιανή), a reference to the child possibly being sickly, a surname derived from one of her mother's ancestors, or might derive from one or both of her parents being
Puritans (though there is no evidence that they were), who in the 17th century commonly gave godly names to their children. (Full article...)
Kulottunga I (/kʊˈloʊtʊŋɡə/;
Middle Tamil: Kulōttuṅka Cōḻaṉ;
Classical Sanskrit: Kulottuṅgā Cōḷa; 1025–1122) also spelt Kulothunga (
lit.'The Exalter of His Race'), born Rajendra Chalukya (
Telugu: Rājēndra Cāḷukyuḍu), was a
Chola Emperor who reigned from 1070 to 1122 succeeding his cousin
Athirajendra Chola. He also served as the
Eastern Chalukya monarch from 1061 to 1118, succeeding his father
Rajaraja Narendra. He is related to the Chola dynasty through his mother's side and the Eastern Chalukyas through his father's side. His mother, Ammangaidevi, was a Chola princess and the daughter of emperor
Rajendra I. His father was king Rajaraja Narendra of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty who was the nephew of Rajendra and maternal grandson of
Rajaraja I. According to historian Sailendra Nath Sen, his accession marked the beginning of a new era and ushered in a period of internal peace and benevolent administration.
Kulottunga had diplomatic relations with the northern Indian city
Kannauj and also with distant countries like
Cambodia,
Srivijaya,
Khmer,
Pagan (
Burma) and
China. He established
Chola overlordship over the
Srivijayan province of
Kedah in
Malay Peninsula. An inscription in a Taoist temple in
Guangzhou, dated to 1079, declares Kulottunga, King of Chulien (Chola) to be the supreme chief of the Land of San-fo-tsi (
Srivijaya). According to Tan Yeok Seong, the editor of the inscription, Kulottunga ruled both the
Chola and
Srivijayan kingdoms. In the small Leyden grant that is dated to 1090, the king of Kadaram (
Srivijaya) is mentioned as a vassal of Kulottunga. Like his predecessors, Kulottunga was a patron of arts and literature and the much celebrated
Tamil poem
Kalingattuparani was composed during his rule by poet
Jayamkondaan who lived in his court. His records also testify to the highly organised system of fiscal and local administration. During his reign Kulottunga carried out a massive land survey that formed the basis for taxation. (Full article...)
Image 4
St. Edwin of Northumbria depiction at St Mary, Sledmere, Yorkshire
Edwin (
Old English: Ēadwine; c. 586 – 12 October 632/633), also known as Eadwine or Æduinus, was the
King of
Deira and
Bernicia – which later became known as
Northumbria – from about 616 until his death. He converted to Christianity and was
baptised in 627. After he fell at the
Battle of Hatfield Chase, he was venerated as a
saint.
Edwin was the son of
Ælle, the first known king of
Deira, and likely had at least two siblings. His sister
Acha was married to
Æthelfrith, king of neighbouring
Bernicia. An otherwise unknown sibling fathered Hereric, who in turn fathered Abbess
Hilda of Whitby and Hereswith, wife to Æthelric, the brother of king
Anna of East Anglia. (Full article...)
Abbas II (
Persian: عباس دوم,
romanized: ʿAbbās II; born Soltan Mohammad Mirza; 30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666) was the seventh
Shah of
Safavid Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666. As the eldest son of
Safi and his
Circassian wife,
Anna Khanum, he inherited the throne when he was nine, and had to rely on a regency led by
Saru Taqi, the erstwhile
grand vizier of his father, to govern in his place. During the regency, Abbas received formal kingly education that, until then, he had been denied. In 1645, at age fifteen, he was able to remove Saru Taqi from power, and after purging the bureaucracy ranks, asserted his authority over his court and began his
absolute rule.
Abbas II's reign was marked by peace and progress. He intentionally avoided a war with the
Ottoman Empire and his relations with the
Uzbeks in the east were friendly. He enhanced his reputation as a military commander by leading his army during
the war with the
Mughal Empire and successfully recovering the city of
Kandahar. At his behest,
Rostom Khan, the
King of Kartli and a Safavid
vassal, invaded the
Kingdom of Kakheti in 1648 and sent the rebellious monarch
Teimuraz I into exile. In 1651, Teimuraz tried to reclaim his lost crown with the support of the
Russia Tsardom, but the Russians were defeated by Abbas' army in a
short conflict fought between 1651 and 1653. The war's major event was the destruction of the Russian fortress on the Iranian side of the
Terek river. Abbas also suppressed a rebellion led by the
Georgians between 1659 and 1660, in which he acknowledged
Vakhtang V as the
king of Kartli, but had the rebel leaders executed. (Full article...)
According to the Primary Chronicle, he succeeded his "kinsman"
Rurik as ruler of
Novgorod, and subdued many of the East Slavic tribes to his rule, extending his control from Novgorod to the south along the
Dnieper river. Oleg also launched a successful
attack on
Constantinople. He died in 912 and was succeeded by Rurik's son,
Igor. (Full article...)
Image 8
19th-century depiction of Guildford Dudley in the Houses of Parliament, Westminster
Lord Guildford Dudley (also spelt Guilford) (
c. 1535 – 12 February 1554) was an English nobleman who was married to
Lady Jane Grey. She occupied the English throne from 10 July until 19 July 1553, having been declared the heir of
King Edward VI. Guildford Dudley had a
humanist education and married Jane in a magnificent celebration about six weeks before the King's death. After Guildford's father, the
Duke of Northumberland, had engineered Jane's accession, Jane and Guildford spent her brief rule residing in the
Tower of London. They were still in the Tower when their regime collapsed and remained there in different quarters as prisoners. They were condemned to death for
high treason in November 1553.
Queen Mary I was inclined to spare their lives, but
Thomas Wyatt's rebellion against Mary's plans to marry
Philip of Spain led to the young couple's execution, a measure that was widely seen as unduly harsh. (Full article...)
Image 9
Andronikos V (center) and his parents, as depicted in an ivory
pyxis from
Thessalonica. The letters ANΔP are written above his head, standing for Ανδρ(όνικος)
Andronikos V Palaiologos or Andronicus V Palaeologus (
Greek: Ανδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος;
c. 1400–1407) was the
Byzantine ruler of the city of
Thessalonica and surrounding territories from 1403 to his death in 1407, alongside his father
John VII Palaiologos. Though they did not control
Constantinople, John and Andronikos ruled Thessalonica with the full Byzantine imperial title, recognized by the ruling senior emperor, John VII's uncle
Manuel II Palaiologos.
Recognized as third-in-line to Constantinople, Andronikos' parents had high hopes for his future and regarded him as the future legitimate senior Byzantine emperor. These hopes were dashed when Andronikos died in 1407, just seven years old. On account of his ephemeral status and short life, Andronikos is a shadowy historical figure of whom little is known. He was not acknowledged by modern historians until 1967, who had previously believed John VII to be childless. (Full article...)
Radama II (September 23, 1829 – May 12, 1863 [contested]) was the son and heir of Queen
Ranavalona I and ruled from 1861 to 1863 over the
Kingdom of Madagascar, which controlled virtually the entire island. Radama's rule, although brief, was a pivotal period in the history of the Kingdom of Madagascar. Under the unyielding and often harsh 33-year rule of his mother, Queen Ranavalona I, Madagascar had successfully preserved its cultural and political independence from European colonial designs. Rejecting the queen's policy of isolationism and persecution of Christians, Radama II permitted religious freedom and re-opened Madagascar to European influence. Under the terms of the
Lambert Charter, which Radama secretly contracted in 1855 with French entrepreneur
Joseph-François Lambert while Ranavalona still ruled, the French were awarded exclusive rights to the exploitation of large tracts of valuable land and other lucrative resources and projects. This agreement, which was later revoked by Prime Minister
Rainilaiarivony, was key to establishing France's claim over Madagascar as a protectorate and, in 1896, as a colony.
The dramatic contrast between Ranavalona's isolationism and her son's pro-European stance represented an abrupt reversal of policy that threatened the traditional sociopolitical order. Radama's absolutism in pursuing dramatic reforms in disregard of the advice of his ministers ultimately turned them against him. In a coup led by his prime minister,
Rainivoninahitriniony, Radama II was strangled on May 12, 1863. His wife Rabodo, who took the throne name
Rasoherina, was allowed by the ministers to succeed her husband on the condition that she and future sovereigns would no longer rule unilaterally, but rather in concert with the
Hova (the class of free citizens) as represented by the position of prime minister. The public was informed that Radama had committed suicide and that his body had been unceremoniously interred in a tomb in
Ilafy. However, there soon emerged rumors – believed by prominent foreigners
Jean Laborde and
William Ellis – that Radama lived and was making plans to reclaim the throne. A strong case has since been made on the basis of significant evidence that Radama may indeed have revived after the strangling and lived to old age in anonymity near
Lake Kinkony in the northwestern part of the island. (Full article...)
Constans II (died 411) was the son of
Western Roman emperorConstantine III, and served as his co-emperor from 409 to 411. Constans was a
monk prior to his father being acclaimed
emperor by the army in
Britain in early 407, an act of rebellion against the ruling emperor
Honorius. He was summoned to
Gaul, appointed to the position of
caesar (heir) and swiftly married so that a
dynasty could be founded. In
Hispania, Honorius's relatives rose in 408 and expelled Constantine's administration. An army under the generals Constans and
Gerontius was sent to deal with this and Constantine's authority was re-established. Honorius acknowledged Constantine as co-emperor in early 409 and Constantine immediately raised Constans to the position of
augustus (emperor), theoretically equal in rank to Honorius as well as to Constantine. Later in 409 Gerontius rebelled, proclaimed his client
Maximus emperor and incited barbarian groups in Gaul to rise up. Constans was sent to quash the revolt, but was defeated and withdrew to
Arles. In 410, Constans was sent to Hispania again. Gerontius had strengthened his army with barbarians and defeated Constans; the latter withdrew north and was defeated again and killed at
Vienne early in 411. Gerontius then besieged Constantine in Arles and killed him. (Full article...)
Image 13
A young prince, most likely Theophylact, being crowned junior emperor by his father, miniature from the 12th century
Madrid Skylitzes.
Antoine (4 June 1489 – 14 June 1544), known as the Good, was
Duke of Lorraine from 1508 until his death in 1544. Raised at the French court, Antoine would campaign in Italy twice: once under
Louis XII and the other with
Francis I. During the
German Peasants' War, he would defeat two armies while retaking
Saverne and
Sélestat. Antoine succeeded in freeing Lorraine from the
Holy Roman Empire with the Treaty of Nuremberg of 1542. In 1544, while Antoine suffered from an illness, the Duchy of Lorraine was invaded by Emperor
Charles V's army on their way to attack France. Fleeing the Imperial armies, Antoine was taken to
Bar-le-Duc where he died. (Full article...)
Mehmed IV (1642–1693) was the
Sultan of the
Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. He came to the throne at the age of six, and went on to become the second longest reigning sultan in Ottoman history. During his middle years, he oversaw the revival of the empire's fortunes associated with the
Köprülü era. Mehmed was known by contemporaries as a particularly pious ruler, and was referred to as gazi, or "holy warrior" for his role in the empire's many conquests. In 1687, after being overthrown, Mehmed retired to
Edirne, where he resided until his death.
I'd like to be a queen of people's hearts, in people's hearts, but I don't see myself being Queen of this country. I don't think many people will want me to be Queen.
Image 2Elizabeth II was the monarch of independent countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania and the Americas. (from Monarch)
Image 3The administrative divisions of the British Protectorate of Uganda, including five of today's six kingdoms (from Non-sovereign monarchy)
Image 4British India and the princely states within the Indian Empire. The princely states (in yellow) were sovereign territories of Indian princes who were practically suzerain to the Emperor of India, who was concurrently the British monarch, whose territories were called British India (in pink) and occupied a vast portion of the empire. (from Non-sovereign monarchy)
Image 10The constituent states of the German Empire (a federal monarchy). Various states were formally suzerain to the emperor, whose government retained authority over some policy areas throughout the federation, and was concurrently King of Prussia, the empire's largest state. (from Non-sovereign monarchy)
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