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Genus of annelids (fossil)
Plumulites Temporal range:
Tremadocian–Middle Devonian
A digital reconstruction of Plumulites bengstoni
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
†Plumulites
Type species
Plumulites canadensis Woodward, 1889
Species
See text
Plumulites is an extinct genus of
machaeridians , extinct
annelid group.
[1]
Description
Plumulites is normally small animal, for example complete specimen of P. canadensis reached only 16.5 millimetres (0.65 in), and P. bengtsoni being 28 millimetres (1.1 in).
[1]
[2] However, several largest specimens probably reached around 15 centimetres (5.9 in), making Plumulites largest machaeridians ever known.
[3]
[4]
Fossils of Plumulites were mostly known from isolated
sclerites , and originally considered as
arthropod or an
echinoderm . However, complete sclerite assemblages of P. richorum described in 1979 has shown that this animal is more likely to be
annelid worm, the group which includes modern-day
earthworm ,
leech and
bristleworm .
[5]
According to complete specimens, this animal is surrounded by pairs of outer and interior shell plates.
[1]
[2]
[5]
[6] Some of anterior outer and interior shell plates different in shape.
[6] Specimen of A. bengtsoni shows soft tissue including
parapodia and
chaetae .
[2]
Taxonomy
Preservation of jaw element of A. bengtsoni leads conclusion that machaeridians should be placed within the crown group of
Phyllodocida .
[7]
Species
As of 1929, more than 20 species have been described.
[8] Subsequent studies have described many more species.
P. canadensis Woodward, 1889 (
type )
Ottawa ,
Canada ,
Katian (Upper
Ordovician )
[1]
[8]
P. australis Talent, 1963
[9]
P. bengtsoni Vinther, Van Roy & Briggs, 2008
Fezouata Formation ,
Morocco , Upper
Tremadocian (Lower Ordovician)
[2]
P. bohemicus Barrande, 1868
Bohemia ,
Czech Republic , Lower Ordovician
[8]
P. chikunensis Kobayashi, 1934 Chikunsan shale (Jigunsan Formation),
South Korea ,
Llandeilian (Middle Ordovician)
[10]
[11]
"P". clarki Shaw, 1966 (=?P. mobergi Clark, 1924 )
Highgate Formation ,
Vermont , USA, Lower Ordovician
[12]
P. compar Barrande, 1872 Bohemia, Czech Republic, Lower Ordovician
[8]
P. contarius Barrande, 1872 Bohemia, Czech Republic, Lower Ordovician
[8]
P. dalecarlicus Moberg, 1914
Scania ,
Sweden , Middle Ordovician
[8]
P. delicatus Barrande, 1872 Bohemia, Czech Republic, Lower
Silurian
[8]
P. devonicus J. M. Clarke, 1882
Hamilton group ,
New York , USA, Middle
Devonian
[8]
P. discretus Barrande, 1872 Bohemia, Czech Republic, Lower Silurian
[8]
P. esthonicus Withers, 1921
Jõhvi (Jewe) station,
Estonia , Middle Ordovician
[8]
P. eueides Högström et al. , 2008 Boda Limestone, Siljan district, Sweden, Lower Ordovician (Katian–
Hirnantian )
[3]
P. folliculum Barrande, 1868 Bohemia, Czech Republic, Lower Ordovician
[8]
P. fraternus Barrande, 1872 Bohemia, Czech Republic, Middle Ordovician
[8]
P. gracillimus Ringueberg, 1888
Rochester Shale , New York, USA, Middle Silurian
[8]
P. gumunsoensis Choi & Kim, 1989 Dumugol Formation, South Korea, Upper Tremadocian
[13]
P. kutscheri Schrank, 1978
Germany , Upper
Wenlock Epoch (Silurian)
[2]
P. lamonti Candela & Crighton, 2017 Law Linn Formation,
Pentland Hills ,
Scotland ,
Telychian (Silurian)
[6]
P. llanvirnensis Withers & Henry, 1926
Pembrokeshire ,
Wales ,
United Kingdoms ,
Skiddavian (Lower Ordovician)
[8]
P. malayensis Kobayashi & Hamada, 1976 Pulau Langgon,
Langkawi Islands ,
Malaysia , Upper Ordovician
[10]
P. minumus Barrande, 1872 Bohemia, Czech Republic, Lower Silurian
[8]
P. mitchelli R. Etheridge, 1890
Bowning Creek ,
New South Wales ,
Australia , ?Wenlock Epoch (Silurian)
[8]
P. mobergi T. H. Clark, 1924
Quebec , Canada, Lower Ordovician
[8]
P. ornatus Chapman, 1910
Victoria , Australia, Melbournian (Silurian)
[8]
P. peachi Nicholson & Etheridge, 1880
Ayrshire , Scotland,
Ashgillian (Upper Ordovician)
P. primus Kobayashi, 1934 Dumugol Formation, South Korea, Upper Tremadocian
[10]
[13]
P. pygmaeus Moberg, 1914
Dalarna , Sweden, Lower Silurian
[8]
P. rastritum Moberg, 1914 Dalarna, Sweden, Lower Silurian
[8]
P. regius Barrande, 1872 Bohemia, Czech Republic, Middle-Upper Ordovician
[8]
P. richorum Jell, 1979 Humevale Formation, Victoria, Australia, Early Devonian
[5]
P. ruskini Lamont, 1978 Wether Law Linn Formation, Pentland Hills, Scotland, Telychian (Silurian)
[14]
P. scoticus R. Etheridge, 1878 Balclatchie group, Ayrshire, Scotland,
Caradocian (Upper Ordovician)
[8]
P. tafennaensis Chauvel, 1967 Morocco,
Caradoc (Upper Ordovician) and Tafilalt Biota, Morocco, Katian (Upper Ordovician)
[2]
[4]
P. törnquisti Moberg, 1914 Dalarna, Sweden, Middle Ordovician
[8]
P. trentonensis Withers & Henry, 1926 Middle Trenton Beds, New York, USA, Middle Ordovician
[8]
P. yeringiae Chapman, 1910 Victoria, Australia,
Yeringian (Silurian)
[8]
References
^
a
b
c
d Jakob Vinther & David Rudkin (2010).
"The first articulated specimen of Plumulites canadensis (Woodward, 1889) from the Upper Ordovician of Ontario, with a review of the anterior region of Plumulitidae (Annelida: Machaeridia)" .
Palaeontology . 53 (2): 327–334.
Bibcode :
2010Palgy..53..327V .
doi :
10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00938.x .
^
a
b
c
d
e
f Vinther, Jakob; Van Roy, Peter; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2008).
"Machaeridians are Palaeozoic armoured annelids" . Nature . 451 (7175): 185–188.
Bibcode :
2008Natur.451..185V .
doi :
10.1038/nature06474 .
ISSN
1476-4687 .
PMID
18185586 .
S2CID
4401508 .
^
a
b Högström, Anette E.S.; Ebbestad, Jan Ove R.; Suzuki, Yutaro (2009).
"Armoured annelids and molluscs from the Upper Ordovician Boda Limestone, central Sweden" . GFF . 131 (3): 245–252.
Bibcode :
2009GFF...131..245H .
doi :
10.1080/11035890903189801 .
ISSN
1103-5897 .
S2CID
140672683 .
^
a
b Lefebvre, Bertrand; Van Roy, Peter; Zamora, Samuel; Gutiérrez-Marco, Juan Carlos; Nohejlová, Martina (2022-03-31).
"The Late Ordovician Tafilalt Biota, Anti-Atlas, Morocco: a high-latitude perspective on the GOBE" . Geological Society, London, Special Publications . 485 (1): 5–35.
Bibcode :
2022GSLSP.485....5L .
doi :
10.1144/sp485-2022-29 .
ISSN
0305-8719 .
S2CID
247351043 .
^
a
b
c Jell, Peter A. (1979).
"Plumulites and the machaeridian problem" . Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology . 3 (4): 253–259.
Bibcode :
1979Alch....3..253J .
doi :
10.1080/03115517908527797 .
ISSN
0311-5518 .
^
a
b
c Candela, Y.; Crighton, W. R. B. (2017-01-27).
"Addenda to the record of machaeridian shell plates in the Wether Law Linn Formation (Late Llandovery), Pentland Hills, Scotland" . Scottish Journal of Geology . 53 (1): 35–39.
Bibcode :
2017ScJG...53...35C .
doi :
10.1144/sjg2016-006 .
ISSN
0036-9276 .
S2CID
132750137 .
^ Parry, Luke A.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Sykes, Dan; Vinther, Jakob (2019-07-24).
"Jaw elements in Plumulites bengtsoni confirm that machaeridians are extinct armoured scaleworms" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 286 (1907): 20191247.
doi :
10.1098/rspb.2019.1247 .
PMC
6661337 .
PMID
31337310 .
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y British Museum (Natural History).; History), British Museum (Natural; Withers, Thomas Henry (1926).
Catalogue of the Machaeridia (Turrilepas and its allies) in the Department of Geology . London. {{
cite book }}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link )
^
"Mindat.org" . www.mindat.org . Retrieved 2022-12-17 .
^
a
b
c Kobayashi, Teiichi; Hamada, Takashi (1976).
"Occurrences of the Machaeridia in Japan and Malaysia" . Proceedings of the Japan Academy . 52 (7): 371–374.
doi :
10.2183/pjab1945.52.371 .
^ Choi, Duck Keun; Lee, Dong-Chan (1992).
"PLUMULITES FROM THE JIGUNSAN FORMATION (MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN) DONGJEOM AREA, KOREA" . 고생물학회지 (in Korean). 8 (1): 52–58.
ISSN
1225-0929 .
^ Shaw, Alan B. (1966).
"Paleontology of Northwestern Vermont. XII. Fossils from the Ordovician Highgate Formation" . Journal of Paleontology . 40 (6): 1312–1330.
ISSN
0022-3360 .
JSTOR
1301947 .
^
a
b Choi, Duck Keun; Kim, Keon Ho (1989).
"Problematic Fossils from the Dumugol Formation(Lower Ordovician), Dongjeom Area, Korea" . 지질학회지 (in Korean). 25 (4): 405–412.
ISSN
0435-4036 .
^ Candela, Yves; Crighton, William R. B. (2015-01-23).
"Revision of Plumulites ruskini Lamont, and new data from the Silurian of the Pentland Hills, Scotland" . Scottish Journal of Geology . 51 (1): 31–42.
Bibcode :
2015ScJG...51...31C .
doi :
10.1144/sjg2014-053 .
ISSN
0036-9276 .
S2CID
131111779 .
External links