Archaeological stage in prehistoric Egypt
"Gerzeh" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see
Gerzeh, Iran .
Gerzeh culture/ Naqada II (3500—3200 BC) Show map of Northeast Africa Gerzeh culture/ Naqada II
Dates circa 3,650 BC — circa 3,300 BC
[1] Major sites al-Girza Preceded by
Naqada I (Amratian) Followed by
Naqada III
The Gerzeh culture , also called Naqada II , refers to the archaeological stage at Gerzeh (also Girza or Jirzah ), a
prehistoric Egyptian cemetery located along the west bank of the
Nile . The necropolis is named after el-Girzeh, the nearby contemporary town in
Egypt .
[2] Gerzeh is situated only several miles due east of
the oasis of
Faiyum .
[3]
The Gerzeh culture is a
material culture identified by
archaeologists . It is the second of three phases of the prehistoric
Naqada cultures and so is also known as Naqada II. The Gerzeh culture was preceded by the
Amratian culture ("Naqada I") and followed by the
Naqada III ("protodynastic" or "Semainian culture").
Historical context
Sources differ on dating, some saying use of the culture distinguishes itself from the Amratian and begins circa 3500 BC lasting through circa 3200 BC.
[4] Accordingly, some authorities place the onset of the Gerzeh coincident with the
Amratian or
Badari cultures , i.e. c.3800 BC to 3650 BC, even though some Badarian
artifacts , in fact, may date earlier. Nevertheless, because the Naqada sites were first divided by the British Egyptologist
Flinders Petrie in 1894, into Amratian (after the cemetery near
el-Amrah ) and "Gerzean" (after the cemetery near Gerzeh) sub-periods, the original convention is used in this text.
The Gerzeh culture lasted through a period of time when the
desertification of the
Sahara had nearly reached its state seen during the late twentieth century.
The primary distinguishing feature between the earlier Amratian and the Gerzeh is the extra decorative effort exhibited in the
pottery of the period. Artwork on Gerzeh ceramics features stylised animals and environment to a greater degree than the earlier Amratian artwork. Further, images of
ostriches on the pottery artwork possibly indicate an inclination these early peoples may have felt to explore the
Sahara desert.
Reed boats
Pictures of ceremonial reed boats appear on some Naqada II jars, showing two male and two female figures standing aboard, the boat being equipped with oars and two cabins.
[5]
Jar, Late Naqada II, 3500-3300 BC, Egypt
Jar, Late Naqada II, 3500-3300 BC, Egypt
Jar, Late Naqada II, 3500-3300 BC, Egypt
Contacts with Western and Central Asia
Distinctly foreign objects and art forms entered Egypt during this period, indicating contacts with several parts of Asia. Scientific analysis of ancient wine jars in Abydos has shown that there was some high-volume wine trade with the Levant during this period.
[8] Objects such as the
Gebel el-Arak knife handle, which has patently
Mesopotamian relief carvings on it, have been found in Egypt,
[9] and the silver which appears in this period can only have been obtained from
Asia Minor .
[10]
Lapis lazuli trade, in the form of
beads , from its only known prehistoric source –
Badakhshan in northeastern
Afghanistan – also reached ancient Gerzeh.
[11] Other discovered
grave goods are on display here.
Cylinder seals
It is generally thought that
cylinder seals were introduced from Mesopotamia to Egypt during the
Naqada II period.
[12] Cylinder seals, some coming from Mesopotamia and
Elam , and some made locally in Egypt following Mesopotamian designs in a stylized manner, have been discovered in the tombs of
Upper Egypt dating to Naqada II and III, particularly in
Hierakonpolis .
[13]
[14] Mesopotamia cylinder seals have been found in the
Gerzean context of Naqada II, in
Naqada and
Hiw , attesting to the expansion of the
Jemdet Nasr culture as far as Egypt at the end of the 4th millennium BC.
[15]
[12]
Jemdet Nasr -style Mesopotamian cylinder seal, from Grave 7304 Cemetery 7000 at
Naqada ,
Naqada II period.
[12]
In Egypt, cylinder seals suddenly appear without local antecedents from around Naqada II c-d (3500–3300 BC).
[16] The designs are similar to those of Mesopotamia, where they were invented during the early 4th millennium BC, during the
Uruk period , as an evolutionary step from various accounting systems and seals going back as early as the 7th millennium BC.
[16] The earliest Egyptian cylinder seals are clearly similar to contemporary
Uruk seals down to Naqada II-d (circa 3300 BC), and may even have been manufactured by Mesopotamian craftsman, but they start to diverge from circa 3300 BC to become more Egyptian in character.
[16] Cylinder seals were made in Egypt as late as the
Second Intermediate Period , but they were essentially replaced by
scarabs from the time of the
Middle Kingdom .
[12]
Burials
Burial sites in Gerzeh have uncovered
artifacts , such as
cosmetic palettes , a bone
harpoon , an
ivory pot, stone vessels, and several
meteoritic iron
beads ,
[17]
Technologies at Gerzeh also include fine ripple-flaked knives of exceptional workmanship. The
meteoritic iron
beads , discovered in two Gerzean graves by
Egyptologist Wainwright in 1911,
[18] are the earliest artifacts of
iron known,
[19] dating to around 3200 BC
[20] (see also
Iron Age ).
One burial uncovered evidence of
decapitation .
[21]
Oldest known Egyptian painted tomb
An ancient Nekhen tomb painting in plaster with barques, staffs, goddesses, and animals – possibly the earliest example of an Egyptian tomb mural
Discoveries at
Nekhen include Tomb 100, the oldest known tomb with a
mural painted on its
plaster walls. The sepulchre is thought to date to the Gerzeh culture (c. 3500–3200 BC).
It is presumed that the mural shows religious scenes and images. It includes figures featured in Egyptian culture for three thousand years—a funerary procession of
barques , presumably a goddess standing between two upright
lionesses , a wheel of various horned quadrupeds, several examples of a staff that became associated with the deity of the earliest
cattle culture and one being held up by a heavy-breasted goddess. Animals depicted include
onagers or
zebras ,
ibexes ,
ostriches , lionesses,
impalas ,
gazelles , and cattle.
Several of the images in the mural resemble images seen in the
Gebel el-Arak Knife : a figure between two lions, warriors, or boats,
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25] but are not stylistically similar.
Figure with rampant lions
Proto-hieroglyphic symbols
Designs on some of the labels or token from
Abydos , carbon-dated to circa 3400-3200 BC.
[8]
[26]
Some symbols on Gerzeh pottery resemble traditional
Egyptian hieroglyphs , which were contemporaneous with the proto-
cuneiform script of
Sumer . The figurine of a woman is a distinctive design considered characteristic of the culture.
The end of the Gerzeh culture is generally regarded as coinciding with the unification of Egypt, the Naqada III period.
Other artifacts
Egg-Shaped Mace Head 3500–3300 BC Naqada II
Painted linen (detail) from a grave in Gebelein, Naqada IIa-b (circa 3600 BC). Museo Egizio, Turin.
Pre-Dynastic model house,
El-Amra , Naqada IIC until 3200 BC, British Museum EA35505
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Naqada II .
Notes
^ Hendrickx, Stan.
"The relative chronology of the Naqada culture: Problems and possibilities [in:] Spencer, A.J. (ed.), Aspects of Early Egypt. London: British Museum Press, 1996: 36-69" : 64.
^ Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.
"Geographical information on Jirzah, Egypt" . Retrieved 2008-03-22 .
^ University College London.
"Map of the area between Meydum and Tarkhan" . Digital Egypt for Universities . Retrieved 2008-03-22 .
^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000).
The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press. p.
479 .
ISBN
0-19-815034-2 .
^
"Metmuseum" . www.metmuseum.org .
^
a
b
"Site officiel du musée du Louvre" . cartelfr.louvre.fr .
^ Cooper, Jerrol S. (1996).
The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century: The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference . Eisenbrauns. pp. 10–14.
ISBN
9780931464966 .
^
a
b Scarre, Chris; Fagan, Brian M. (2016).
Ancient Civilizations . Routledge. p. 106.
ISBN
9781317296089 .
^ Shaw, Ian. & Nicholson, Paul, The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, (London: British Museum Press, 1995), p. 109.
^ Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. (Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 16.
^ University College London.
"Gerzeh, tomb 80" . Digital Egypt for Universities . Retrieved 2008-03-22 .
^
a
b
c
d Kantor, Helene J. (1952). "Further Evidence for Early Mesopotamian Relations with Egypt". Journal of Near Eastern Studies . 11 (4): 239–250.
doi :
10.1086/371099 .
ISSN
0022-2968 .
JSTOR
542687 .
S2CID
161166931 .
^ Hartwig, Melinda K. (2014).
A Companion to Ancient Egyptian Art . John Wiley & Sons. pp. 424–425.
ISBN
978-1-4443-3350-3 .
^ Conference, William Foxwell Albright Centennial (1996).
The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century: The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference . Eisenbrauns. p. 15.
ISBN
978-0-931464-96-6 .
^ Isler, Martin (2001).
Sticks, Stones, and Shadows: Building the Egyptian Pyramids . University of Oklahoma Press. p. 33.
ISBN
978-0-8061-3342-3 .
^
a
b
c Honoré, Emmanuelle (January 2007).
"Earliest Cylinder-Seal Glyptic in Egypt: From Greater Mesopotamia to Naqada" . H. Hanna Ed., Preprints of the International Conference on Heritage of Naqada and Qus Region, Volume I .
^ University College London.
"Finds in Gerzeh tomb 67" . Digital Egypt for Universities . Retrieved 2008-03-22 .
^ Great Pyramid of Giza Research Association.
"The use of meteorites by the Ancient Egyptians" . Retrieved 2008-03-22 .
^
"metalwork: Early history." . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2008-03-22 .
^ Jambon, Albert (2017).
"Bronze Age iron: Meteoritic or not? A chemical strategy" (PDF) . Journal of Archaeological Science . 88 . Elsevier BV: 47–53.
Bibcode :
2017JArSc..88...47J .
doi :
10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.008 .
ISSN
0305-4403 .
S2CID
55644155 .
^ University College London.
"Gerzeh, tomb 67" . Digital Egypt for Universities . Retrieved 2008-03-22 .
^
Shaw, Ian (2019).
Ancient Egyptian Warfare: Tactics, Weaponry and Ideology of the Pharaohs . Open Road Media. p. 22.
ISBN
978-1-5040-6059-2 .
^ Kemp, Barry J. (2007).
Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation . Routledge. p. 94.
ISBN
978-1-134-56389-0 .
^ Bestock, Laurel (2017).
Violence and Power in Ancient Egypt: Image and Ideology before the New Kingdom . Routledge. p. 94.
ISBN
978-1-134-85626-8 .
^ Hartwig, Melinda K. (2014).
A Companion to Ancient Egyptian Art . John Wiley & Sons. p. 424.
ISBN
978-1-118-32509-4 .
^ "The seal impressions, from various tombs, date even further back, to 3400 B.C. These dates challenge the commonly held belief that early logographs, pictographic symbols representing a specific place, object, or quantity, first evolved into more complex phonetic symbols in Mesopotamia." Mitchell, Larkin.
"Earliest Egyptian Glyphs" . Archaeology . Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved 29 February 2012 .
Bibliography
Petrie/Wainwright/Mackay: The Labyrinth, Gerzeh and Mazghuneh , British School of Archaeology in Egypt XXI. London 1912
Alice Stevenson : Gerzeh, a cemetery shortly before History (Egyptian sites series),London 2006,
ISBN
0-9550256-5-6
External links
29°27′N 31°12′E / 29.450°N 31.200°E / 29.450; 31.200
Territories/ dates
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
Egypt
Canaan
Ebla
Mari
Kish /
Assur
Akshak /
Akkad
Uruk
Adab
Umma
Lagash
Ur
Elam
4000–3200 BCE
Naqada I
Naqada II
Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)
Susa I
Uruk period (4000–3100 BCE)
(
Anu Ziggurat , 4000 BCE)
(Anonymous "King-priests")
Susa II
(Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 BCE
Proto-Dynastic period (
Naqada III ) Early or legendary kings:
Upper Egypt
Finger Snail
Fish
Pen-Abu Animal
Stork
Canide
Bull
Scorpion I
Shendjw
Iry-Hor
Ka
Scorpion II
Narmer /
Menes
Lower Egypt
Hedju Hor
Ny-Hor
Hsekiu
Khayu
Tiu
Thesh
Neheb
Wazner
Nat-Hor
Mekh
Double Falcon
Wash
3100–2900 BCE
Early Dynastic Period
First Dynasty of Egypt
Narmer Palette
Narmer
Menes
Neithhotep ♀ (regent)
Hor-Aha
Djer
Djet
Merneith ♀ (regent)
Den
Anedjib
Semerkhet
Qa'a
Sneferka
Horus Bird
Canaanites
Jemdet Nasr period (3100–2900 BCE)
Proto-Elamite
period (
Susa III ) (3100–2700 BCE)
2900 BCE
Second Dynasty of Egypt
Hotepsekhemwy
Nebra/Raneb
Nynetjer
Ba
Nubnefer
Horus Sa
Weneg-Nebty
Wadjenes
Senedj
Seth-Peribsen
Sekhemib-Perenmaat
Neferkara I
Neferkasokar
Hudjefa I
Khasekhemwy
Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)
First Eblaite Kingdom
First kingdom of Mari
Kish I dynasty
Jushur ,
Kullassina-bel
Nangishlishma ,
En-tarah-ana
Babum ,
Puannum ,
Kalibum
2800 BCE
Kalumum
Zuqaqip
Atab
Mashda
Arwium
Etana
Balih
En-me-nuna
Melem-Kish
Barsal-nuna
Uruk I dynasty
Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
Enmerkar ("conqueror of
Aratta ")
2700 BCE
Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)
Zamug ,
Tizqar ,
Ilku
Iltasadum
Lugalbanda
Dumuzid, the Fisherman
Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")
[6]
Aga of Kish
Gilgamesh
Old Elamite period (2700–1500 BCE)
Indus-Mesopotamia relations
2600 BCE
Third Dynasty of Egypt
Djoser
(First
Egyptian pyramids )
Sekhemkhet
Sanakht
Nebka
Khaba
Qahedjet
Huni
Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)
Sagisu
Abur-lim
Agur-lim
Ibbi-Damu
Baba-Damu
Kish II dynasty (5 kings)
Uhub
Mesilim
Ur-Nungal
Udulkalama
Labashum
Lagash
En-hegal
Lugal- shaengur
Ur
A-Imdugud
Ur-Pabilsag
Meskalamdug (Queen
Puabi )
Akalamdug
Enun-dara-anna
Mes-he
Melamanna
Lugal-kitun
Adab
Nin-kisalsi
Me-durba
Lugal-dalu
2575 BCE
Old Kingdom of Egypt
Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Snefru
Khufu
Djedefre
Khafre
Bikheris
Menkaure
Shepseskaf
Thamphthis
Ur I dynasty
Mesannepada "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2500 BCE
Phoenicia (2500-539 BCE)
Second kingdom of Mari
Ikun-Shamash
Iku-Shamagan
Ansud
Sa'umu
Ishtup-Ishar
Ikun-Mari
Iblul-Il
Nizi
Kish III dynasty
Ku-Baba ♀
Akshak dynasty
Unzi
Undalulu
Uruk II dynasty
Ensha- kushanna
Mug-si
Umma I dynasty
Pabilgagaltuku
Lagash I dynasty
Ur-Nanshe
Akurgal
A'annepada
Meskiagnun
Elulu
Balulu
Awan dynasty
Peli
Tata
Ukkutahesh
Hishur
2450 BCE
Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Userkaf
Sahure
Neferirkare Kakai
Neferefre
Shepseskare
Nyuserre Ini
Menkauhor Kaiu
Djedkare Isesi
Unas
Enar-Damu
Ishar-Malik
Ush
Enakalle
Elamite invasions (3 kings)
[6]
Shushun- tarana
Napilhush
2425 BCE
Kun-Damu
Eannatum
(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 BCE
Adub-Damu
Igrish-Halam
Irkab-Damu
Kish IV dynasty
Puzur-Suen
Ur-Zababa
Urur
Lugal-kinishe-dudu
Lugal-kisalsi
E-iginimpa'e
Meskigal
Ur-Lumma
Il
Gishakidu (Queen
Bara-irnun )
Enannatum
Entemena
Enannatum II
Enentarzi
Ur II dynasty Nanni
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
Kiku-siwe-tempti
2380 BCE
Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Teti
Userkare
Pepi I
Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
Pepi II
Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
Netjerkare Siptah
Adab dynasty
Lugalannemundu "King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 BCE
Isar-Damu
Enna-Dagan
Ikun-Ishar
Ishqi-Mari
Invasion by
Mari Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
[6]
Ukush
Lugalanda
Urukagina
Luh-ishan
2350 BCE
Puzur-Nirah
Ishu-Il
Shu-Sin
Uruk III dynasty
Lugalzagesi (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
2340 BCE
Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)
Akkadian Empire
Sargon of Akkad
Rimush
Manishtushu
Akkadian Governors:
Eshpum
Ilshu-rabi
Epirmupi
Ili-ishmani
2250 BCE
Naram-Sin
Lugal-ushumgal (vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE
First Intermediate Period
Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Menkare
Neferkare II
Neferkare Neby
Djedkare Shemai
Neferkare Khendu
Merenhor
Neferkamin
Nikare
Neferkare Tereru
Neferkahor
Neferkare Pepiseneb
Neferkamin Anu
Qakare Ibi
Neferkaure
Neferkauhor
Neferirkare
Second
Eblaite Kingdom
Third kingdom of Mari (
Shakkanakku dynasty)
Ididish
Shu-Dagan
Ishma-Dagan (Vassals of the Akkadians)
Shar-Kali-Sharri
Igigi ,
Imi ,
Nanum ,
Ilulu (3 years)
Dudu
Shu-turul
Uruk IV dynasty
Ur-nigin
Ur-gigir
Lagash II dynasty
Puzer-Mama
Ur-Ningirsu I
Pirig-me
Lu-Baba
Lu-gula
Ka-ku
Hishep-Ratep
Helu
Khita
Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 BCE
Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryibre Khety
Neferkare VII
Nebkaure Khety
Setut
Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)
Nûr-Mêr
Ishtup-Ilum
Ishgum-Addu
Apil-kin
Gutian dynasty (21 kings)
La-erabum
Si'um
Kuda (Uruk)
Puzur-ili
Ur-Utu
Umma II dynasty
Lugalannatum (vassal of the Gutians)
Ur-Baba
Gudea
Ur-Ningirsu
Ur-gar
Nam-mahani
Tirigan
2125 BCE
Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryhathor
Neferkare VIII
Wahkare Khety
Merykare
Uruk V dynasty
Utu-hengal
2100 BCE
(Vassals of UR III)
Iddi-ilum
Ili-Ishar
Tura-Dagan
Puzur-Ishtar (Vassals of Ur III)
[7]
Ur III dynasty "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
Ur-Nammu
Shulgi
Amar-Sin
Shu-Sin
2025-1763 BCE
Amorite invasions
Ibbi-Sin
Elamite invasions
Kindattu (
Shimashki Dynasty )
Middle Kingdom of Egypt
Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
Mentuhotep I
Intef I
Intef II
Intef III
Mentuhotep II
Mentuhotep III
Mentuhotep IV
Third Eblaite Kingdom (
Amorites )
Ibbit-Lim
Immeya
Indilimma
(
Amorite
Shakkanakkus )
Hitial-Erra
Hanun-Dagan (...)Lim Dynasty of
Mari (
Amorites )
Yaggid-Lim
Yahdun-Lim
Yasmah-Adad
Zimri-Lim (Queen
Shibtu )
Old Assyria
Puzur-Ashur I
Shalim-ahum
Ilu-shuma
Erishum I
Ikunum
Sargon I
Puzur-Ashur II
Naram-Sin
Erishum II
Isin-Larsa period (
Amorites )
Dynasty of Isin :
Ishbi-Erra
Shu-Ilishu
Iddin-Dagan
Ishme-Dagan
Lipit-Eshtar
Ur-Ninurta
Bur-Suen
Lipit-Enlil
Erra-imitti
Enlil-bani
Zambiya
Iter-pisha
Ur-du-kuga
Suen-magir
Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa :
Naplanum
Emisum
Samium
Zabaia
Gungunum
Abisare
Sumuel
Nur-Adad
Sin-Iddinam
Sin-Eribam
Sin-Iqisham
Silli-Adad
Warad-Sin
Rim-Sin I (...)
Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty : Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk
Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam
Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
Sukkalmah dynasty
Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
Amenemhat I
Senusret I
Amenemhat II
Senusret II
Senusret III
Amenemhat III
Amenemhat IV
Sobekneferu ♀
1800–1595 BCE
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Abraham (
Biblical )
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon
Yamhad (
Yamhad dynasty ) (Amorites)
Old Assyria
(
Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites)
Shamshi-Adad I
Ishme-Dagan I
Mut-Ashkur
Rimush
Asinum
Ashur-dugul
Ashur-apla-idi
Nasir-Sin
Sin-namir
Ipqi-Ishtar
Adad-salulu
Adasi
(Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE)
Puzur-Sin
Ashur-dugul
Ashur-apla-idi
Nasir-Sin
Sin-namir
Ipqi-Ishtar
Adad-salulu
Adasi
(
Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE)
Bel-bani
Libaya
Sharma-Adad I
Iptar-Sin
Bazaya
Lullaya
Shu-Ninua
Sharma-Adad II
Erishum III
Shamshi-Adad II
Ishme-Dagan II
Shamshi-Adad III
Ashur-nirari I
Puzur-Ashur III
Enlil-nasir I
Nur-ili
Ashur-shaduni
Ashur-rabi I
Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
Enlil-Nasir II
Ashur-nirari II
Ashur-bel-nisheshu
Ashur-rim-nisheshu
Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
First Babylonian dynasty ("Old Babylonian Period") (
Amorites )
Sumu-abum
Sumu-la-El
Sin-muballit
Sabium
Apil-Sin
Sin-muballit
Hammurabi
Samsu-iluna
Abi-eshuh
Ammi-ditana
Ammi-saduqa
Samsu-Ditana
Early Kassite rulers
Second Babylonian dynasty ("
Sealand Dynasty ")
Ilum-ma-ili
Itti-ili-nibi
Damqi-ilishu
Ishkibal
Shushushi
Gulkishar
m DIŠ+U-EN
Peshgaldaramesh
Ayadaragalama
Akurduana
Melamkurkurra
Ea-gamil
Second Intermediate Period
Sixteenth Dynasty
Abydos Dynasty
Seventeenth Dynasty
Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ("
Hyksos ")
Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
Semqen
'Aper-'Anati
Sakir-Har
Khyan
Apepi
Khamudi
Mitanni (1600–1260 BCE)
Kirta
Shuttarna I
Parshatatar
1531–1155 BCE
Tutankhamun
New Kingdom of Egypt
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ahmose I
Amenhotep I
Third Babylonian dynasty (
Kassites )
Agum-Kakrime
Burnaburiash I
Kashtiliash III
Ulamburiash
Agum III
Karaindash
Kadashman-harbe I
Kurigalzu I
Kadashman-Enlil I
Burnaburiash II
Kara-hardash
Nazi-Bugash
Kurigalzu II
Nazi-Maruttash
Kadashman-Turgu
Kadashman-Enlil II
Kudur-Enlil
Shagarakti-Shuriash
Kashtiliashu IV
Enlil-nadin-shumi
Kadashman-Harbe II
Adad-shuma-iddina
Adad-shuma-usur
Meli-Shipak II
Marduk-apla-iddina I
Zababa-shuma-iddin
Enlil-nadin-ahi
Middle Elamite period
(1500–1100 BCE)
Kidinuid dynasty
Igehalkid dynasty
Untash-Napirisha
Thutmose I
Thutmose II
Hatshepsut ♀
Thutmose III
Amenhotep II
Thutmose IV
Amenhotep III
Akhenaten
Smenkhkare
Neferneferuaten ♀
Tutankhamun
Ay
Horemheb
Hittite Empire
Ugarit
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ramesses I
Seti I
Ramesses II
Merneptah
Amenmesses
Seti II
Siptah
Twosret ♀
Elamite Empire
Shutrukid dynasty
Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 BCE
Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
Setnakhte
Ramesses III
Ramesses IV
Ramesses V
Ramesses VI
Ramesses VII
Ramesses VIII
Ramesses IX
Ramesses X
Ramesses XI
Third Intermediate Period
Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
Smendes
Amenemnisu
Psusennes I
Amenemope
Osorkon the Elder
Siamun
Psusennes II
Phoenicia
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon
Kingdom of Israel
Saul
Ish-bosheth
David
Solomon
Syro-Hittite states
Middle Assyria
Eriba-Adad I
Ashur-uballit I
Enlil-nirari
Arik-den-ili
Adad-nirari I
Shalmaneser I
Tukulti-Ninurta I
Ashur-nadin-apli
Ashur-nirari III
Enlil-kudurri-usur
Ninurta-apal-Ekur
Ashur-dan I
Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
Mutakkil-Nusku
Ashur-resh-ishi I
Tiglath-Pileser I
Asharid-apal-Ekur
Ashur-bel-kala
Eriba-Adad II
Shamshi-Adad IV
Ashurnasirpal I
Shalmaneser II
Ashur-nirari IV
Ashur-rabi II
Ashur-resh-ishi II
Tiglath-Pileser II
Ashur-dan II
Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("
Second Dynasty of Isin ")
Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
Itti-Marduk-balatu
Ninurta-nadin-shumi
Nebuchadnezzar I
Enlil-nadin-apli
Marduk-nadin-ahhe
Marduk-shapik-zeri
Adad-apla-iddina
Marduk-ahhe-eriba
Marduk-zer-X
Nabu-shum-libur
Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
1025–934 BCE
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
Simbar-shipak
Ea-mukin-zeri
Kashshu-nadin-ahi
Eulmash-shakin-shumi
Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
Shirikti-shuqamuna
Mar-biti-apla-usur
Nabû-mukin-apli
911–745 BCE
Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
Shoshenq I
Osorkon I
Shoshenq II
Takelot I
Osorkon II
Shoshenq III
Shoshenq IV
Pami
Shoshenq V
Pedubast II
Osorkon IV
Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
Harsiese A
Takelot II
Pedubast I
Shoshenq VI
Osorkon III
Takelot III
Rudamun
Menkheperre Ini
Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Tefnakht
Bakenranef
Kingdom of Samaria
Kingdom of Judah
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Adad-nirari II
Tukulti-Ninurta II
Ashurnasirpal II
Shalmaneser III
Shamshi-Adad V
Shammuramat ♀ (regent)
Adad-nirari III
Shalmaneser IV
Ashur-Dan III
Ashur-nirari V
Ninth Babylonian Dynasty
Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
Shamash-mudammiq
Nabu-shuma-ukin I
Nabu-apla-iddina
Marduk-zakir-shumi I
Marduk-balassu-iqbi
Baba-aha-iddina (five kings)
Ninurta-apla-X
Marduk-bel-zeri
Marduk-apla-usur
Eriba-Marduk
Nabu-shuma-ishkun
Nabonassar
Nabu-nadin-zeri
Nabu-shuma-ukin II
Nabu-mukin-zeri
Humban-Tahrid dynasty
Urtak
Teumman
Ummanigash
Tammaritu I
Indabibi
Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCE
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Taharqa ("
Black Pharaohs ")
Piye
Shebitku
Shabaka
Taharqa
Tanutamun
Neo-Assyrian Empire
(
Sargonid dynasty )
Tiglath-Pileser †
Shalmaneser †
Marduk-apla-iddina II
Sargon †
Sennacherib †
Marduk-zakir-shumi II
Marduk-apla-iddina II
Bel-ibni
Ashur-nadin-shumi †
Nergal-ushezib
Mushezib-Marduk
Esarhaddon †
Ashurbanipal
Ashur-etil-ilani
Sinsharishkun
Sin-shumu-lishir
Ashur-uballit II
Assyrian conquest of Egypt
Assyrian conquest of Elam
626–539 BCE
Late Period
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Necho I
Psamtik I
Necho II
Psamtik II
Wahibre
Ahmose II
Psamtik III
Neo-Babylonian Empire
Nabopolassar
Nebuchadnezzar II
Amel-Marduk
Neriglissar
Labashi-Marduk
Nabonidus
Median Empire
Deioces
Phraortes
Madyes
Cyaxares
Astyages
539–331 BCE
Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (
First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt )
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon
Achaemenid Empire
Cyrus
Cambyses
Darius I
Xerxes
Artaxerxes I
Darius II
Artaxerxes II
Artaxerxes III
Artaxerxes IV
Darius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE
Argead dynasty and
Ptolemaic Egypt
Ptolemy I Soter
Ptolemy Keraunos
Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Arsinoe II ♀
Ptolemy III Euergetes
Berenice II Euergetis ♀
Ptolemy IV Philopator
Arsinoe III Philopator ♀
Ptolemy V Epiphanes
Cleopatra I Syra ♀
Ptolemy VI Philometor
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
Cleopatra II Philometor Soter ♀
Ptolemy VIII Physcon
Cleopatra III ♀
Ptolemy IX Lathyros
Cleopatra IV ♀
Ptolemy X Alexander
Berenice III ♀
Ptolemy XI Alexander
Ptolemy XII Auletes
Cleopatra V ♀
Cleopatra VI Tryphaena ♀
Berenice IV Epiphanea ♀
Ptolemy XIII
Ptolemy XIV
Cleopatra VII Philopator ♀
Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Arsinoe IV ♀
Hellenistic Period
Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
Argead dynasty :
Alexander III
Philip III
Alexander IV
Antigonid dynasty :
Antigonus I
Seleucid Empire :
Seleucus I
Antiochus I
Antiochus II
Seleucus II
Seleucus III
Antiochus III
Seleucus IV
Antiochus IV
Antiochus V
Demetrius I
Alexander III
Demetrius II
Antiochus VI Dionysus
Diodotus Tryphon
Antiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCE
Kingdom of Judea
Simon Thassi
John Hyrcanus
Aristobulus I
Alexander Jannaeus
Salome Alexandra ♀
Hyrcanus II
Aristobulus II
Antigonus II Mattathias
Alexander II Zabinas
Seleucus V Philometor
Antiochus VIII Grypus
Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
Seleucus VI Epiphanes
Antiochus X Eusebes
Antiochus XI Epiphanes
Demetrius III Eucaerus
Philip I Philadelphus
Antiochus XII Dionysus
Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
Philip II Philoromaeus
Parthian Empire
Mithridates I
Phraates
Hyspaosines
Artabanus
Mithridates II
Gotarzes
Mithridates III
Orodes I
Sinatruces
Phraates III
Mithridates IV
Orodes II
Phraates IV
Tiridates II
Musa
Phraates V
Orodes III
Vonones I
Artabanus II
Tiridates III
Artabanus II
Vardanes I
Gotarzes II
Meherdates
Vonones II
Vologases I
Vardanes II
Pacorus II
Vologases II
Artabanus III
Osroes I
30 BCE–116 CE
Roman Empire
(
Roman conquest of Egypt )
Province of Egypt
Judea
Syria
116–117 CE
Province of Mesopotamia under
Trajan
Parthamaspates of Parthia
117–224 CE
Syria Palaestina
Province of Mesopotamia
Sinatruces II
Mithridates V
Vologases IV
Osroes II
Vologases V
Vologases VI
Artabanus IV
224–270 CE
Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
Ardashir I
Shapur I
Hormizd I
Bahram I
Bahram II
Bahram III
Narseh
Hormizd II
Adur Narseh
Shapur II
Ardashir II
Shapur III
Bahram IV
Yazdegerd I
Shapur IV
Khosrow
Bahram V
Yazdegerd II
Hormizd III
Peroz I
Balash
Kavad I
Jamasp
Kavad I
Khosrow I
Hormizd IV
Khosrow II
Bahram VI Chobin
Vistahm
270–273 CE
Palmyrene Empire
Vaballathus
Zenobia ♀
Antiochus
273–395 CE
Roman Empire
Province of Egypt
Syria Palaestina
Syria
Province of Mesopotamia
395–618 CE
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima ,
Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
618–628 CE
(
Sasanian conquest of Egypt )
Province of Egypt
Shahrbaraz
Sahralanyozan
Shahrbaraz
Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Khosrow II
Kavad II
628–641 CE
Byzantine Empire
Ardashir III
Shahrbaraz
Khosrow III
Boran ♀
Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
Azarmidokht ♀
Farrukh Hormizd
Hormizd VI
Khosrow IV
Boran
Yazdegerd III
Peroz III
Narsieh
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima ,
Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
639–651 CE
Muslim conquest of Egypt
Muslim conquest of the Levant
Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic period
Rulers of Ancient Central Asia