The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor of Sydney is the head of the Council of the
City of Sydney, which is the
local government area covering the
central business district of
Sydney in the State of
New South Wales,
Australia. The Lord Mayor has been
directly elected since 1995, replacing the previous system of being internally elected annually by the Councillors, and serves a four-year term. The most recent election was held on 4 December 2021, at which the incumbent Lord Mayor,
Clover Moore, was re-elected to a fifth term. The Lord Mayor is assisted in their work by a Deputy Lord Mayor, who is elected on an annual basis by the elected councillors.
Office history
The office of the Mayor of Sydney along with the City of Sydney was created on 20 July 1842 pursuant to the Sydney City Incorporation Act 1842 by Governor
Sir George Gipps. Prior to the first municipal election, the governor nominated magistrate
Charles Windeyer to serve as interim mayor.[1] The first council, consisting of 24 aldermen elected across six wards, was declared elected on 3 November 1842 and first met in the George Street Market Building (now the site of the
Queen Victoria Building) on 9 November and elected
John Hosking as the first elected mayor of Sydney.[2]
The title of Mayor (in full: The Right Worshipful the Mayor[3]) was elevated to "
Lord Mayor" on 23 November 1902 by King
Edward VII, and as part of this process received the honorific The Right Honourable, a title which attaches to the title of Lord Mayor and not to the individual holding the office.[4] In December 1915, the
Parliament of New South Wales passed the Sydney Corporation (Election of Mayor) Act, 1915 which amended the 1902 act to allow for the governor to appoint the lord mayor should the council be unable to elect a candidate on or before 30 December of any year.[5] This occurred three times, in 1916, 1920 and 1934.
The office of lord mayor, along with the City of Sydney, was governed by the Sydney Corporation Act, 1932 until the passing of the Local Government (Areas) Act 1948, which placed Sydney under the terms of the Local Government Act 1919, which governed all other local governments in the state. This meant that the election of lord mayor (until 1971 in December of each year, and then in September) marked the beginning of the term, instead of the previous system, where the lord mayoral term began on 1 January and expired on 31 December. When the City of Sydney Act 1988 was passed, the City of Sydney was once again governed under a separate law, but the election of lord mayor did not change until the Local Government Legislation Amendment Act 1995, which allowed for popular direct elections from 1995.[6]
Vestments of office
As head of the council, the lord mayor is entitled to wear the chains and robes of office, as befitting the ancient status of lord mayor of a large city. In 1902 the
Sydney Chamber of Commerce commissioned the first link of a mayoral chain. In 1903, the
governor of New South Wales,
Sir Harry Rawson presented the first lord mayor, Thomas Hughes, with the chain of office. It features the coat of arms of the Sydney Chamber of Commerce and the Stock Exchange and a pendant depicting the
coat of arms of Sydney. Successive mayors each added a medallion, on which was embossed their term of office. By 1945, this practice had ended because of the size and weight of the chain. Today, the chain is worn with the robes of office only for rare civic ceremonies, a smaller collar being worn for most civic duties.
The original civic robe for the mayor of Sydney in 1842 was purple, trimmed with ermine and worn with a court dress hat. The current robes worn by the lord mayor and deputy lord mayor are black, trimmed with ermine, and worn with bicorne hat, lace jabot and white gloves. They are worn rarely and only at major civic functions.[7] Recently, it has become the custom not to wear the robes.
The position of Deputy Lord Mayor was made a permanent council position when the Local Government (Areas) Act 1948 placed the City of Sydney under the main body of local government legislation. Prior to 1 January 1949, "Deputy" Lord Mayors were occasionally elected to act for the council during times of absence or illness of a sitting Lord Mayor, but the position was not permanent under the Sydney Corporation Act 1932 or any previous acts. The following individuals have been elected as Deputy Lord Mayor of the City of Sydney:
List of town clerks, general managers, and chief executive officers
The first Town Clerk of Sydney was appointed on 3 September 1842 on a provisional basis by the
Governor, pending the election of aldermen. When the council was dismissed in December 1853 and replaced by a board of three commissioners, the post of town clerk was left vacant.[195] The Local Government Act, 1993 removed the requirement that the administrative head of a council be a "Town or Shire Clerk" and specified that the head was to be known as the
General Manager. The Sydney City Council had previously recognised the changing nature of role in appointing their first General Manager in December 1992. In May 2005, the title of General Manager was changed to
Chief Executive Officer (CEO).[196]
In 1995, the Local Government Legislation Amendment Act 1995[209] amended the City of Sydney Act 1988, to allow for popular direct elections of the Lord Mayor from September 1995.
^
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^"ELECTION OF MAYOR OF SYDNEY". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1897. p. 5. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^"SYDNEY CITY COUNCIL". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 11 December 1899. p. 3. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
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^"THE MAYORAL ELECTION". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1901. p. 4. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^"THE MAYOR-ELECT". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1901. p. 3. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^"THE LORD MAYOR'S ELECTION". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1902. p. 8. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^"THE LORD MAYOR. ALDERMAN SAMUEL LEES ELECTED". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1903. p. 4. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^"THE NEW LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1904. p. 11. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^"THE LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 11 December 1905. p. 6. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^"THE NEW LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 11 December 1906. p. 6. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYOR OF SYDNEY". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1907. p. 10. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^"THE NEW LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1908. p. 8. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^"ELECTION OF LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1909. p. 6. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^"SYDNEY'S LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1910. p. 13. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYORALTY". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 11 December 1911. p. 10. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^"THE LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 16 April 1912. p. 9. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^"NEW LORD MAYOR". The Sun. No. 573. New South Wales, Australia. 1 May 1912. p. 8. Retrieved 6 July 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"NEW LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1912. p. 9. Retrieved 12 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"NEW LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1913. p. 18. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYOR ELECT". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 31 December 1913. p. 9. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYORALTY". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1914. p. 7. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LOED MAYORALTY. THE DEADLOCK". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 16 December 1915. p. 8. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYORALTY". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 28 December 1915. p. 6. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 11 December 1917. p. 7. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"THE LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 7 January 1918. p. 4. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"THE LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 31 December 1918. p. 7. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"NEW LORD MAYOR. ALDERMAN ENGLISH ELECTED". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1918. p. 8. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"NEW LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 3 January 1919. p. 6. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"DEATH OF THE LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 March 1919. p. 6. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYOR. ALDERMAN RICHARDS ELECTED". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 12 March 1919. p. 10. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LONG SERVICES TO CITY". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 13 March 1920. p. 13. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 17 March 1920. p. 10. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1920. p. 8. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYOR ELECT". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1920. p. 10. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"NEW LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1921. p. 14. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"OBITUARY". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 22 April 1932. p. 13. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"ALD. GILPIN LORD MAYOR". Singleton Argus. Singleton, New South Wales, Australia. 12 December 1922. p. 3. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"ALDERMAN GILPIN LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 11 December 1922. p. 9. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 3 January 1923. p. 10. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 11 December 1923. p. 9. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 27, 124. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1924. p. 15. Retrieved 22 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 27, 436. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1925. p. 12. Retrieved 22 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"NEW LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 27, 748. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1926. p. 11. Retrieved 22 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 28, 063. New South Wales, Australia. 14 December 1927. p. 15. Retrieved 22 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 28, 056. New South Wales, Australia. 6 December 1927. p. 11. Retrieved 22 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"PROCLAMATION". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. No. 190. New South Wales, Australia. 29 December 1927. p. 6097. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"CIVIC COMMISSION". Evening News. No. 18881. New South Wales, Australia. 29 December 1927. p. 8. Retrieved 20 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"FATAL SEIZURE". Dubbo Dispatch And Wellington Independent. New South Wales, Australia. 8 October 1928. p. 5. Retrieved 20 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"NEW CIVIC CHIEF". The Daily Telegraph. No. 79. New South Wales, Australia. 28 October 1928. p. 7. Retrieved 20 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^
ab"Government Gazette Notices". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. No. 154. New South Wales, Australia. 16 November 1928. p. 4868. Retrieved 20 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"BRIG.-GEN. BENNETT". The Sun. No. 5607. New South Wales, Australia. 27 October 1928. p. 3. Retrieved 20 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Lord Mayor". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 28, 852. New South Wales, Australia. 25 June 1930. p. 13. Archived from
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^"NEW LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 28, 996. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1930. p. 14. Retrieved 22 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"ELECTION OF NEW LORD MAYOR OF SYDNEY". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 28, 996. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1930. p. 16. Retrieved 22 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 29, 308. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1931. p. 10. Retrieved 22 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"ALDERMAN HAGON". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 29, 621. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1932. p. 13. Retrieved 22 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
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^"ALDERMAN HOWIE". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 30, 875. New South Wales, Australia. 16 December 1936. p. 15. Retrieved 22 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
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^"NEW LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 31, 810. New South Wales, Australia. 13 December 1939. p. 16. Retrieved 22 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"ALD. CRICK LORD MAYOR AGAIN". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 32, 122. New South Wales, Australia. 11 December 1940. p. 10. Retrieved 22 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"THIRD TERM AS LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 32, 439. New South Wales, Australia. 16 December 1941. p. 6. Retrieved 22 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"LORD MAYOR-ELECT CONGRATULATED". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 32, 757. New South Wales, Australia. 22 December 1942. p. 7. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"SECOND TERM AS LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 33, 064. New South Wales, Australia. 15 December 1943. p. 8. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"City Council Elects Ald. Harding". The Sydney Morning Herald. NSW: National Library of Australia. 13 December 1944. p. 5. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
^"Bartley New Lord Mayor". The Sun. No. 11, 196. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1945. p. 3. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Bartley Lord Mayor Again". The Sun. No. 11, 513. New South Wales, Australia. 17 December 1946. p. 5. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"BARTLEY, LORD MAYOR AGAIN". The Daily Telegraph. Vol. XII, no. 229. New South Wales, Australia. 17 December 1947. p. 4. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Alderman O'Dea Is Lord Mayor". The Canberra Times. Vol. 23, no. 6, 768. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 15 December 1948. p. 1. Retrieved 4 March 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Ald. O'Dea Re-elected Lord Mayor". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 35, 251. New South Wales, Australia. 13 December 1950. p. 4. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"O'Dea Lord Mayor For 1952". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 35, 561. New South Wales, Australia. 12 December 1951. p. 5. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Sydney's Lord Mayor is 34". The Age. No. 30457. Victoria, Australia. 10 December 1952. p. 3. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Ald. Jensen Lord Mayor of Sydney". The Canberra Times. Vol. 31, no. 9, 031. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 3 December 1956. p. 7. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"THIS WEEK IN NEW SOUTH WALES Photogenic Lord Mayor". The Canberra Times. Vol. 39, no. 10, 982. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 21 October 1964. p. 2. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Queanbeyan's mayor tops the poll". The Canberra Times. Vol. 40, no. 11, 331. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 6 December 1965. p. 3. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^
ab"Lord Mayor of Sydney". The Canberra Times. Vol. 44, no. 12, 436. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 8 October 1969. p. 3. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"IN BRIEF". The Canberra Times. Vol. 47, no. 13, 238. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 26 September 1972. p. 3. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"New Lord Mayor for Sydney decided". The Canberra Times. Vol. 47, no. 13, 508. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 8 August 1973. p. 12. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^
ab"New Lord Mayor". The Canberra Times. Vol. 48, no. 13, 549. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 25 September 1973. p. 7. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Lord Mayor". The Canberra Times. Vol. 51, no. 14, 495. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 28 September 1976. p. 8. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Meers claims win in Sydney mayoral poll". The Canberra Times. Vol. 53, no. 15, 751. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 6 November 1978. p. 3. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Sydney's suave new mayor". The Canberra Times. Vol. 53, no. 15, 760. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 15 November 1978. p. 22. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Labor polls well, wins Sydney City Council". The Canberra Times. Vol. 55, no. 16, 433. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 22 September 1980. p. 3. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"CITY OF SYDNEY ACT 1987—PROCLAMATION". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. No. 64. New South Wales, Australia. 6 April 1987. p. 1841. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"CITY OF SYDNEY ACT 1987—PROCLAMATION". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. No. 64. New South Wales, Australia. 6 April 1987. p. 1842. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Lord Mayor again". The Canberra Times. Vol. 64, no. 19, 711. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 26 September 1989. p. 2. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Aldermen to elect mayor in Sydney today". The Canberra Times. Vol. 66, no. 20, 617. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 23 September 1991. p. 3. Retrieved 17 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^
ab"Independent elected mayor of Sydney". The Canberra Times. Vol. 66, no. 20, 618. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 24 September 1991. p. 2. Retrieved 17 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Second Term As Deputy Mayor". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 34, 941. New South Wales, Australia. 16 December 1949. p. 2. Retrieved 14 May 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Ald. J. Byrne Deputy Mayor". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 35, 253. New South Wales, Australia. 15 December 1950. p. 1. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"New Deputy Lord Mayor". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 35, 877. New South Wales, Australia. 16 December 1952. p. 2. Retrieved 14 May 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Bigger rate cut sought". The Daily Telegraph. Vol. XVIII, no. 248. New South Wales, Australia. 7 January 1954. p. 26. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^"A. DOHERTY DEPUTY LORD MAYOR". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 36, 499. New South Wales, Australia. 14 December 1954. p. 3. Retrieved 14 May 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
^"£6,000 Urged For The Lord Mayor". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 December 1955. p. 5.
^"City Expected To Spend Nearly £6 Million In 1957". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 December 1956. p. 4.
^"Jensen's Deputy Retains Position". The Sydney Morning Herald. 10 December 1957. p. 4. The City Council yesterday re-elected Alderman J. Byrne (A.L.P.) deputy Lord Mayor for 1958. Alderman Byrne defeated the opposition nominee, Alderman R. J. Bartley, leader of the Citizens' Reform aldermen, by 13 votes to 7.
^"£6,000 Again Jensen Next Year". The Sydney Morning Herald. 16 December 1958. p. 4.
^"Bid To Cut City Estimates Defeated". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 December 1959. p. 4.
^"Jensen's Deputy Elected". The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 December 1961. p. 9.
^"Main Officeholders In City Council To Serve Another Term". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 December 1962. p. 10.
^"Deputy Lord Mayor Elected". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 December 1963. p. 19.
^"Briger,Andrew". City of Sydney Archives & History Resources. City of Sydney. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
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^"Deputy mayor is named". The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 November 1978. p. 3.
^Allan, Robert (4 October 1980). "First indication of battle lines in Labor caucus". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 4.
^"New Deputy Lord Mayor chosen". The Sydney Morning Herald. 29 September 1981. p. 10.
^Shanahan, Dennis (4 January 1982). "First big test as Right takes over - New City Council's deficit $8m-plus". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 1.
^Coultan, Mark (14 September 1982). "Hartup deposed in city council power shake-up". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 3.
^Coultan, Mark (30 September 1983). "Jack's back by his own vote...for now". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^"Pyrmont squatters reprieved". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2 May 1984. p. 14.
^Grealy, Michael; Whitton, Evan (28 September 1985). "Sydney City Council: a farce at the mercy of the gerrymanders". The Sydney Morning Herald. pp. 6–7.
^Grealy, Michael (28 September 1986). "Premier to hear plea for councillors". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 52.
^Aubin, Tracey (20 February 1987). "Where is Sydney's Lord Mayor? Search me, I just use his desk". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 1.
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^"Ms Katie LAHEY - Centenary Medal". Australian Honours Search Facility. Australian Government.
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^"Mr Peter SEAMER - Centenary Medal". Australian Honours Search Facility. Australian Government.
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