Species in mammal superfamily Hominoidea
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelli )
Hominoidea is a
superfamily of
primates . Members of this superfamily are called hominoids or
apes , and include
gorillas ,
chimpanzees ,
orangutans ,
gibbons ,
bonobos , and
humans . Hominoidea is one of the six major groups in the order Primates. The majority are found in forests in Southeastern Asia and Equatorial Africa, with the exception of humans, which have spread worldwide to every
biome . They range in size from some gibbon species in the
genus
Nomascus , at 40 cm (16 in), to the
eastern gorilla , at 196 cm (77 in), not including limbs. Hominoids primarily eat fruit, leaves, flowers, and insects, though humans are
omnivorous . Most hominoids do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 10 mature individuals to 47,000, in addition to over 8 billion humans. Nearly every species is categorized as
endangered or
critically endangered ; aside from humans, the only exception is the
eastern hoolock gibbon , classified as
vulnerable .
The twenty-eight
extant species of Hominoidea are divided into two
families :
Hominidae , containing five gorilla, chimpanzee, and human species divided into three genera in the subfamily
Homininae , and three orangutan species in a single genus in the subfamily
Ponginae ; and
Hylobatidae , containing twenty gibbon species divided into four genera. Dozens of extinct prehistoric hominoid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.
[1]
Conventions
Conservation status codes listed follow the
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
Red List of Threatened Species . Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the hominoid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct
genera , species, or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a
dagger symbol "†".
Classification
Distribution of hominid species
Distribution of hylobatid species
The
superfamily
Hominoidea consists of two extant
families :
Hominidae and
Hylobatidae . Hominidae is divided into two subfamilies:
Homininae , containing five species divided between three genera, and
Ponginae , containing three species in a single genus. Hylobatidae contains twenty species in four genera.
Family
Hominidae
Subfamily
Homininae
Genus
Gorilla (gorillas): two species
Genus
Homo (human): one species
Genus
Pan (chimpanzees): two species
Subfamily
Ponginae
Genus
Pongo (orangutans): three species
Family
Hylobatidae
Genus
Hoolock (hoolock gibbons): three species
Genus
Hylobates (dwarf gibbons): eight species
Genus
Nomascus (crested gibbons): seven species
Genus
Symphalangus (siamang): one species
Hominoids
The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work
Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using
molecular phylogenetic analysis , as supported by both the IUCN and the
American Society of Mammalogists .
[3]
Family Hominidae
Subfamily Homininae
Genus
Gorilla –
Geoffroy , 1852 – two species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Eastern gorilla
G. beringei
Matschie , 1903
Central Africa
Size : 160–196 cm (63–77 in) long
[4] Habitat : Forest
[5] Diet : Roots, leaves, stems, and
pith , as well as bark, wood, flowers, fruit, fungi,
galls , invertebrates, and gorilla dung
[6]
CR
2,600
[5]
Western gorilla
G. gorilla (
Savage , 1847)
Western Africa
Size : 130–185 cm (51–73 in) long
[7] Habitat : Forest
[8] Diet : Leaves, berries, ferns, and fibrous bark
[9]
CR
Unknown
[8]
Genus
Homo –
Linnaeus , 1758 – one species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Human
H. sapiens
Linnaeus , 1758
Worldwide (population density shown)
Size : 140–210 cm (55–83 in) long, including legs
[10] Habitat : VariedDiet : Omnivorous
NE
8 billion
Genus
Pan –
Oken , 1816 – two species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Bonobo
P. paniscus
Schwarz , 1929
Central Africa
Size : 70–83 cm (28–33 in) long
[11] Habitat : Forest
[12] Diet : Fruits and seeds, as well as leaves, stems, shoots, pith, bark, flowers,
truffles , fungus, and honey
[12]
EN
Unknown
[12]
Chimpanzee
P. troglodytes (
Blumenbach , 1775)
Central and western Africa
Size : 63–90 cm (25–35 in) long
[13] Habitat : Forest and savanna
[14] Diet : Fruit, leaves, stems, buds, bark, pith, seeds, and
resins , as well as insects, small vertebrates, and eggs
[15]
EN
Unknown
[14]
Subfamily Ponginae
Genus
Pongo –
Lacépède , 1799 – three species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Bornean orangutan
P. pygmaeus (
Linnaeus , 1760)
P. p. morio (Northeast Bornean orangutan)
P. p. pygmaeus (Northwest Bornean orangutan)
P. p. wurmbii (Central Bornean orangutan)
Borneo
Size : 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long
[16] Habitat : Forest
[17] Diet : Fruit, leaves, shoots, as well as insects, sap, vines, spider webs, bird eggs, fungi, flowers, bark, and soil
[18]
CR
Unknown
[17]
Sumatran orangutan
P. abelii
Lesson , 1827
Northern island of
Sumatra in
Indonesia
Size : 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long
[16] Habitat : Forest
[19] Diet : Fruit, leaves, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and eggs
[20]
CR
Unknown
[19]
Tapanuli orangutan
P. tapanuliensis
Nurcahyo ,
Meijaard ,
Nowak ,
Fredriksson ,
Groves , 2017
South Tapanuli in
Sumatra
Size : 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long
[16]
[21] Habitat : Forest
[22] Diet : Fruit and leaves
[23]
CR
Unknown
[22]
Family Hylobatidae
Genus
Hylobates –
Illiger , 1811 – eight species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Agile gibbon
H. agilis
F. Cuvier , 1821
Southeastern Asia
Size : 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long
[30] Habitat : Forest
[31] Diet : Fruit, as well as flowers, leaves, and insects
[31]
EN
Unknown
[31]
Bornean white-bearded gibbon
H. albibarbis
Lyon , 1911
Southern Borneo
Size : 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long
[30]
[32] Habitat : Forest
[33] Diet : Fruit, as well as leaves, insects, and flowers
[33]
EN
Unknown
[33]
Eastern grey gibbon
H. funereus
I. Geoffroy , 1850
Northern Borneo (in yellow)
Size : 47–49 cm (19–19 in) long
[34] Habitat : Forest
[35] Diet : Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, and insects
[34]
EN
Unknown
[35]
Kloss's gibbon
H. klossii (
Miller , 1903)
Mentawai Islands , west of Sumatra
Size : 44–64 cm (17–25 in) long
[36] Habitat : Forest
[37] Diet : Fruit, as well as flowers, eggs, small vertebrates, and insects
[36]
EN
Unknown
[37]
Lar gibbon
H. lar (
Linnaeus , 1771)
Southeastern Asia
Size : 45–60 cm (18–24 in) long
[30] Habitat : Forest
[38] Diet : Fruit, as well as leafy plants, flowers, and insects
[39]
EN
Unknown
[38]
Müller's gibbon
H. muelleri
Martin , 1841
Southeastern Asia
Size : 44–64 cm (17–25 in) long
[40] Habitat : Forest
[41] Diet : Fruit, as well as leaves
[40]
EN
Unknown
[41]
Pileated gibbon
H. pileatus (
Gray , 1861)
Southeastern Asia
Size : 45–64 cm (18–25 in) long
[42] Habitat : Forest
[43] Diet : Fruit, as well as leaves, shoots, insects, eggs, and small vertebrates
[42]
EN
47,000
[43]
Silvery gibbon
H. moloch (
Audebert , 1798)
Island of
Java in Indonesia
Size : 42–64 cm (17–25 in) long
[44] Habitat : Forest
[45] Diet : Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects
[45]
EN
Unknown
[45]
Western grey gibbon
H. abbotti
Kloss , 1929
Western Borneo
Size : 42–64 cm (17–25 in) long
[44] Habitat : Forest
[46] Diet : Leaves, fruit, flowers, and insects
[46]
EN
30,000–45,000
[46]
Genus
Nomascus –
Miller , 1933 – seven species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Black crested gibbon
N. concolor (
Harlan , 1826)
N. c. concolor (Tonkin black crested gibbon)
N. c. furvogaster (West Yunnan black crested gibbon)
N. c. jingdongensis (Central Yunnan black crested gibbon)
N. c. lu (Central Yunnan black crested gibbon)
Southeastern Asia
Size : 43–54 cm (17–21 in) long
[47] Habitat : Forest
[48] Diet : Leaves and fruit, as well as buds, flowers, insects, eggs, and small vertebrates
[47]
CR
1,500
[48]
Eastern black crested gibbon
N. nasutus (
Künckel d'Herculais , 1884)
Southeastern Asia
Size : 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long
[49] Habitat : Forest
[50] Diet : Fruit, leaves, and buds, as well as animals, flowers, and plant parts
[50]
CR
45
[50]
Hainan black crested gibbon
N. hainanus (
Thomas , 1892)
Island of
Hainan in China
Size : 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long
[49] Habitat : Forest
[51] Diet : Fruit
[51]
CR
10
[51]
Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon
N. annamensis
Thinh , 2010
Southeastern Asia
Size : 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long
[49] Habitat : Forest
[52] Diet : Fruit, leaves, shoots, and flowers, as well as small mammals and lizards
[52]
EN
Unknown
[52]
Northern white-cheeked gibbon
N. leucogenys (
Ogilby , 1840)
Southeastern Asia
Size : 45–63 cm (18–25 in) long
[53] Habitat : Forest
[54] Diet : Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, and insects
[53]
CR
Unknown
[54]
Southern white-cheeked gibbon
N. siki (
Delacour , 1951)
Southeastern Asia
Size : 47–64 cm (19–25 in) long
[55] Habitat : Forest
[56] Diet : Fruit
[56]
CR
600
[56]
Yellow-cheeked gibbon
N. gabriellae (
Thomas , 1909)
Southeastern Asia
Size : 45–50 cm (18–20 in) long
[57] Habitat : Forest
[58] Diet : Fruit, leaves, and flowers
[58]
EN
Unknown
[58]
Genus
Symphalangus –
Gloger , 1841 – one species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Siamang
S. syndactylus (
Raffles , 1821)
Southeastern Asia
Size : 71–90 cm (28–35 in) long
[59] Habitat : Forest
[60] Diet : Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects
[60]
EN
Unknown
[60]
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^ Lussier, Zachary (August 2023).
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c Rawson, B. M.; Hoang, M. D.; Roos, C.; Van, N. T.; Nguyen, M. H. (2020).
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By class By subclass or infraclass By order
Afrosoricids (golden moles, otter shrews, and tenrecs)
Artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates)
Bats
Carnivorans (carnivores)
Cingulates (armadillos)
Dasyuromorphs (quolls, dunnarts, and other Australian carnivores)
Didelphimorphs (opossums)
Diprotodonts (kangaroos, possums, and wombats)
Eulipotyphlans (hedgehogs, moles, and shrews)
Lagomorphs (hares, rabbits, and pikas)
Macroscelids (elephant shrews)
Peramelemorphs (bandicoots and bilbies)
Perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates)
Pilosans (anteaters and sloths)
Primates
Rodents
Scandentians (treeshrews)
By suborder or family
By species