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Clade of mammals
LaurasiatheriaTemporal range:
Paleocene–Recent
From top to right:
European hedgehog ,
Lyle's flying fox ,
Siberian tiger ,
Indian pangolin ,
red deer and
white rhino . Representing the living orders:
Eulipotyphla ,
Chiroptera ,
Carnivora ,
Pholidota ,
Artiodactyla and
Perissodactyla , comprising Laurasiatheria.
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Magnorder:
Boreoeutheria
Superorder:
Laurasiatheria Waddell et al., 1999
[1]
Subgroups
Synonyms
Eurasiatheria (Matsui & Pyenson, 2023)
[2]
Hoplopoda (Goldfuss, 1820)
Laurasiaplacentalia (Arnason, 2008)
[3]
Laurasiatheria (; "laurasian beasts") is a
superorder of
placental mammals that groups together true insectivores (
eulipotyphlans ), bats (
chiropterans ),
carnivorans , pangolins (
pholidotes ), even-toed ungulates (
artiodactyls ), odd-toed ungulates (
perissodactyls ), and all their extinct relatives. From
systematics and
phylogenetic perspectives, it is subdivided into order Eulipotyphla and clade
Scrotifera .
[1]
[4]
[5] It is a sister group to
Euarchontoglires with which it forms the magnorder
Boreoeutheria . Laurasiatheria was discovered on the basis of the
similar gene sequences shared by the mammals belonging to it; no
anatomical features have yet been found that unite the group, although a few have been suggested such as a small coracoid process, a simplified hindgut (reversed in artiodactyls), high intelligence, lack of grasping hands (though mimicry of grasping is observed in felines) and allantoic vessels that are large to moderate in size.
[6] The Laurasiatheria clade is based on DNA sequence analyses and
retrotransposon
presence/absence data . The superorder originated on the northern
supercontinent of
Laurasia , after it split from
Gondwana when
Pangaea broke up.
[1] Its
last common ancestor is supposed to have lived between ca. 76 to 90 million years ago.
[7]
[8]
The name of this superorder derives from the theory that this group of mammals originated on the supercontinent of
Laurasia .
[1] In contrast, extinct primitive mammals called
Gondwanatheria existed in the supercontinent of
Gondwana .
Classification and phylogeny
Phylogenetic position of laurasiatherians (in green) among placentals in a genus-level molecular phylogeny of 116 extant mammals inferred from the gene tree information of 14,509
coding DNA sequences .
[9] The other major clades are colored:
marsupials (magenta),
xenarthrans (orange),
afrotherians (red), and
euarchontoglires (blue).
Uncertainty still exists regarding the
phylogenetic tree for extant laurasiatherians, primarily due to disagreement about the placement of orders
Chiroptera and
Perissodactyla . Based on morphological grounds, bats (order Chiroptera) had long been classified in the superorder
Archonta (e.g. along with
primates ,
treeshrews and the gliding
colugos ) until genetic research instead showed their kinship with the other laurasiatheres.
[10] The studies conflicted in terms of the exact placement of Chiroptera, however, with it being linked most closely to groups such as order Eulipotyphla in the clade
Insectiphillia . Two 2013 studies retrieve that bats,
carnivorans and
euungulates form a clade
Scrotifera , indicating that Eulipotyphla might be the sister group to all other Laurasiatheria taxa.
[11]
[12]
Laurasiatheria is also posited to include several extinct orders and superorders. At least some of these are considered
wastebasket taxa , historically lumping together several lineages based on superficial attributes and assumed relations to modern mammals. In some cases, these orders have turned out to either be
paraphyletic assemblages, or to be composed of mammals now understood not to be laurasiatheres at all.
Superorder: Laurasiatheria (Waddell, 1999)
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Yinotheria
Theria
Metatheria (
Marsupial inclusive)
Eutheria (
Placental inclusive)
Xenarthra
Afrotheria
Boreoeutheria
Laurasiatheria
Eulipotyphla (Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)
Chiroptera (Bats)
Pholidota (Pangolins)
Carnivora (Dogs, cats and relatives)
Perissodactyla (Horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
Artiodactyla (Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales and dolphins)
Euarchontoglires
Rodentia (Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)
Lagomorpha (Rabbits, hares and pikas)
Scandentia (Treeshrews)
Dermoptera (Colugos)
Primates (lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans)