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Clade of mammals
Scrotifera ("scrotum bearers") is a
clade of
placental mammals that groups together grandorder
Ferungulata ,
Chiroptera (bats), other extinct members and their common ancestors. The clade Scrotifera is a sister group to the order
Eulipotyphla (true insectivores) based on evidence from
molecular phylogenetics ,
[1] and together they make superorder
Laurasiatheria . The
last common ancestor of Scrotifera is supposed to have diversified ca. 73.1
[3] to 85.5
[4] million years ago.
Etymology
Peter Waddell, then of the
Institute of Statistical Mathematics , explains the etymology of the clade's name as follows:
The name comes from the word
scrotum , a pouch in which the
testes permanently reside in the adult male. All members of the group have a postpenile scrotum, often prominently displayed, except for some aquatic forms and
pangolin (which has the testes just below the skin). It appears to be an ancestral character for this group, yet other orders generally lack this as an ancestral feature, with the probable exception of
Primates .
[1]
Classification and phylogeny
History of phylogeny
In
2006 , the clade
Pegasoferae (a clade of mammals that includes orders Chiroptera,
Carnivora ,
Perissodactyla and
Pholidota ) was proposed as part of the clade Scrotifera and a sister group to the order
Artiodactyla , based on genomic research in molecular systematics.
[5] The monophyly of the group is not well supported, and recent studies have indicated that this clade is not a natural grouping.
[4]
[6]
According to a 2022 study, two extinct species (
Eosoricodon terrigena and
"Wyonycteris" microtis ) were identified as outside of the family
Nyctitheriidae and more closely related mammals to bats.
[7] In another 2022 study, the extinct genus
Acmeodon was recognized as not a member of the extinct order
Cimolesta but a basal
laurasiatherian mammal in the clade Scrotifera.
[8]
[9]
Taxonomy
Former classification:
Current classification:
Clade : Scrotifera (Waddell, 1999)
Clade : Scrotifera (Waddell, 1999)
See also
References
^
a
b
c Waddell, Peter J.; Cao, Ying; Hauf, Jöerg; Hasegawa, Masami (1 March 1999). Olmstead, R. (ed.).
"Using Novel Phylogenetic Methods to Evaluate Mammalian mtDNA, Including Amino Acid-Invariant Sites-LogDet plus Site Stripping, to Detect Internal Conflicts in the Data, with Special Reference to the Positions of Hedgehog, Armadillo, and Elephant" . Systematic Biology . 48 (1): 31–53.
doi :
10.1080/106351599260427 .
ISSN
1076-836X .
PMID
12078643 .
^ Springer M. S., Murphy W. J., Eizirik E., O'Brien S. J. In: "Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Clades." Rose K. D., Archibald J., editor. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins; (2005.) "Molecular evidence for major placental clades"; pp. 37–49
^ dos Reis, Mario; Inoue, Jun; Hasegawa, Masami; Asher, Robert J.; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Yang, Ziheng (7 September 2012).
"Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 279 (1742): 3491–3500.
doi :
10.1098/rspb.2012.0683 .
ISSN
0962-8452 .
PMC
3396900 .
PMID
22628470 .
^
a
b Zhou, Xuming; Xu, Shixia; Xu, Junxiao; Chen, Bingyao; Zhou, Kaiya; Yang, Guang (1 January 2012).
"Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals" . Systematic Biology . 61 (1): 150–64.
doi :
10.1093/sysbio/syr089 .
ISSN
1063-5157 .
PMC
3243735 .
PMID
21900649 .
^ Nishihara, H.; Hasegawa, M.; Okada, N. (2006).
"Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions" .
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 103 (26): 9929–9934.
doi :
10.1073/pnas.0603797103 .
PMC
1479866 .
PMID
16785431 .
^ Tsagkogeorga, G.; Parker, J.; Stupka, E.; Cotton, J. A.; Rossiter, S. J. (2013).
"Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats (Chiroptera)" . Current Biology . 23 (22): 2262–2267.
doi :
10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014 .
PMID
24184098 .
^ Matthew F. Jones, Nancy Simmons, K. Christopher Beard (2022.) "Relationship of nyctitheres (Mammalia, Nyctitheriidae) to bats and other laurasiatherians", in
"The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 82nd annual meeting"
^ Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022).
"Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction" . Science . 376 (6588): 80–85.
Bibcode :
2022Sci...376...80B .
doi :
10.1126/science.abl5584 .
hdl :
20.500.11820/d7fb8c6e-886e-4c1d-9977-0cd6406fda20 .
^ Bertrand, O. C.; Jiménez Lao, M.; Shelley, S. L.; Wible, J. R.; Williamson, T. E.; Meng, J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2023).
"The virtual brain endocast of Trogosus (Mammalia, Tillodontia) and its relevance in understanding the extinction of archaic placental mammals" (PDF) . Journal of Anatomy .
doi :
10.1111/joa.13951 .
PMID
37720992 .
S2CID
262047180 .