From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
Haplogroup W Possible time of origin 23,900 ybp
[1] Possible place of origin
Western Asia Ancestor
N2 Descendants W1, C194T, W3, W4, W5, W6, W7 Defining mutations 195 204 207 1243 3505 5460 8251 8994 11947 15884C 16292
[2]
Haplogroup W is a
human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup W is believed to have originated around 23,900 years ago in
Western Asia .
[1] It is descended from the
haplogroup N2 .
Distribution
Projected spatial distribution of haplogroup W.
Haplogroup W is found in
Europe ,
Western Asia , and
South Asia .
[3] It is widely distributed at low frequencies, with a high concentration in Northern
Pakistan .
[4] Haplogroup W is also found in the
Maghreb among
Algerians (1.08%-3.23%)
[5] and in
Siberia among
Yakuts (6/423 = 1.42%
[6] ).
Additionally, the clade has been observed among
ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the
Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the
Ptolemaic Kingdom .
[7]
The W5 subclade has been found in a fossil associated with the
Starčevo culture (Lánycsók site; 1/1 or 100%).
[8]
Ancient DNA analysis found that the medieval individual
Sungir 6 (730-850 cal BP) belonged to the W3a1 subclade.
[9]
Subclades
Tree
Phylogenetic tree of haplogroups
I (left) and W (right). Kya in the left scale bar stands for thousand years ago.
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup W subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation
[2] and subsequent published research.
W
W1 –
Italy ,
[10]
Poland ,
[11]
Czech Republic ,
Slovenia ,
Finland ,
Spain ,
Qashqai people of Iran
[12]
W-C194T
W3 - Turkey,
[20] Azerbaijan,
[20]
[21] India (
Jammu and Kashmir ,
[20]
[22]
Tamil Nadu
[20] )
W3a
W3a1 –
Armenians ,
[23]
Turkey
[20] (
Turkish ,
[20]
Kurd
[24] ), France (
Toulouse ,
[25]
Sarthe
[20] ),
Italy (
Tuscany ,
[26]
Sardinia ,
[27]
Sicily ,
[28]
Umbria ,
[29]
Campania ,
[30]
Trentino-Alto Adige
[31] ),
Hungary ,
[20]
Poland ,
[20]
[32]
Ukraine ,
[20]
Belarus ,
[20] Russia (Sunghir6 from 750 - 900 ybp
Vladimir Oblast ,
[20]
Sverdlovsk Oblast ,
[20]
Omsk Oblast ,
[20]
Ingushetia ,
[20]
Volga Tatar ,
[20]
Chechens
[20] ),
Denmark ,
[20]
Berbers from Morocco,
[33] Pakistan (
Pashtun ,
[20]
Kho
[20] ), India,
[20] Singapore,
[20] United States
[20]
W3a1a
W3a1b –
Pakistan (
Pashtuns ,
[20]
Sindhi ,
Azad Kashmir
[20] ),
India
[20] (
New Delhi ,
[35]
Andhra Pradesh
[20] ),
[36]
Bangladesh (
Bengali
[20] ),
Thailand
[20] (
Mon ,[
citation needed ]
Thai [
citation needed ] ), China (
Shanghai
[20] ), United States
[20] (Hispanic)
W3a1-T199C
W3a1c -
England ,
[20]
United States ,
[20] Slovakia,
[20] Russia (
Ryazan Oblast ,
[20]
Tambov Oblast ,
[20]
Bashkortostan
[20] ), Kazakhstan,
[20] China (
Daur
[20]
[37] )
W3a1d –
Hungarians ,
[38]
[39]
Serbia ,
[40]
Republika Srpska ,
[20]
Latvia ,
[20]
Poland ,
[20] Ukraine,
[20] Russia (
Ulyanovsk Oblast ,
[20]
Yakuts
[41]
[20] ), New Zealand
[20]
W3a2 – France (
Seine-Maritime
[20] ),
Poland ,
[20]
India ,
[42]
[20]
Uygurs from China
[20]
W3b – Italy (
Calabria
[43] ),
Albania ,
[20]
Serbia ,
[20] Romania (
Bucharest
[20] ),
Bulgarians ,
[20]
[44]
Turkey ,
[20] Iraq
[20] (
Assyrian
[45] ), Iran,
[20]
Armenians ,
[46]
Kurds ,
Tajiks (especially
Wakhis and other
Pamiris ), Pakistan (
Burusho ,
Kho ,
Makrani ),
Cambodia ,
[47]
Uyghurs
[20]
W4 - Denmark,
[49] Poland,
[50] Italy (
Sardinia ,
[20]
Umbria
[51] ), Pakistan (
Sindhis
[20] ), India (
Jammu and Kashmir
[20]
[52] ), Mongolia,
[20]
[53] United Kingdom (ancient
Orkney
[54] )
W4a - England (St Mary Spital, pre-Black Death medieval London, ca. 725 years before present
[55] ), Ukraine (
Russian speaker from
Kharkiv Oblast
[20] ), India,
[20] China (
Xinjiang ca. 1412 - 1529 years before present
[20] )
W4b - Italy,
[20] Mongolia
[20]
W4c - Italy,
[20] Poland,
[20] India
[20]
W4d - Albania,
[20] Turkey (
Kurds
[20]
[57] ), Iraq (
Baghdad
[20] ), Iran (
Lorestan
[58] ), Pakistan (
Kho
[59] )
W5 - Denmark,
[60]
[20] Poland,
[61]
[20] Serbia,
[62]
[20] Algeria
[20] (
Batna
[63] ), Morocco (
Berber
[64] ), Iran (
Persian
[65] ), United States
[66]
[20]
W5a - Germany,
[20] Denmark
[67]
[20]
W5a1
W5a1a –
Flemish people , Norway (
Rogaland
[20] ),
Denmark ,
[20] Italy (
Tuscany
[20]
[68] ),
Canary Islands ,
[69]
Brazil ,
[20]
Irish people ,
Polish people ,
[70]
[20]
Russia (
Belgorod Oblast
[20]
[71] ), Canada,
[20] United States
[20]
W5a2 - United Kingdom,
[20] Denmark,
[20] Germany (
North Rhine-Westphalia
[20] ), Poland
[20]
W5b - Portugal (
Azores ,
[20]
Leiria
[20] )
W6 –
Italy ,
Kuwait ,
[72]
Persians
[73] from Iran, Russia (
North Ossetia ,
[74]
Belgorod Oblast ),
Kazakhstan ,
Mongolia
W7 –
Armenians
[36]
W8 –
Bedouin of Israel, Yemen, Iran
W9
Famous members
See also
References
^
a
b Soares, Pedro; Luca Ermini; Noel Thomson; Maru Mormina; Teresa Rito; Arne Röhl; Antonio Salas; Stephen Oppenheimer; Vincent Macaulay; Martin B. Richards (4 Jun 2009).
"Supplemental Data Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock" . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 84 (6): 82–93.
doi :
10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001 .
PMC
2694979 .
PMID
19500773 .
^
a
b van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008).
"Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation" . Human Mutation . 30 (2): E386–E394.
doi :
10.1002/humu.20921 .
PMID
18853457 .
S2CID
27566749 .
^ Petraglia, Michael D.;
Allchin, Bridget (2007).
The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 237.
ISBN
978-1-4020-5562-1 .
^
Meit Metspalu et al., Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans . BMC Genetics, 2004
^ Asmahan Bekada; Lara R. Arauna; Tahria Deba; Francesc Calafell; Soraya Benhamamouch; David Comas (September 24, 2015).
"Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations" . PLOS ONE . 10 (9): e0138453.
Bibcode :
2015PLoSO..1038453B .
doi :
10.1371/journal.pone.0138453 .
PMC
4581715 .
PMID
26402429 . ;
S5 Table
^ Sardana A Fedorova, Maere Reidla, Ene Metspalu, et al. , "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia." BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:127.
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/127
^ Schuenemann, Verena J.; et al. (2017).
"Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods" . Nature Communications . 8 : 15694.
Bibcode :
2017NatCo...815694S .
doi :
10.1038/ncomms15694 .
PMC
5459999 .
PMID
28556824 .
^ Mark Lipson; et al. (2017).
"Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers" . Nature . 551 (7680): 368–372.
Bibcode :
2017Natur.551..368L .
doi :
10.1038/nature24476 .
PMC
5973800 .
PMID
29144465 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 .
^ Sikora, Martin; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Sousa, Vitor C.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Ko, Amy; Rasmussen, Simon; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Nigst, Philip R.; Bosch, Marjolein D.; Renaud, Gabriel; Allentoft, Morten E.; Margaryan, Ashot; Vasilyev, Sergey V.; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V.; Borutskaya, Svetlana B.; Deviese, Thibaut; Comeskey, Dan; Higham, Tom; Manica, Andrea; Foley, Robert; Meltzer, David J.; Nielsen, Rasmus; Excoffier, Laurent; Lahr, Marta Mirazon; Orlando, Ludovic; Willerslev, Eske (2017).
"Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers" . Science . 358 (6363): 659–662.
Bibcode :
2017Sci...358..659S .
doi :
10.1126/science.aao1807 .
ISSN
0036-8075 .
PMID
28982795 .
^
Homo sapiens isolate 92_Tor793_W1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF146272.1.
^
Homo sapiens isolate poz377 haplogroup W1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MT588229.1.
^
Homo sapiens haplogroup W1* mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KC911537.1.
^
Homo sapiens isolate E8_fi_ath haplogroup W1a mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MN516604.1.
^
Homo sapiens isolate S90_fi_ath haplogroup W1b1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MN516694.1.
^
Homo sapiens haplogroup W1c mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KC911592.1.
^ Behar, Doron M.; Metspalu, Ene; Kivisild, Toomas; Rosset, Saharon; Tzur, Shay; Hadid, Yarin; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Rosengarten, Dror; Pereira, Luisa; Amorim, Antonio; Kutuev, Ildus; Gurwitz, David; Bonne-Tamir, Batsheva; Villems, Richard; Skorecki, Karl (2008-04-30).
"Counting the Founders: The Matrilineal Genetic Ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora" . PLOS ONE . 3 (4): Table 2.
Bibcode :
2008PLoSO...3.2062B .
doi :
10.1371/journal.pone.0002062 .
PMC
2323359 .
PMID
18446216 .
^
"W1d MTree" . YFull.com . Retrieved 2024-03-06 .
^ Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews .
Academic Studies Press . p. 121.
doi :
10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn .
ISBN
978-1644699843 .
S2CID
254519342 .
^
Homo sapiens isolate 1549629 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: JX153072.1.
^
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Phylogeny of mtDNA haplogroup W according to YFull
^
"Homo sapiens isolate AZB5 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 4 April 2012.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate NG14 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 30 June 2017.
^
Homo sapiens isolate Ararat_11 haplogroup W3a1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MF362752.1.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate KUR94 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 4 April 2012.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate 104_Tor787_W3a1 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 24 August 2013.
^
Homo sapiens isolate 94_Tor782_W3a1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF146273.1.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate 100_Tor794_W3a1 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 24 August 2013.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate csct_007509 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 2 March 2017.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate PG2012_499 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 20 July 2020.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate 101_Tor783_W3a1 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 24 August 2013.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate 6130 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 2 March 2017.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate A10-59 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 11 December 2018.
^
Homo sapiens isolate 105_Tor769_W3a1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF146277.1.
^ Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews .
Academic Studies Press . p. 122.
doi :
10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn .
ISBN
978-1644699843 .
S2CID
254519342 .
^
"Homo sapiens isolate 106_Tor777_W3a1b mitochondrion, complete genome" . 24 August 2013.
^
a
b Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Gandini, Francesca; Kashani, Baharak Hooshiar; Perego, Ugo A.; Woodward, Scott R.; Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Semino, Ornella; Achilli, Alessandro; Richards, Martin B.; Torroni, Antonio (31 July 2013).
"Mitogenomes from Two Uncommon Haplogroups Mark Late Glacial/Postglacial Expansions from the Near East and Neolithic Dispersals within Europe" . PLOS ONE . 8 (7): e70492.
Bibcode :
2013PLoSO...870492O .
doi :
10.1371/journal.pone.0070492 .
PMC
3729697 .
PMID
23936216 .
^
"Homo sapiens isolate Daur mitochondrion sequence" . 4 September 2022.
^
Homo sapiens haplogroup W3a1d mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KY849398.1.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate D27 haplogroup W3a1d1 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 4 July 2018.
^
Homo sapiens isolate 257_Sb haplogroup W3a1d mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MK617275.1.
^ Duggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, et al. (2013), "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers." PLoS ONE 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570
^ Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder; Mitra, Bikash; Zhang, Cai-Ling; Debnath, Monojit; Li, Gui-Mei; Wang, Hua-Wei; Agrawal, Suraksha; Chaudhuri, Tapas Kumar; Zhang, Ya-Ping (June 2015). "West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system". Human Genetics . 134 (6): 637–647.
doi :
10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4 .
PMID
25832481 .
S2CID
253980915 .
^
"Homo sapiens isolate 1671251 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 18 September 2014.
^
Homo sapiens haplogroup W3b mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MG910309.1.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate Assyrian_C165_W3b mitochondrion, complete genome" . 21 October 2019.
^
Homo sapiens isolate Artsakh_54 haplogroup W3b mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MF362844.1.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate C266_Banteay_Meanchey_W3b mitochondrion, complete genome" . 30 December 2018.
^ Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews .
Academic Studies Press . p. 123.
doi :
10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn .
ISBN
978-1644699843 .
S2CID
254519342 .
^
"Homo sapiens isolate 75401 mitochondrion, complete genome" . October 2013.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate K274 haplogroup W4* mitochondrion, complete genome" . 2 September 2023.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate PG2012_433 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 20 July 2020.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate NG118 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 30 June 2017.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate S-917627 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 27 January 2022.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate ORK228 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 17 January 2022.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate LM97mt mitochondrion, partial genome" . 21 April 2019.
^
Homo sapiens isolate S79_fi_ath haplogroup W4a1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MN516681.1.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate KUR92 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 4 April 2012.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate 147_Tor780_W4 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 24 August 2013.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate CHF141 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 9 November 2021.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate 107623 mitochondrion, complete genome" . October 2013.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate D479 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 11 December 2018.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate 27Sb mitochondrion, complete genome" . 22 February 2022.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate 05-113 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 6 June 2023.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate 177_Tor770_W5 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 24 August 2013.
^
"Homo sapiens haplogroup W5 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 20 November 2013.
^
"Homo sapiens haplogroup W5 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 23 July 2022.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate 2486313 mitochondrion, complete genome" . 18 September 2014.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate 168_Tor772_W5a1a mitochondrion, complete genome" . 24 August 2013.
^ García-Olivares, Víctor; Rubio-Rodríguez, Luis A.; Muñoz-Barrera, Adrián; Díaz-de Usera, Ana; Jáspez, David; Iñigo-Campos, Antonio; Rodríguez Pérez, María Del Cristo; Cabrera de León, Antonio; Lorenzo-Salazar, José M.; González-Montelongo, Rafaela; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Flores, Carlos (20 January 2023).
"Digging into the admixture strata of current-day Canary Islanders based on mitogenomes" . iScience . 26 (1): 105907.
Bibcode :
2023iSci...26j5907G .
doi :
10.1016/j.isci.2022.105907 .
PMC
9840145 .
PMID
36647378 .
^
Homo sapiens haplogroup W5a1a mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KX518741.1.
^
"Homo sapiens isolate II_50_BG haplogroup W5a mitochondrion, complete genome" . 2 April 2018.
^
Homo sapiens isolate 188_Tor779_W6 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF146287.1.
^
Homo sapiens haplogroup W6 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KC911449.1.
^
Homo sapiens isolate NOS10 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: JQ245723.1.
^
Homo sapiens isolate 205_Tor786_W6b mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF146290.1.
^
Homo sapiens haplotype W6c1a mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KX363871.1.
^
Homo sapiens haplotype W6c mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF553923.1.
^
Homo sapiens isolate 32_Mu mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MK491385.1.
^ Raff, Rudolf A. (2012). Once We All Had Gills: Growing Up Evolutionist in an Evolving World . Indiana University Press. p. 21.
ISBN
978-0-253-00235-8 .
^ Nadine Epstein (September–October 2012).
"The Moment Magazine Great DNA Experiment" . Moment Magazine . p. 45. Retrieved 2024-03-07 .
^ Finding Your Roots . Season 1. Episode 8. 2012-05-06. PBS.
External links