Genus of plants in the family Proteaceae endemic to Australia
Hakea (
HAH -kee-ə, HAY - ) is a
genus of about 150 species of plants in the
Family
Proteaceae ,
endemic to
Australia . They are shrubs or small trees with leaves that are sometimes flat, otherwise circular in cross section in which case they are sometimes
divided . The flowers are usually arranged in groups in leaf
axils and resemble those of other
genera , especially
Grevillea . Hakeas have woody
fruit which distinguishes them from grevilleas which have non-woody fruit which release the seeds as they mature. Hakeas are found in every state of Australia with the highest species diversity being found in the
south west of
Western Australia .
Description
Plants in the genus Hakea are shrubs or small trees. Some species have flat leaves, whilst others have leaves which are needle-like, in which case they are sometimes divided and sometimes have a groove on the lower surface. The flowers are arranged in groups in leaf axils and are surrounded by
bracts when in bud. The flowers have both male and female parts and are borne on a short stalk called a
pedicel . The
sepals and
petals , jointly called
tepals , form a curved tube which sometimes splits open as the flower develops. The
style is longer than the tepal tube and is curved before its tip is released. When released, the tip of the style is a
pollen-presenter . The fruit of hakeas is woody and persists on the plant until burned in a bushfire or until the plant dies. The fruit then splits open to release two winged seeds.
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
Hakeas are similar to other plants in the Family Proteaceae, but have undivided leaves arranged alternately,
sessile flowers arranged in loose groups in the
axils of leaves or
bracts , unlike those in the
Banksia . Hakeas are similar to species of
Grevillea but are distinguished from them in having persistent, woody fruits. (Those of grevilleas are not persistent and not woody. The upper and lower surfaces of the leaves of hakeas are similar (dissimilar in grevilleas), and the
ovary and style are
glabrous (but hairy in grevilleas).
[3]
[7]
Taxonomy and naming
The genus Hakea was first formally described in 1797 by
Heinrich Schrader and
Johann Christoph Wendland and the description was published in
Sertum Hannoveranum .
[1]
[8] The genus is named after Baron
Christian Ludwig von Hake , an 18th-century
German patron of
botany .
[9]
[10]
Distribution
Hakea are
endemic to Australia, where they can be found in all six states.
[3] Some species, such as
Hakea sericea , have been introduced elsewhere, where they have become
naturalized and may be considered
invasive .
[11]
[12] Introduced Hakea populations occur in
New Zealand ,
Norfolk Island ,
South Africa and
Portugal .
Horticulture
Hakeas are popular
ornamental plants in
gardens in Australia, and in many locations are as common as grevilleas and banksias. Several
hybrids and
cultivars have been developed, including
Hakea 'Burrendong Beauty' . They are best grown in beds of light soil which are watered but still well drained.
Some showy western species, such as
Hakea multilineata ,
H. francisiana and
H. bucculenta , require
grafting onto hardy stock such as
Hakea salicifolia for growing in more humid climates, as they are sensitive to
dieback .
Many species, particularly eastern Australian species, are notable for their hardiness, to the point they have become weedy.
Hakea gibbosa ,
H. sericea , and
H. drupacea (previously H. suaveolens ) have been weeds in
South Africa ,
[13]
[14]
[15]
Hakea laurina has become naturalized in the eastern states of Australia and is considered an environmental weed,
[16] and
Hakea salicifolia ,
Hakea gibbosa , and
Hakea sericea are invasive weeds in
New Zealand .
[17]
[18]
[19]
Hakea epiglottis
Hakea decurrens subsp. physocarpa
List of species
The following is a list of Hakea species recognised by the
Australian Plant Census , except for
Hakea asperma which is recognised by the
Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria :
[20]
[21]
Hakea actites
W.R.Barker – mulloway needlebush, wallum hakea
Hakea aculeata
A.S.George – column hakea
Hakea acuminata
Haegi
Hakea adnata
R.Br.
Hakea aenigma
W.R.Barker &
Haegi – enigma hakea
Hakea ambigua
Meisn.
Hakea amplexicaulis
R.Br. – prickly hakea
Hakea anadenia
Haegi
Hakea arborescens
R.Br. – common hakea, yellow hakea
Hakea archaeoides
W.R.Barker
Hakea asperma
Molyneux &
Forrester – native dog hakea
Hakea auriculata
Meisn.
Hakea bakeriana
F.Muell. &
Maiden
Hakea baxteri
R.Br. – fan hakea
Hakea bicornata
R.M.Barker
Hakea brachyptera
Meisn. – short-winged hakea
Hakea brownii
Meisn. – fan-leaf hakea
Hakea bucculenta
C.A.Gardner – red pokers
Hakea candolleana
Meisn.
Hakea carinata
F.Muell. ex
Meisn.
Hakea ceratophylla (
Sm. )
R.Br. – horned-leaf hakea, staghorn hakea
Hakea chordophylla
F.Muell. – bootlace oak, bootlace tree, corkwood, bull oak
Hakea chromatropa
A.S.George &
R.M.Barker
Hakea cinerea
R.Br.
Hakea circumalata
Meisn.
Hakea clavata
Labill. – coastal hakea
Hakea collina
C.T.White
Hakea commutata
F.Muell.
Hakea conchifolia
Hook.f. – shell-leaved hakea
Hakea constablei
L.A.S.Johnson
Hakea corymbosa
R.Br. – cauliflower hakea
Hakea costata
Meisn. – ribbed hakea
Hakea cristata
R.Br.
Hakea cucullata
R.Br. – hood-leaved hakea, scallop hakea
Hakea cyclocarpa
Lindl. – ramshorn hakea
Hakea cycloptera
R.Br.
Hakea cygna
Lamont
Hakea cygna
Lamont subsp. cygna – swan-fruit hakea
Hakea cygna subsp. needlei
Lamont
Hakea dactyloides
Gaertn. – finger hakea
Hakea decurrens
R.Br.
Hakea decurrens
R.Br. subsp. decurrens
Hakea decurrens subsp. physocarpa
W.R.Barker
Hakea decurrens subsp. platytaenia
W.R.Barker
Hakea denticulata
R.Br. – stinking Roger
Hakea divaricata
L.A.S.Johnson – needlewood, corkbark tree, fork-leaved corkwood
Hakea dohertyi
Haegi
Hakea drupacea (
C.F.Gaertn. )
Roem. &
Schult.
Hakea ednieana
Tate – Flinders Range hakea, yandena
Hakea elliptica (
Sm. )
R.Br. – oval-leaf hakea
Hakea eneabba
Haegi
Hakea epiglottis
Labill.
Hakea erecta
Lamont
Hakea eriantha
R.Br. – tree hakea
Hakea erinacea
Meisn. – hedgehog hakea, porcupine hakea
Hakea eyreana (
S.Moore )
McGill – straggly corkbark
Hakea falcata
R.Br. – sickle hakea
Hakea ferruginea
Sweet
Hakea flabellifolia
Meisn. – fan-leaved hakea, wedge hakea
Hakea florida
R.Br.
Hakea florulenta
Meisn.
Hakea francisiana
F.Muell. – emu tree, grass-leaf hakea, bottlebrush hakea
Hakea fraseri
R.Br. – corkwood oak
Hakea gibbosa (
Sm. )
Cav. – hairy hakea, rock hakea
Hakea gilbertii
Kippist
Hakea grammatophylla (
F.Muell. ) F.Muell.
Hakea hastata
Haegi
Hakea hookeriana
Meisn. – Barren Range hakea
Hakea horrida
R.M.Barker
Hakea ilicifolia
R.Br.
Hakea incrassata
R.Br. – marble hakea
Hakea invaginata
B.L.Burtt
Hakea ivoryi
F.M.Bailey – Ivory's hakea, corkwood, corkbark tree
Hakea kippistiana
Meisn.
Hakea laevipes
Gand.
Hakea laevipes subsp. graniticola
Haegi
Hakea laevipes
Gand. subsp. laevipes
Hakea lasiantha
R.Br. – woolly-flowered hakea
Hakea lasianthoides
Rye
Hakea lasiocarpha
R.Br. – long-styled hakea
Hakea laurina
R.Br. – kodjet, pin-cushion hakea, emu bush
Hakea lehmanniana
Meisn. – blue hakea
Hakea leucoptera
R.Br. – silver needlewood, needle hakea, pin bush, water tree, booldoobah
Hakea linearis
R.Br.
Hakea lissocarpha
R.Br. – honey bush, honeybush hakea
Hakea lissosperma
R.Br. – needle bush, mountain needlewood
Hakea longiflora (
Benth. )
R.M.Barker
Hakea loranthifolia
Meisn.
Hakea lorea (
R.Br. ) R.Br. – bootlace oak, cork tree
Hakea lorea subsp. borealis
W.R.Barker
Hakea lorea (
R.Br. ) R.Br. subsp. lorea
Hakea maconochieana
Haegi
Hakea macraeana
F.Muell. – willow needlewood, Macrae's hakea
Hakea macrocarpa
A.Cunn. ex
R.Br. – dogwood hakea
Hakea macrorrhyncha
W.R.Barker
Hakea marginata
R.Br.
Hakea megadenia
R.M.Barker
Hakea megalosperma
Meisn. – Lesueur hakea
Hakea meisneriana
Kippist
Hakea microcarpa
R.Br. – small-fruit hakea
Hakea minyma
Maconochie
Hakea mitchellii
Meisn.
Hakea multilineata
Meisn. – grass-leaf hakea
Hakea myrtoides
Meisn. – myrtle hakea
Hakea neospathulata (formerly spathulata )
Hakea neurophylla
Meisn. – pink-flowered hakea
Hakea newbeyana
R.M.Barker
Hakea nitida
R.Br. – frog hakea, shining hakea
Hakea nodosa
R.Br. – yellow hakea
Hakea obliqua
R.Br. – needles and corks
Hakea obliqua
R.Br. subsp. obliqua
Hakea obliqua subsp. parviflora
R.M.Barker
Hakea obtusa
Meisn.
Hakea ochroptera
W.R.Barker
Hakea oldfieldii
Benth.
Hakea oleifolia (
Sm. )
R.Br. – dungyn, olive-leaf hakea
Hakea oligoneura
K.A.Sheph. &
R.M.Barker
Hakea orthorrhyncha
F.Muell. – bird beak hakea
Hakea pachyphylla
Sieber ex
Spreng.
Hakea pandanicarpa
R.Br.
Hakea pedunculata
F.Muell.
Hakea pendens
R.M.Barker
Hakea persiehana
F.Muell.
Hakea petiolaris
Meisn. – sea-urchin hakea
Hakea petiolaris subsp. angusta
Haegi
Hakea petiolaris
Meisn. subsp. petiolaris
Hakea petiolaris subsp. trichophylla
Haegi
Hakea platysperma
Hook. – cricket ball hakea, woody peach
Hakea polyanthema
Diels
Hakea preissii
Meisn. – needle tree, needle bush, Christmas hakea
Hakea pritzelii
Diels
Hakea propinqua
A.Cunn.
Hakea prostrata
R.Br. – harsh hakea
Hakea psilorrhyncha
R.M.Barker
Hakea pulvinifera
L.A.S.Johnson - Lake Keepit hakea
Hakea purpurea
Hook.
Hakea pycnoneura
Meisn.
Hakea recurva
Meisn. – djarnokmurd
Hakea repullulans H.M.Lee
Hakea rhombales
F.Muell. – walukara
Hakea rigida
C.A.Gardner ex
Haegi
Hakea rostrata
F.Muell. ex
Meisn.
Hakea rugosa
R.Br. – wrinkled hakea
Hakea ruscifolia
Labill. – candle hakea
Hakea salicifolia (
Vent. )
B.L.Burtt – willow-leaved hakea
Hakea scoparia
Meisn.
Hakea scoparia
Meisn. subsp. scoparia
Hkea scoparia subsp. trycherica
Haegi
Hakea sericea
Schrad. &
J.C.Wendl. – needlebush, silky hakea
Hakea smilacifolia
Meisn.
Hakea standleyensis
Maconochie
Hakea stenocarpa
R.Br.
Hakea stenophylla
A.Cunn. ex
R.Br.
Hakea strumosa
Meisn.
Hakea subsulcata
Meisn.
Hakea sulcata
R.Br.
Hakea tephrosperma
R.Br. – hooked needlewood
Hakea teretifolia (
Salisb. )
Britten – dagger hakea
Hakea teretifolia subsp. hirsuta (
Endl. )
R.M.Barker
Hakea teretifolia (
Salisb. )
Britten subsp. teretifolia
Hakea trifurcata (
Sm. )
R.Br. – two-leaf, two-leaved hakea, kerosine bush
Hakea trineura
F.Muell. F.Muell.
Hakea tuberculata
R.Br.
Hakea ulicina
R.Br. - furze hakea (W.A.)
Hakea undulata
R.Br. – wavy-leaved hakea
Hakea varia
R.Br. –variable-leaved hakea
Hakea verrucosa
F.Muell.
Hakea victoria
J.Drumm. – lantern hakea, royal hakea
Hakea vittata
R.Br.
References
^
a
b
"Hakea " . APNI. Retrieved 18 February 2020 .
^ Schrader, H.A. & Wendland, J.C. (1798),
Sertum Hannoveranum 3: 27
^
a
b
c Barker, Robyn Mary; Harden, Gwen J.; Haegi, Laurence Arnold Robert; Barker, William Robert.
"Genus Hakea " . Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 3 November 2018 .
^
"Hakea " . Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 3 November 2018 .
^
"Hakea " . Western Australian Herbarium. Retrieved 3 November 2018 .
^
"Hakea " . State Herbarium of South Australia. Retrieved 3 November 2018 .
^ Carolin, Roger; Tindale, Mary D. (1994). Flora of the Sydney Region . Chatswood, N.S.W.: Reed. pp. 255–265.
ISBN
0730104001 .
^ Schrader, Heinrich; Wendland, Johann C. (1797).
Sertum Hannoveranum . New York: Vandenhoeck et Ruprecht. p. 27. Retrieved 18 February 2020 .
^
"Hakea propinqua " . Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 3 November 2018 .
^
"Hakea costata " . Australian Native Plants Society, Australia. Retrieved 3 November 2018 .
^ Douglas, S.; Haegi, L. (2020).
"Hakea sericea " . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species : e.T113089212A113309805.
doi :
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T113089212A113309805.en . Retrieved 15 December 2023 .
^ Pasiecznik, Nick.
"Hakea sericea (silky hakea)" . CABI Digital Library . Retrieved 15 December 2023 .
^
"Invasive Weeds Compendium Hakea sericea " . CABI. Retrieved 12 July 2018 .
^
"Weed Risk Assessment for Hakea gibbosa (Sm.) Cav. (Proteaceae) – Rock hakea" (PDF) . CABI . USDA. 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2018 .
^
"Invasive species compendium Hakea drupacea sweet hakea" . CABI . Retrieved 12 July 2018 .
^
"Weeds of Australia Factsheet Hakea laurina " . Biosecurity Queensland Edition . Queensland Government. Retrieved 12 July 2018 .
^
"Flora of New Zealand Hakea sericea Schrad. & J.C.Wendl" . Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua.
^
"Flora of New Zealand Hakea gibbosa Cav" . Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua.
^
"Flora of New Zealand Hakea salicifolia (Vent.) B.L.Burtt" . Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua.
^
"Hakea " . Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 3 November 2018 .
^ Messina, Andre; Walsh, Neville.
"Hakea asperma " . Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 3 November 2018 .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Hakea .
Further reading
Barker WR, Barker RM, Haegi L (1999). "Hakea". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra . CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 1–170.
ISBN
0-643-06454-0 .
Holliday Ivan (2005). Hakeas:a field and garden guide . Reed New Holland.
ISBN
1-877069-14-0 .
Young, JA (2006). Hakeas of Western Australia : a field and identification guide .
ISBN
978-0-9585778-2-3 .
Hakea corymbosa from southwest WA
Hakea petiolaris from southwest WA
Hakea bakeriana from NSW Central Coast
Hakea archaeoides , from NSW North Coast
Hakea seed pod, ACT, Aust.
Flower of Hakea laurina (Pincushion Hakea) in Bonbeach, Victoria, Australia
External links