From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Botanical term referring to plants that flower from their main stems
Flowers growing from the hard and woody horizontal stem of a
Syzygium moorei ,
Australia
Jackfruits growing directly from the trunk
Cauliflory is a
botanical term referring to plants that
flower and
fruit from their main stems or woody trunks, rather than from new growth and shoots.
[1] It is rare in temperate regions but common in tropical forests.
[2]
There have been several strategies to distinguish among types of cauliflory historically, including the location or
age of branch where
inflorescences grow,
[3] whether inflorescences attach to
stolons or branches,
[4] and whether
axillary nodes or
adventitious nodes develop into
reproductive tissues .
[5] Cauliflory is a non-
homologous phenomenon with several different sources of
development and
evolutionary value .
[5]
The development of buds in
axillary cauliflorous species occurs through either the re-use of the
same position or old tissue over seasons of growth or
release from
dormancy .
[5] In both cases,
vascularization of the bud must occur from pre-existing tissue, such as the
pith .
[6] In
Cercis canadensis , dormant buds break annually in a
sympodial pattern.
[5] If flowers develop
adventitiously , they form similarly to
epicormic tissues and may be
reactive to immediate environmental conditions . In certain species of
Ficus , flowers may be produced from axillary buds in young plants and change to adventitious buds later.
[7]
One frequently suggested
hypothesis for the
evolution of cauliflory is to allow trees to be
pollinated or have their
seeds dispersed by animals, especially
bats , that climb on trunks and sturdy limbs to feed on the nectar and fruits.
[8] Some species may instead have fruit which drops from the
canopy and
ripen only after they reach the ground, an alternative
strategy termed nonfunctionally caulicarpic fruits.
[8] In
Ficus , there is not an association between the evolution of cauliflory as an
apomorphy and
ecological associations .
[4] Alternative hypotheses have focused on competition for
sugar and
minerals between flowers and young leaves,
[9]
mechanical support for larger flowers and fruits particularly in
Atrocarpus and
Durio ,
[10] and evolutionary theory built on the plant as a
metapopulation and differential rates of
mutations across large plant bodies.
[5]
An extreme version is flagelliflory where long, whip-like branches descend from the main trunk and bear all the inflorescences. The branches grow to and along the ground and even below it. As a result, the plant or tree's flowers can appear to emerge from the soil. Examples are known mostly from the plant families
Annonaceae and
Moraceae such as a species of Desmopsisterriflora but also include
Couroupita guianensis (
Lecythidaceae ) and the cactus
Weberocereus tunilla (
Cactaceae ).
[2]
Families, genera and (some) species
(list incomplete)
Moraceae
Myrtaceae
Malvaceae
Fabaceae
Surianaceae
Meliaceae
Sapindaceae
Caricaceae
Putranjivaceae
Sapotaceae
Stilbaceae
Annonaceae
Uvariopsis (all species are
ramiflorous , cauliflorous or both.)
[22] Cauliflorous species are:
U. submontana .
[23]
U. sessiflora ,
[22]
U. congolana ,
[22]
U. guineensis ,
[22]
U. vanderystii ,
[22]
U. noldeae ,
[22]
U. doica ,
[22]
U. letestui ,
[22]
U. bakeriana ,
[22]
U. solheidii ,
[22]
Polyalthia cauliflora
Piptostigma
[5]
Annonidium mannii
[5]
Oxalidaceae
Cunoniaceae
[25]
Lecythidaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Bignoniaceae
[26]
Ebenaceae
[5]
Aristolochiaceae
Image gallery
See also
References
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^
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External links
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Cauliflory .
Look up
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