From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Day of the year
May 12 is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in
leap years ) in the
Gregorian calendar ; 233 days remain until the end of the year.
Events
Pre-1600
254 –
Pope Stephen I succeeds
Pope Lucius I , becoming the
23rd
pope of the
Catholic Church , and immediately takes a stand against
Novatianism .
[1]
907 –
Zhu Wen forces
Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the
Tang dynasty after nearly three hundred years of rule.
1191 –
Richard I of England marries
Berengaria of Navarre in
Cyprus ;
[2] she is crowned
Queen consort of England the same day.
1328 –
Antipope Nicholas V , a claimant to the
papacy , is consecrated in Rome by the
Bishop of Venice .
1364 –
Jagiellonian University , the oldest
university in Poland, is founded in
Kraków .
[3]
1497 – Pope
Alexander VI excommunicates
Girolamo Savonarola .
[4]
1510 – The
Prince of Anhua rebellion begins when
Zhu Zhifan kills all the officials invited to a banquet and declares his intent on ousting the powerful
Ming dynasty eunuch
Liu Jin during the reign of the
Zhengde Emperor .
1551 –
National University of San Marcos , the oldest university in the
Americas , is founded in
Lima ,
Peru .
1588 –
French Wars of Religion :
Henry III of France flees Paris after
Henry I, Duke of Guise , enters the city and a
spontaneous uprising occurs.
1593 – London playwright
Thomas Kyd is arrested and tortured by the
Privy Council for libel.
1601–1900
1743 –
Maria Theresa of Austria is crowned Queen of
Bohemia after defeating her rival,
Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor .
1778 –
Heinrich XI , count of the
Principality of Reuss-Greiz , is elevated to
Prince by
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor .
[5]
1780 –
American Revolutionary War : In the largest defeat of the
Continental Army ,
Charleston, South Carolina
is taken by British forces.
1797 –
War of the First Coalition :
Napoleon Bonaparte conquers
Venice .
1808 –
Finnish War : Swedish-Finnish troops, led by Captain Karl Wilhelm Malmi, conquer the city of
Kuopio from Russians after the
Battle of Kuopio .
[6]
1821 – The first major battle of the
Greek War of Independence against the
Turks is
fought in
Valtetsi .
1846 – The
Donner Party of
pioneers departs
Independence, Missouri for
California , on what will become a year-long journey of hardship and
cannibalism .
[7]
1862 –
American Civil War :
Union Army troops occupy
Baton Rouge, Louisiana .
1863 – American Civil War:
Battle of Raymond : Two divisions of
James B. McPherson 's
XVII Corps turn the left wing of
Confederate General
John C. Pemberton 's defensive line on
Fourteen Mile Creek , opening up the interior of
Mississippi to the
Union Army during the
Vicksburg Campaign .
1864 – American Civil War: The
Battle of Spotsylvania Court House : Union troops assault a Confederate salient known as the "Mule Shoe", with some of the fiercest fighting of the war, much of it hand-to-hand combat, occurring at "the Bloody Angle" on the northwest.
[8]
1865 – American Civil War: The
Battle of Palmito Ranch : The first day of the last major land action to take place during the Civil War, resulting in a Confederate victory.
1870 – The
Manitoba Act is given the
Royal Assent , paving the way for
Manitoba to become a
province of Canada on
July 15 .
1881 – In North Africa,
Tunisia becomes a
French protectorate .
1885 –
North-West Rebellion : The four-day
Battle of Batoche , pitting rebel
Métis against the Canadian government, comes to an end with a decisive rebel defeat.
1901–present
1926 – The Italian-built airship
Norge becomes the first vessel to fly over the
North Pole .
1926 – The
1926 United Kingdom general strike ends.
[9]
1932 – Ten weeks after his
abduction , Charles Jr., the infant son of
Charles Lindbergh , is found dead near
Hopewell, New Jersey , just a few miles from the Lindberghs' home.
[10]
1933 – The
Agricultural Adjustment Act , which restricts agricultural production through government purchase of
livestock for slaughter and paying
subsidies to farmers when they remove land from planting, is signed into law by President
Franklin D. Roosevelt .
[11]
1933 – President Roosevelt signs legislation creating the
Federal Emergency Relief Administration , the predecessor of the
Federal Emergency Management Agency .
[12]
1937 – The
Duke and Duchess of York are crowned as
King George VI and
Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom in
Westminster Abbey .
1941 –
Konrad Zuse presents the
Z3 , the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computer, in Berlin.
1942 –
World War II :
Second Battle of Kharkov : In eastern Ukraine,
Red Army forces under Marshal
Semyon Timoshenko launch a major offensive from the
Izium bridgehead, only to be encircled and destroyed by the troops of
Army Group South two weeks later.
1942 – World War II: The U.S.
tanker SS Virginia is torpedoed in the mouth of the
Mississippi River by the
German submarine U-507 .
[13]
1948 –
Wilhelmina ,
Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , cedes the throne to her daughter
Juliana .
1949 –
Cold War : The
Soviet Union lifts its
blockade of Berlin .
[14]
1965 – The Soviet
spacecraft
Luna 5 crashes on the
Moon .
1968 –
Vietnam War :
North Vietnamese and
Viet Cong forces attack
Australian troops defending
Fire Support Base Coral .
1975 –
Indochina Wars :
Democratic Kampuchea naval forces
capture the
SS Mayaguez .
[15]
1978 – In
Zaire , rebels occupy the city of
Kolwezi , the mining center of the province of
Shaba (now known as Katanga); the local government asks the US, France and Belgium to restore order.
1982 – During a procession outside the shrine of the
Virgin Mary in
Fátima, Portugal , security guards overpower
Juan María Fernández y Krohn before he can attack
Pope John Paul II with a
bayonet .
[16]
1989 – The
San Bernardino train disaster kills four people, only to be followed a week later by an underground gasoline pipeline explosion, which kills two more people.
[17]
1998 – Four students
are shot at Trisakti University , leading to
widespread riots and the fall of
Suharto .
2002 – Former US President
Jimmy Carter arrives in
Cuba for a five-day visit with
Fidel Castro , becoming the first
President of the United States , in or out of office, to visit the island since the
Cuban Revolution .
2003 – The
Riyadh compound bombings in Saudi Arabia, carried out by
al-Qaeda , kill 39 people.
[18]
2006 –
Mass unrest by the
Primeiro Comando da Capital begins in
São Paulo (Brazil), leaving at least 150 dead.
2006 –
Iranian Azeris interpret a
cartoon published in an Iranian magazine as insulting,
resulting in massive riots throughout the country.
2008 – An
earthquake (measuring around 8.0 magnitude) occurs in
Sichuan , China, killing over 69,000 people.
2008 –
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement conducts the
largest-ever raid of a workplace in
Postville, Iowa , arresting nearly 400
immigrants for
identity theft and document fraud.
2010 –
Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771 crashes on final approach to
Tripoli International Airport in Tripoli, Libya, killing 103 out of the 104 people on board.
2015 – A
train derailment in Philadelphia , United States, kills eight people and injures more than 200.
2015 – Massive
Nepal earthquake kills 218 people and injures more than 3,500.
2017 – The
WannaCry ransomware attack impacts over 400,000 computers worldwide, targeting computers of the United Kingdom's
National Health Services and
Telefónica computers.
[19]
2018 –
Paris knife attack : A man is fatally shot by police in Paris after killing one and injuring several others.
[20]
2024 – Middle/End of the
May 2024 Solar Storms , the most powerful set of Geomagnetic storms since the
2003 Halloween solar storms .
[21]
Births
Pre-1600
1601–1900
1606 –
Joachim von Sandrart , German art-historian and painter (d. 1688)
1622 –
Louis de Buade de Frontenac , French-Canadian soldier and politician, third
Governor General of New France (d. 1698)
1626 –
Louis Hennepin , Flemish priest and missionary (d. 1705)
1670 –
Augustus II the Strong , Polish king (d. 1733)
1700 –
Luigi Vanvitelli , Italian architect and engineer, designed the
Palace of Caserta and
Royal Palace of Milan (d. 1773)
1725 –
Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (d. 1785)
1739 –
Johann Baptist Wanhal , Czech-Austrian organist and composer (d. 1813)
1754 –
Franz Anton Hoffmeister , German composer and publisher (d. 1812)
1755 –
Giovanni Battista Viotti , Italian violinist and composer (d. 1824)
1767 –
Manuel Godoy , Spanish field marshal and politician,
Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1851)
1774 –
Ellis Cunliffe Lister , English politician (d. 1853)
1776 –
José de La Mar , Peruvian military leader, President of Peru (d. 1830)
[25]
1777 –
Mary Reibey , Australian businesswoman (d. 1855)
[26]
1803 –
Justus von Liebig , German chemist and academic (d. 1873)
[27]
1804 –
Robert Baldwin , Canadian lawyer and politician, third
Premier of West Canada (d. 1858)
1806 –
Johan Vilhelm Snellman , Finnish philosopher and politician (d. 1881)
1812 –
Edward Lear , English poet and illustrator (d. 1888)
[28]
1814 –
Adolf von Henselt , German pianist and composer (d. 1889)
1820 –
Florence Nightingale , Italian-English nurse, social reformer, and statistician (d. 1910)
[29]
1825 –
Orélie-Antoine de Tounens , French lawyer and explorer (d. 1878)
1828 –
Dante Gabriel Rossetti , English poet and painter (d. 1882)
[30]
1829 –
Pavlos Carrer , Greek composer and educator (d. 1896)
1839 –
Tôn Thất Thuyết , Vietnamese
mandarin (d. 1913)
1840 –
Alejandro Gorostiaga , Chilean colonel (d. 1912)
1842 –
Jules Massenet , French composer (d. 1912)
1845 –
Gabriel Fauré , French pianist, composer, and educator (d. 1924)
1850 –
Henry Cabot Lodge , American historian and politician (d. 1924)
1850 –
Frederick Holder , Australian politician, 19th
Premier of South Australia (d. 1909)
1859 –
William Alden Smith , American lawyer and politician (d. 1932)
1859 –
Frank Wilson , English-Australian politician, ninth
Premier of Western Australia (d. 1918)
1863 –
Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury , Bengali writer, painter, violin player and composer, technologist and entrepreneur (d. 1915)
1867 –
Hugh Trumble , Australian cricketer and accountant (d. 1938)
1869 –
Carl Schuhmann , German gymnast, wrestler, and weightlifter (d. 1946)
1872 –
Anton Korošec , Slovenian priest and politician, tenth
Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (d. 1940)
1873 –
J. E. H. MacDonald , English-Canadian painter (d. 1932)
1874 –
Clemens von Pirquet , Austrian pediatrician and immunologist (d. 1929)
1875 –
Charles Holden , English architect, designed the
Bristol Central Library (d. 1960)
1880 –
Lincoln Ellsworth , American explorer (d. 1951)
1885 –
Paltiel Daykan , Lithuanian-Israeli lawyer and jurist (d. 1969)
1886 –
Ernst A. Lehmann , German captain and pilot (d. 1937)
1889 –
Abelardo L. Rodríguez , substitute president of Mexico (d. 1967)
[31]
1889 –
Otto Frank , German-Swiss businessman and Holocaust survivor; father of diarist
Anne Frank (d. 1980)
1892 –
Fritz Kortner , Austrian-German actor and director (d. 1970)
1895 –
William Giauque , Canadian-American chemist and academic,
Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1982)
[32]
1895 –
Jiddu Krishnamurti , Indian-American philosopher and author (d. 1986)
1897 –
Earle Nelson , American serial killer and rapist (d. 1928)
[33]
1900 –
Helene Weigel , Austrian-German actress (d. 1971)
[34]
1901–present
1903 –
Wilfrid Hyde-White , English actor (d. 1991)
1907 –
Leslie Charteris , English author and screenwriter (d. 1993)
1907 –
Katharine Hepburn , American actress (d. 2003)
1908 –
Nicholas Kaldor , Hungarian-English economist (d. 1986)
1910 –
Johan Ferrier , Surinamese educator and politician, first
President of Suriname (d. 2010)
1910 –
Dorothy Hodgkin , English biochemist, crystallographer, and academic,
Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)
[35]
1911 –
Charles Biro , American author and illustrator (d. 1972)
1914 –
Howard K. Smith , American journalist and actor (d. 2002)
1918 –
Mary Kay Ash , American businesswoman, founded
Mary Kay Cosmetics (d. 2001)
1918 –
Julius Rosenberg , American spy (d. 1953)
1921 –
Joseph Beuys , German sculptor and illustrator (d. 1986)
1921 –
Farley Mowat , Canadian environmentalist and author (d. 2014)
1922 –
Roy Salvadori , English racing driver and manager (d. 2012)
[36]
1924 –
Tony Hancock , English actor, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1968)
[37]
1925 –
Yogi Berra , American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 2015)
1928 –
Burt Bacharach , American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer (d. 2023)
[38]
1929 –
Sam Nujoma , Namibian politician, first
President of Namibia
1930 –
Jesús Franco , Spanish director and screenwriter (d. 2013)
1935 –
Felipe Alou , Dominican-American baseball player, coach, and manager
1935 –
Johnny Bucyk , Canadian ice hockey player
1936 –
Guillermo Endara , Panamanian lawyer and politician, 32nd
President of Panama (d. 2009)
1936 –
Tom Snyder , American journalist and talk show host (d. 2007)
1936 –
Frank Stella , American painter and sculptor (d. 2024)
[39]
1937 –
Beryl Burton , English cyclist (d. 1996)
1937 –
George Carlin , American comedian, actor, and author (d. 2008)
1939 –
Reg Gasnier , Australian rugby league player, coach, and sportscaster (d. 2014)
1940 –
Norman Whitfield , American songwriter and producer (d. 2008)
1942 –
Ian Dury , English singer-songwriter (d. 2000)
1944 –
Chris Patten , English academic and politician, 28th
Governor of Hong Kong
[40]
1945 –
Alan Ball, Jr. , English footballer and manager (d. 2007)
1945 –
Ian McLagan , English keyboard player and songwriter (d. 2014)
[41]
1946 –
Daniel Libeskind , American architect, designed the
Imperial War Museum North and
Jewish Museum
1947 –
Michael Ignatieff , Canadian journalist and politician
1948 –
Steve Winwood , English singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist
1950 –
Bruce Boxleitner , American actor and author
1950 –
Gabriel Byrne , Irish actor, director, and producer
1950 –
Billy Squier , American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1951 –
George Karl , American basketball player and coach
1957 –
Lou Whitaker , American baseball player
[42]
1959 –
Ving Rhames , American actor
1962 –
Emilio Estevez , American actor
[43]
1962 –
Brett Gurewitz , American guitarist and songwriter
1966 –
Stephen Baldwin , American actor
[44]
1967 –
Bill Shorten , Australian politician
1968 –
Tony Hawk , American skateboarder and actor
[45]
1969 –
Kim Fields , American actress
1970 –
Jim Furyk , American golfer
1970 –
Samantha Mathis , American actress
1970 –
Mike Weir , Canadian golfer
1972 –
Rhea Seehorn , American actress
[46]
1975 –
Jonah Lomu , New Zealand rugby player (d. 2015)
1977 –
Graeme Dott , Scottish snooker player and coach
1977 –
Maryam Mirzakhani , Iranian mathematician (d. 2017)
[47]
1978 –
Malin Åkerman , Swedish-Canadian model, actress, and singer
1978 –
Jason Biggs , American actor and comedian
1979 –
Steve Smith Sr. , American football player
[48]
1980 –
Rishi Sunak , English politician
[49]
1981 –
Rami Malek , American actor
1983 –
Domhnall Gleeson , Irish actor
1983 –
Yujiro Kushida , Japanese wrestler and mixed martial artist
1986 –
Emily VanCamp , Canadian actress
1987 –
Lance Lynn , American baseball player
[50]
1987 –
Kieron Pollard , Trinidadian cricketer
1988 –
Marcelo , Brazilian footballer
1989 –
Eleftheria Eleftheriou , Greek Cypriot singer, musician, and actress
1990 –
Florent Amodio , French figure skater
[51]
1990 –
Etika , American YouTuber and live streamer (d. 2019)
[52]
1996 –
Kostas Tsimikas , Greek footballer
[53]
1997 –
Frenkie de Jong , Dutch footballer
[54]
1998 –
Mo Bamba , American-Ivorian basketball player
[55]
Deaths
Pre-1600
805 –
Æthelhard , archbishop of Canterbury
940 –
Eutychius , patriarch of Alexandria (b. 877)
1003 –
Sylvester II , pope of the Catholic Church (b. 946)
1012 –
Sergius IV , pope of the Catholic Church (b. 970)
1090 –
Liutold of Eppenstein , duke of Carinthia
1161 –
Fergus of Galloway , Scottish nobleman
1182 –
Valdemar I , king of Denmark (b. 1131)
1331 –
Engelbert of Admont , Benedictine abbot and scholar
1465 –
Thomas Palaiologos , Despot of
Morea (b. 1409)
1490 –
Joanna , Portuguese princess and regent (b. 1452)
1529 –
Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington , English noblewoman (b. 1460)
1599 –
Murad Mirza , Mughal prince (b. 1570)
1601–1900
1634 –
George Chapman , English poet and playwright (b. 1559)
1641 –
Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford , English soldier and politician,
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1593)
1684 –
Edme Mariotte , French physicist and priest (b. 1620)
1699 –
Lucas Achtschellinck , Flemish painter (b. 1626)
1700 –
John Dryden , English poet, playwright, and critic (b. 1631)
1708 –
Adolphus Frederick II , duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1658)
1748 –
Thomas Lowndes , English astronomer and academic (b. 1692)
1759 –
Lambert-Sigisbert Adam , French sculptor (b. 1700)
1784 –
Abraham Trembley , Swiss zoologist and academic (b. 1710)
1792 –
Charles Simon Favart , French playwright and composer (b. 1710)
1796 –
Johann Uz , German poet and author (b. 1720)
1801 –
Nicholas Repnin , Russian general and politician,
Governor-General of Baltic provinces (b. 1734)
1842 –
Walenty Wańkowicz , Belarusian-Polish painter (b. 1799)
1845 –
János Batsányi , Hungarian poet and academic (b. 1763)
1856 –
Jacques Philippe Marie Binet , French mathematician, physicist, and astronomer (b. 1786)
1859 –
Sergey Aksakov , Russian author and academic (b. 1791)
1860 –
Charles Barry , English architect, designed
Upper Brook Street Chapel and the
Palace of Westminster (b. 1795)
1864 –
J. E. B. Stuart , American general (b. 1833)
1867 –
Friedrich Wilhelm Eduard Gerhard , German archaeologist and academic (b. 1795)
1876 –
Georgi Benkovski , Bulgarian activist (b. 1843)
1878 –
Anselme Payen , French chemist and academic (b. 1795)
1884 –
Bedřich Smetana , Czech composer and educator (b. 1824)
1897 –
Minna Canth , Finnish journalist, playwright, and activist (b. 1844)
[56]
1900 –
Göran Fredrik Göransson , Swedish merchant, ironmaster and industrialist (b. 1819)
[57]
1901–present
1907 –
Joris-Karl Huysmans , French author and critic (b. 1848)
1916 –
James Connolly , Scottish-born Irish socialist and rebel leader (b. 1868)
1925 –
Amy Lowell , American poet and critic (b. 1874)
[58]
1931 –
Eugène Ysaÿe , Belgian violinist, composer, and conductor (b. 1858)
1935 –
Józef Piłsudski , Polish field marshal and politician, 15th
Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1867)
1944 –
Max Brand , American journalist and author (b. 1892)
1944 –
Arthur Quiller-Couch , English author, poet, and critic (b. 1863)
1956 –
Louis Calhern , American actor and singer (b. 1895)
1957 –
Alfonso de Portago , Spanish bobsledder and racing driver (b. 1928)
1957 –
Erich von Stroheim , Austrian-American actor, director, and producer (b. 1885)
1963 –
Richard Girulatis , German footballer and manager (b. 1878)
1963 –
Robert Kerr , Irish-Canadian sprinter and coach (b. 1882)
1964 –
Agnes Forbes Blackadder , Scottish medical doctor (b. 1875)
[59]
1966 –
Felix Steiner , Russian-German
SS officer (b. 1896)
1967 –
John Masefield , English poet and author (b. 1878)
1970 –
Nelly Sachs , German poet and playwright,
Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)
1971 –
Heinie Manush , American baseball player and coach (b. 1901)
1973 –
Frances Marion , American screenwriter, novelist and journalist (b. 1888)
1973 –
Art Pollard , American race car driver (b. 1927)
1981 –
Francis Hughes ,
Provisional IRA
hunger striker (b. 1956)
[60]
1981 –
Benjamin Sheares , Singaporean professor and politician, second
President of Singapore (b. 1907)
[61]
1985 –
Jean Dubuffet , French painter and sculptor (b. 1901)
1986 –
Elisabeth Bergner , German actress (b. 1897)
1992 –
Nikos Gatsos , Greek poet and songwriter (b. 1911)
1992 –
Robert Reed , American actor (b. 1932)
1993 –
Zeno Colò , Italian Olympic alpine skier (b.1920)
1994 –
Erik Erikson , German-American psychologist and psychoanalyst (b. 1902)
1994 –
John Smith , Scottish-English lawyer and politician,
Labour Party leader ,
Leader of the Opposition (b. 1938)
1999 –
Saul Steinberg , Romanian-American illustrator (b. 1914)
2000 –
Adam Petty , American race car driver (b. 1980)
2001 –
Perry Como , American singer and television host (b. 1912)
2001 –
Alexei Tupolev , Russian engineer, designed the
Tupolev Tu-144 (b. 1925)
2003 –
Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan , French-American diplomat (b. 1933)
2005 –
Ömer Kavur , Turkish director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1944)
2005 –
Martin Lings , English author and scholar (b. 1909)
2005 –
Kai Setälä , Finnish physician and professor (b. 1913)
[62]
2005 –
Monica Zetterlund , Swedish actress (b. 1937)
2006 –
Hussein Maziq , Libyan politician,
Prime Minister of Libya (b. 1918)
2008 –
Robert Rauschenberg , American painter and illustrator (b. 1925)
[63]
2008 –
Irena Sendler , Polish nurse and humanitarian (b. 1910)
2009 –
Antonio Vega , Spanish singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1957)
2012 –
Jan Bens , Dutch footballer and coach (b. 1921)
2012 –
Eddy Paape , Belgian illustrator (b. 1920)
2013 –
Gerd Langguth , German political scientist, author, and academic (b. 1946)
2014 –
Cornell Borchers , Lithuanian-German actress and singer (b. 1925)
[64]
[65]
2014 –
Marco Cé , Italian cardinal (b. 1925)
[66]
2014 –
H. R. Giger , Swiss painter, sculptor, and set designer (b. 1940)
2014 –
Sarat Pujari , Indian actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1934)
2014 –
Lorenzo Zambrano , Mexican businessman and philanthropist (b. 1944)
2015 –
Peter Gay , German-American historian, author, and academic (b. 1923)
[67]
2016 –
Mike Agostini , Trinidadian sprinter (b. 1935)
2017 –
Mauno Koivisto , Finnish banker and politician, ninth President of Finland (b. 1923)
[68]
2018 –
Dennis Nilsen , Scottish serial killer (b. 1945)
[69]
2020 –
Aimee Stephens , American funeral director and
U.S. Supreme Court litigant (b. 1960)
[70]
2024 –
Mark Damon , American film actor and producer (b. 1933)
[71]
2024 –
David Sanborn , American saxophonist (b. 1945)
[72]
2024 –
A. J. Smith , American football executive (b. 1949)
[73]
Holidays and observances
References
^ Kelly, J.N.D.; Walsh, Michael J. (2010).
Oxford Dictionary of Popes . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 16.
ISBN
9780192820853 .
^
Bow Bells . J. Dicks. 1868. pp. 281–.
^ Hermans, Jos M. M.; Nelissen, Marc (2005).
Charters of Foundation and Early Documents of the Universities of the Coimbra Group . Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 60.
ISBN
9789058674746 .
^
Brief of Pope Alexander VI excommunicating Savonarola : The History of Girolamo Savonarola and of His Times ,
Pasquale Villari , Leonard Horner, trans., London, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, 1863, Volume 2, pp.392–394.
^ Kennedy, John; James, John E., eds. (2004). Almanach de Gotha . London: Almanach de Gotha. p. 303.
OCLC
44931876 .
^ Hornborg, Eirik (1955). När riket sprängdes: fälttågen i Finland och Västerbotten, 1808-1809 (in Swedish).
Stockholm : P. A. Norstedts och Söners Förlag.
^ Campbell, Ballard C. (2008).
Disasters, Accidents, and Crises in American History: A Reference Guide to the Nation's Most Catastrophic Events . New York: Facts On File. p.
92 .
ISBN
9780816066032 .
^ Krick, Robert K. (2010). "An Insurmounable Barrier Between the Army and Ruin: The Confederate Experience at Spotsylvania's Bloody Angle". In Gallagher, Gary W. (ed.).
The Spotsylvania Campaign . Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 80–81.
ISBN
9780807871324 .
^
"Stanley Baldwin | prime minister of United Kingdom | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . Retrieved January 18, 2022 .
^
"Lindbergh Baby Found Dead Near Home; Murdered Soon After the Kidnapping 72 Days Ago and Left Lying in Woods" . The New York Times . May 13, 1932. pp. 1, 3.
Archived from the original on March 22, 2019.
^
Agriculture Fact Book 1996 . Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture. 1996. p. 221.
OCLC
31747093 .
^ Stathis, Stephen (2014). "Seventy-Third Congress: March 4, 1933, to January 3, 1935".
Landmark Legislation 1774–2012: Major U.S. Acts and Treaties . Washington DC: CQ Press. pp. 240–246.
doi :
10.4135/9781452292281.n74 .
ISBN
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