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Genus of gastropods
Xenophora Temporal range:
Late Cretaceous–Recent
A ventral view of a shell of
Xenophora pallidula , with attached gastropod shells
A lateral view of the same shell
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Caenogastropoda
Order:
Littorinimorpha
Family:
Xenophoridae
Genus:
Xenophora
Fischer von Waldheim , 1807
[1]
Species
See text
Synonyms
Phorus Montfort, 1810
Xenophora (Austrophora) Kreipl, Alf & Kronenberg, 1999 · accepted, alternate representation
† Xenophora (Endoptygma) Gabb, 1877 · accepted, alternate representation
Xenophora (Xenophora) Fischer von Waldheim, 1807· accepted, alternate representation
Xenophorus (incorrect subsequent spelling of Xenophora Fischer von Waldheim, 1807)
Xenophora ,
commonly called carrier shells , is a
genus of medium-sized to large sea
snails ,
marine
gastropod
mollusks in the
family
Xenophoridae , the carrier snails or carrier shells.
[2] The genus Xenophora is the type genus of the family Xenophoridae.
Etymology
The name Xenophora comes from two ancient Greek words, and means "bearing foreigners", so-called because in most species the snail cements pieces of rock or shells to its own shell at regular intervals as the shell grows.
[3]
Description
The
shells of species within this genus vary from small to large (diameter of base without attachments 19–90 mm; height of shell 21–60 mm), depressed-conical, with narrow to very narrow, simple peripheral edge, non-porcellanous ventrally. Foreign objects are attached to all
whorls , with generally more than 30% of dorsal surface obscured by these objects. The foreign objects are usually medium-sized to large.
[4] Although the foreign objects are usually mollusk shells, pebbles, or small pieces of coral rock, in some instances a bottle cap has been attached by the snail to its shell.
Species
The genus Xenophora includes the following species and subspecies:
[4]
[5]
[6]
Subgenus Xenophora (Austrophora) Kreipl, Alf & Kronenberg, 1999
Subgenus Xenophora (Xenophora) Fischer von Waldheim, 1807
Xenophora cerea (
Reeve , 1845)
Xenophora chinensis
Philippi , 1841) [
citation needed ]
Xenophora conchyliophora (
Born , 1780) - American carriersnail (
type species of Xenophora )
Xenophora corrugata (
Reeve , 1842)
Xenophora crispa (König, 1825)
Xenophora granulosa Ponder, 1983
Xenophora japonica Kuroda & Habe in Kuroda et al., 1971
Xenophora konoi Habe, 1953
Xenophora mekranensis (Newton, 1905)
Xenophora neozelanica Suter, 1908 - New Zealand carriershell
Xenophora neozelandica neozelandica Suter, 1908
Xenophora neozelandica kermadecensis Ponder, 1983
Xenophora pallidula (
Reeve , 1842) - pallid carrier shell
Xenophora peroniana (Iredale, 1929)
Xenophora peroniana peroniana (Iredale, 1929)
Xenophora peroniana kondoi Ponder 1983
Xenophora senegalensis Fischer, 1873
Xenophora sinensis Qi & Li, 1986
Xenophora solarioides (
Reeve , 1845)
Xenophora tenuis Fulton, 1938
Species brought into synonymy
Subgenus Xenophora (Stellaria ) Möller, 1832: synonym of
Stellaria Möller, 1832
Xenophora (Stellaria) testigera (Bronn, 1831): synonym of
Stellaria testigera (Bronn, 1831)
Xenophora australis Souverbie & Montrouzier, 1870: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) solarioides (Reeve, 1845)
Xenophora calculifera (Reeve, 1843): synonym of
Stellaria chinensis (Philippi, 1841)
Xenophora caperata sensu Petit de la Saussaye, 1857: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) senegalensis Fischer, 1873
Xenophora caribaea Petit de la Saussaye, 1857 - Caribbean carriersnail: synonym of
Onustus caribaeus (Petit de la Saussaye, 1857)
Xenophora cavelieri Rochebrune, 1883: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) senegalensis Fischer, 1873
Xenophora digitata Martens, 1878: synonym of Stellaria testigera digitata Martens, 1878
Xenophora gigantea (Schepman, 1909): synonym of
Stellaria gigantea (Schepman, 1909)
Xenophora helvacea Philippi, 1851: synonym of
Onustus indicus (Gmelin, 1791)
Xenophora indica (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of
Onustus indicus (Gmelin, 1791)
Xenophora japonica Kuroda & Habe, 1971: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) japonica Kuroda & Habe, 1971
Xenophora konoi Habe, 1953: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) mekranensis konoi Habe, 1953
Xenophora laevigata Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)
Xenophora lamberti Souverbie, 1871: synonym of
Stellaria lamberti (Souverbie, 1871)
Xenophora longleyi Bartsch, 1931 - shingled carriersnail: synonym of
Onustus longleyi Bartsch, 1931
Xenophora meandrina Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)
Xenophora mediterranea Tiberi, 1863: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) crispa (König, 1825)
Xenophora neozelanica Suter, 1908: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) neozelanica neozelanica Suter, 1908
Xenophora regularis Habe & Okutani, 1983 : synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) granulosa Ponder, 1983
Xenophora tenuis Hirase, 1934: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) tenuis Fulton, 1983
Xenophora torrida Kuroda & Ito, 1961 : synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) cerea (Reeve, 1845)
Xenophora tricostata Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)
Xenophora tulearensis Stewart & Kosuge, 1993: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) corrugata (Reeve, 1842)
Xenophora vulcanica Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)
Xenophora wagneri Philippi, 1855: synonym of
Onustus indicus (Gmelin, 1791)
Extinct species
A view of the fossil
shell of Xenophora infundibulum
Extinct species within this genus include:
[7]
† Xenophora carditigera Nielsen and DeVries 2002
† Xenophora cummulans Brongniart 1823
† Xenophora delecta Guppy 1876
† Xenophora deshayesi Michelotti 1847
† Xenophora eocenica Abbass 1967
† Xenophora floridana Mansfield 1930
† Xenophora infundibulum (Brocchi, 1814)
[8]
† Xenophora palaeoafra Gliozzi and Malatesta 1983
† Xenophora paulinae Nielsen and DeVries 2002
† Xenophora rugata Abbass 1967
† Xenophora tatei Harris 1897
† Xenophora terpstrai Dey 1961
† Xenophora textilina Dall 1892
Fossil record
Fossils of Xenophora are found in marine strata from the
Cretaceous to
Quaternary (age range: from 89.3 to 0.012 million years ago.). Fossils are known all over the world.
[7]
[9]
See also
References
^ Fischer von Waldheim, Gotthelf (1807).
Muséum Demidoff, ou catalogue systématique et raisonné des curiosités de la nature et de l'art. Vol. 3: Végétaux et animaux . p. 213.
^ WoRMS (2012). Xenophora. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138664 on 2012-06-28
^ Xenophora.org website
[1] accessed 24 April 2014
^
a
b Kreipl, K. & Alf, A. (1999): Recent Xenophoridae . 148 pp. incl. 28 color plts. ConchBooks, Hackenheim,
ISBN
3-925919-26-0 .
^
Powell A. W. B. (1979). New Zealand Mollusca ,
William Collins Publishers Ltd , Auckland, New Zealand.
ISBN
0-00-216906-1
^
OBIS Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database
^
a
b
Paleobiology Database
^
Stromboidea
^ G. Manganelli, V. Spadini, S. Cianfanelli
The xenophorid gastropods of the Mediterranean Pliocene: the record of the Siena Basin
Kreipl K. & Alf A. (1999). Recent Xenophoridae . Conchbooks, Hackenheim > Germany. 148pp.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Xenophora .