Kaelin was born in
New York City on November 23, 1957.[6] Kaelin earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics and chemistry at
Duke University, and stayed to attain an MD, graduating in 1982. He did his residency in internal medicine at
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and his fellowship in oncology at
Dana–Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI). After deciding as an undergraduate that research was not a strength of his, at DFCI he did research in the lab of
David Livingston, where he found success in the study of
retinoblastoma.[1] In 1992, he set up his own lab at DFCI down the hall from Livingston's where he investigated hereditary forms of cancer such as
von Hippel–Lindau disease. He became a professor at
Harvard Medical School in 2002.[7]
Career
He became assistant director of Basic Science at the Dana–Farber/Harvard Cancer Center in 2008. His research at Dana–Farber has focused on understanding the role of mutations in tumor suppressor genes in cancer development. His major work has been on the
retinoblastoma, von Hippel–Lindau, and
p53 tumor suppressor genes.
He serves as vice-chair of Scientific Programs on the
Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Board of Directors and Chair of the Damon Runyon Physician-Scientist Training Award selection committee and is a member of the board of directors at
Eli Lilly[7] and the
Stand Up to Cancer scientific advisory committee.[9]
Research
Following his post-doctorate, Kaelin set up a laboratory at Dana-Farber in 1993 to continue his research on tumor suppression. He had become interested in
Von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL). VHL tumors, caused by gene mutation, were known to be
angiogenic, creating blood vessels that secreted
erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone known to be part of the body's mechanic to react to
hypoxia, or low oxygen levels in the blood. Kaelin hypothesized that there may be a connection between the formation of VHL tumors and the deficiency of the body to detect oxygen.[10] Kaelin's research found that in VHL subjects, there are genes that express the formation of a protein critical in the EPO process, but which the mutation suppressed. Kaelin's work aligned with that of
Peter J. Ratcliffe and
Gregg Semenza who separately had identified a two-part protein,
hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) that was essential to EPO production and which was triggered by oxygen levels in the blood. Kaelin's work found that the VHL protein would help regulate the HIF, and in subjects where the VHL proteins were not present, the HIF would overproduce EPO and lead to cancer.[11] The combined work of Kaelin, Ratcliffe, and Semenza identified the pathway of how cells detect and react to oxygen levels in the blood, and have led to the development of drugs to help patients with
anaemia and
kidney failure.[11]
Personal life
He was married to breast cancer surgeon
Carolyn Kaelin from 1988 until her death from
glioblastoma in 2015. They have two children.[12]
William G. Kaelin Jr on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture 7 December 2019 The von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein: Insights into Oxygen Sensing