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To understand " fair use rationale" you must first understand " fair use." (Fair use is similar to fair dealing in nations of the commonwealth.) Fair use is an American law that allows copyrighted materials to be used by people who are not the owners of the material. One of the purposes for which copy-written materials may be used with permission is for non-commercial educational purposes, such as a free, non-profit, online encyclopaedia.
A fair use rationale is an explanation of why a particular piece of copy-written material (such as a CD album cover image, or a television/movie/video game screen shot, or any photograph that you did not personally take) is allowable on Wikipedia under the American fair usage laws. Please note that you may not add a picture of a living person unless you took the picture yourself, sorry.
According to Wikipedia policy on fair use rationales, fair use rationales must contain the name of every article that the image is used in, and a separate explanation for each usage. (Policy #10.c at WP:NFC#Policy 2)
To add a fair use rationale to an image on Wikipedia,