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At Wikipedia, confused and conflicting understandings of the basic concepts of citation impedes both the practice of citation, and discussion of the practice and the attendant problems. This essay is an attempt to resolve that confusion by formulating clear, definite, consistent, and workable definitions of the basic citation concepts and the terms by which they are referred.
Some of the definitions here clash with various Help and Information pages at Wikipedia, and with certain strongly entrenched views of some editors. These definitions should not be disparaged on that basis, as the existing ambiguous concepts and misconceptions already clash, as seen in most every discussion of citation on Wikipedia involving four or more editors. [1] The definitions here have been carefully formulated to resolve these clashes (or at least to minimize them) by clarifying what these terms and concepts mean, and what they do not mean, so that these terms can have the same meaning for all of us. If these definitions are accepted it is expected that the Help and Information pages will be brought into compliance. These definitions make no change to any policy, though some interpretations of policy may need adjustment.
The need for citation arises from Wikipedia's core principle of WP:Verifiability, which, for various kinds of content, requires an ability to verify that particular content conforms to what is found in a source. This in turn requires a means of identifying sources, and of linking content to the pertinent sources. The purpose of citation is to link content to identified sources for the purpose of verification.
The key terms and concepts of citation are as follows:
<ref>...</ref>
tags.The foregoing concepts are sufficient to describe a consistent system of citation. However, there would still be confusion unless certain misconceptions, ill-defined terms, and bad use of terms that plague us are identified and rejected. The following points should be noted.
<ref>...</ref>
tags. Such usage is seen in some journals, where the full citations (in a very abbreviated form, and lacking all in-source specification) are packaged one to a note. However, this usage confounds the citation with the note containing it, and creates a trap that leads to certain problems (discussed below), and, again, cripples our understanding of how citation can be done. It is also unnecessary, as will be explained below.With the concepts formulated above, and the rejection of several misconceptions and misuses, citation can be viewed in a way that is simpler to understand (and teach), and easily resolves certain challenges editors frequently struggle with. These challenges include how to cite a source multiple times, how to add page numbers (in-source specifiers), and how to "bundle" citations to avoid long strings of note-links.
Much of the current difficulty with citation practice arises from the commonplace misconception that "inline citation" must be done with full citations packaged within <ref> tags (that is, in a note). This failure to distinguish the citation from the note containing it creates a conceptual trap that causes these difficulties. By distinguishing short-cites (short citations) from full citations, and "citations" of either kind from notes, these difficulties are easily resolved, as demonstrated in the following cases.
Stuffing a full citation into a note – that is, between <ref>...</ref>
tags – at the point needed is simple and straightforward; most editors figure that out right off. Doing this in more than one place, when a full citation should be given only once in an article, seems like a contradiction. The common solution is to make the note containing the citation appear in multiple places. This is done using named-refs: a modification of the <ref> tag to include a name. E.g.: replacing the initial "<ref>" tag of a note with "<ref name=xxxx>
" creates a master named-ref with the name "xxxx". Slave named-refs, of the form <ref name= xxxx />
, are then placed where it is desired to replicate the master named-ref.
Named-refs create a number of problems. Because the same note is being replicated in all instances, individual instances cannot be augmented with specific information (such as page numbers). Finding which name to use can be tedious when the master named-ref is located in a different section, and if that section is deleted the slave named-refs everywhere else will break. And citing multiple sources at a given point leads to a string of note-links which many editors consider unsightly and distracting.
Citing a source more than once – sometimes called "reusing a citation" – is done best using short citations (short-cites), which have no restriction on how often they can be used, and can be customized as appropriate for each use. Where (as usually done) the full citation is created using the {{ Citation}} template, or with any of the CS1 family of templates, a {{ Harv}} (or {{ Harvnb}}) template will create a link to the full citation. While it is better to collect the full citations in their own section (such as "Sources"), this is not required: a short-cite implemented with Harv will automatically link to the full citation wherever it is. [9]
The WP:Verifiability policy requires (see WP:PROVEIT) that sources be cited "clearly and precisely (specifying page, section, or such divisions as may be appropriate)." In many cases not providing page numbers (or other in-source specifiers) greatly hinders verifiability. It is thus a significant defect that the "one size fits all" nature of note-replication precludes all instance-specific information, leaving editors with no way of adding page numbers. (The {{ rp}} template can be used to append a bare number after a note-link, but such an unusual and unexplained usage tends to baffle the readers, and is sharply rejected by many editors.) On the other hand, short-cites, of every type, readily incorporate page numbers, and any other information or explanation an editor deems useful. This alone is a sufficient reason for using short-cites instead of replicating full citations by means of named-refs.
Where every source's citation is individually packaged in its own note, citation of multiple sources can result in a stream of note-links like this: [1][4][13][22][29]
. This is generally considered unsightly, and even intimidating (or at least annoying) for the general reader. Many editors prefer to reduce such strings to a single link by bundling multiple notes – or the full citations they typically contain – into a single note. However, for technical reasons the <ref>...</ref>
tags used to generate notes cannot be nested within another pair of <ref> tags. One way of resolving this is to remove the <ref>...</ref>
tags from the individual citations, and put everything for a given point into a single note. (Which demonstrates that 1) citations do not require <ref> tags, and 2) more than one citation can be put into a single note.) However, bundling a full citation in this way prevents it from being used in other notes, perhaps in a different combination of citations. (Bundling can also be done using the {{
refn}} template. However, it introduces another level of complexity and various complications, which won't be discussed here.)
When multiple full citations are bundled into single note they can be difficult to distinguish. For this reason some editors prefer to put them in a bulleted list format. Other editors find that objectionable, as it creates sublists within the list of notes. Bundling also thwarts alphabetization (or other sorting) of the sources.
All of this can be resolved very simply: don't put full citations into notes. Put the full citations in a dedicated list in their own section, then use short-cites for in-line citation. Because short-cites are short and succinct (not containing all of the bibliographic data a full citation should have), multiple short-cites can be bundled in a single note with less confusion and crowding. Several problems attributed to "bundling" are more accurately attributed to "bundling of full citations". These problems simply do not arise when bundling short-cites.
The practice and discussion of citation at Wikipedia is greatly impaired by unclear, ambiguous, and conflicting concepts and terms. The definitions offered here carefully distinguish the terms and the concepts they refer to so (if used with a modicum of care) they will mean, to all parties, what is intended, and not what is not intended. It is demonstrated that certain commonly perceived difficulties are readily resolved by adoption of these concepts, and rejection of certain misconceptions.
Undoubtedly some editors will object to parts of these definitions, usually because they want to preserve their own cherished interpretations of these terms. To which can be answered: even at the cost of citation discussions being perpetually at cross-purposes? To make the words mean the same thing to all of us some current meanings (being inherently contradictory) will have to be adjusted. But that need not be traumatic, as these definitions do not require any change in citation practice or "style", [10] or in any policy. The only mandate is to avoid using terms or concepts with which there are demonstrated problems.
combine precisely duplicated full citations" [highlighting added]. That is not well formulated. It is sufficient, and preferable, that a given source have a single full citation. However, it is frequently the case that different editors use the same source but formulate the full citation differently. These will not be "precisely duplicated", but nonetheless they should be merged. On the otherhand, certain tools are used by certain editors to transform every note containing a precisely identical short-cite and page number into a named-ref. That is quite regretable.