Difference between moisture in air and moisture capacity
Global distribution of Vapour-pressure deficit averaged over the years 1981-2010 from the CHELSA-BIOCLIM+ data set[1]
Vapour pressure-deficit, or VPD, is the difference (deficit) between the amount of moisture in the air and how much moisture the air can hold when it is saturated. Once air becomes saturated, water will condense out to form clouds, dew or films of water over leaves. It is this last instance that makes VPD important for
greenhouse regulation. If a film of water forms on a plant leaf, it becomes far more susceptible to rot. On the other hand, as the VPD increases, the plant needs to draw more water from its roots. In the case of
cuttings, the plant may
dry out and die. For this reason the ideal range for VPD in a greenhouse is from 0.45
kPa to 1.25 kPa, ideally sitting at around 0.85 kPa. As a general rule, most plants grow well at VPDs of between 0.8 and 0.95 kPa.[citation needed]
In
ecology, it is the difference between the actual
water vapour pressure and the saturation water vapour pressure at a particular
temperature. Unlike
relative humidity, vapour-pressure deficit has a simple nearly straight-line relationship to the rate of
evapotranspiration and other measures of evaporation.
Computing VPD for plants in a greenhouse
To compute the VPD,[2] we need the ambient (greenhouse) air temperature, the
relative humidity and, if possible, the canopy air temperature. We must then compute the saturation pressure. Saturation pressure can be looked up in a
psychrometric chart or derived from the
Arrhenius equation; a way to compute it directly from temperature is
To convert between Rankine and degrees Fahrenheit:
We compute this pressure for both the ambient and canopy temperatures.
We then can compute the actual
partial pressure of the water vapour in the air by multiplying by the relative humidity [%]:
and finally VPD using or
when the canopy temperature is known.
Or simply
It can easily be seen from this formula that if rises (which raises ), but relative humidity remains constant, will increase.
Climate
VPD can be a limiting factor in plant growth.
Climate change is predicted to increase the importance of VPD in plant growth, and will further limit growth rates across ecosystems.[3][4]
Application in contexts of wildfire
The vapour pressure deficit can be utilized when predicting behaviour of a wildfire. Such predictions are an essential tool of
wildfire suppression.[5]
^Brun, P., Zimmermann, N.E., Hari, C., Pellissier, L., Karger, D.N. (2022): Global climate-related predictors at kilometre resolution for the past and future. Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-212
^Novick, Kimberly A.; Ficklin, Darren L.; Stoy, Paul C.; Williams, Christopher A.; Bohrer, Gil; Oishi, A. Christopher; Papuga, Shirley A.; Blanken, Peter D.; Noormets, Asko; Sulman, Benjamin N.; Scott, Russell L. (2016). "The increasing importance of atmospheric demand for ecosystem water and carbon fluxes". Nature Climate Change. 6 (11): 1023–1027.
Bibcode:
2016NatCC...6.1023N.
doi:
10.1038/nclimate3114.
hdl:10150/622526.
ISSN1758-6798.