Some philosophers, such as Jeremy Bentham, Baruch Spinoza, and Descartes, have hypothesized that the sensations of pain and pleasure are part of a continuum.
There is strong evidence for biological connections between the neurochemical pathways used for the perception of pain and those involved in the perception of pleasure and other psychological rewards.
- Nociceptors, anterolateral and spinothalamic tract system
- Cortical regions
- Definition- pleasure v.s. alleviation of pain
- Taste, olfaction, auditory (musical), visual (art), sexual
- Nucleus accumbens, VTA, amygdala, other cortical and subcortical regions
- amygdala, pallidum, nucleus accumbens [1]
- Dr. Kringelbach's quote (Dr.Morten L. Kringelbach, personal communication, October 24, 2011)
- Leknes and Tracey's view
- Dr. Kringelbach's quote (Dr.Morten L. Kringelbach, personal communication, October 24, 2011)
Leknes and Tracey's explanation of this theory [2]
- Dr. Kringelbach's quote (Dr.Morten L. Kringelbach, personal communication, October 24, 2011)
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3. Berridge, K. C., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2008). "Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals." Psychopharmacology, 199(3), 457-480.
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7. [1]Kringelbach, M. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2010). Pleasures of the Brain. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
8. Kringelbach, M. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2009). "Towards a functional neuroanatomy of pleasure and happiness." Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(11), 479-487.
9. Kumazawa, T. (1998). "Primitivism and plasticity of pain - implication of polymodal receptors." Neuroscience Research, 32(1), 9-31.
10. Lamm, C., Decety, J., & Singer, T. (2011). "Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain." Neuroimage, 54(3), 2492-2502.
11. [2]Leknes, S., Brooks, J. C. W., Wiech, K., & Tracey, I. (2008). "Pain relief as an opponent process: a psychophysical investigation." European Journal of Neuroscience, 28(4), 794-801.
12. Leknes, S., & Tracey, I. (2008). "Science & society - A common neurobiology for pain and pleasure." Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(4), 314-320. Web of Science, Pain and Pleasure.
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14. Ploner, M., Lee, M. C., Wiech, K., Bingel, U., & Tracey, I. (2011). "Flexible Cerebral Connectivity Patterns Subserve Contextual Modulations of Pain." Cerebral Cortex, 21(3), 719-726.
15. Rolls, E. T., O'Doherty, J., Kringelbach, M. L., Francis, S., Bowtell, R., & McGlone, F. (2003). "Representations of pleasant and painful touch in the human orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices." Cerebral Cortex, 13(3), 308-317.
16. Sukel, K. (2011). "The pathways of pleasure." New Scientist, 210(2812), 6-+.
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