The 1912 United States presidential election was the 32nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1912. Former President Theodore Roosevelt, who ran under the banner of the new Progressive or "Bull Moose" Party [1] [2] unseated incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and defeated Democratic challenger Governor Woodrow Wilson.
Roosevelt served as president from 1901 to 1909 as a Republican, and Taft succeeded him with his support. However, Taft's actions as president displeased Roosevelt, and Roosevelt challenged Taft for the party nomination at the 1912 Republican National Convention. When Taft and his conservative allies narrowly prevailed, Roosevelt rallied his progressive supporters and launched a third-party bid. At the Democratic Convention, Wilson won the presidential nomination on the 46th ballot, defeating Speaker of the House Champ Clark and several other candidates with the support of William Jennings Bryan and other progressive Democrats. The Socialist Party renominated its perennial standard-bearer, Eugene V. Debs, who shockingly declined the nomination, citing how Roosevelt is a "true fighter for the working class", helping to pave the way for Theodore Roosevelt's upset win.
The general election was bitterly contested by Roosevelt, Wilson, and Taft. Roosevelt's " New Nationalism" platform called for social insurance programs, reduction to an eight-hour workday, and robust federal regulation of the economy. Wilson's " New Freedom" platform called for tariff reduction, banking reform, and new antitrust regulation. With little chance of victory, Taft conducted a subdued campaign based on his platform of conservatism.
Roosevelt took advantage of Taft's declining popularity, winning 40 states and a large majority of the electoral vote with just 41.8% of the popular vote, the lowest support for any President after 1860. Wilson was the first Democrat to win a presidential election since 1892 and one of just two Democratic presidents to serve between 1861 (the American Civil War) and 1932 (the onset of the Great Depression). Roosevelt finished second with 88 electoral votes and 27% of the popular vote. Taft carried 23% of the national vote and won two states, Vermont and Utah. He was the first Republican to lose the Northern states. With Wilson's decisive victory, he became the first presidential candidate to receive over 400 electoral votes in a presidential election.
Republican President Theodore Roosevelt had declined to run for re-election in 1908 in fulfillment of a pledge to the American people not to seek a third term. [a] Roosevelt had tapped Secretary of War William Howard Taft to become his successor, and Taft defeated William Jennings Bryan in the 1908 general election.
During Taft's administration, a rift developed between Roosevelt and Taft, and they became the leaders of the Republican Party's two wings: progressives led by Roosevelt and conservatives led by Taft. Progressives favored labor restrictions protecting women and children, promoted ecological conservation, and were more sympathetic toward labor unions. They also favored the popular election of federal and state judges over appointment by the President or governors. Conservatives supported high tariffs to encourage domestic production, but favored business leaders over labor unions and were generally opposed to the popular election of judges.
Cracks in the party began to show when Taft supported the Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act in 1909. [3] The Act favored the industrial Northeast and angered the Northwest and South, where demand was strong for tariff reductions. [4] Early in his term, President Taft had promised to stand for a lower tariff bill, but protectionism had been a major policy of the Republican Party since its founding. [5]
Taft also fought against Roosevelt's antitrust policy. [6] While Roosevelt believed some monopolies should be preserved, Taft argued that all monopolies must be broken up. Taft also fired popular conservationist Gifford Pinchot as head of the Bureau of Forestry in 1910. [7] By 1910, the split within the party was deep, and Roosevelt and Taft turned against one another despite their personal friendship. That summer, Roosevelt began a national speaking tour, during which he outlined his progressive philosophy and the New Nationalist platform, which he introduced in a speech in Osawatomie, Kansas on August 31. [8] In the 1910 midterm elections, the Republicans lost 57 seats in the House of Representatives as the Democrats gained a majority for the first time since 1894. These results were a large defeat for the conservative wing of the party. [9] James E. Campbell writes that one cause may have been a large number of progressive voters choosing third-party candidates over conservative Republicans. [10] Nevertheless, Roosevelt continued to reject calls to run for president into the year 1911. In a January letter to newspaper editor William Allen White, he wrote, "I do not think there is one chance in a thousand that it will ever be wise to have me nominated." [11] However, speculation continued, further harming Roosevelt and Taft's relationship. After months of continually increasing support, Roosevelt changed his position, writing to journalist Henry Beach Needham in January 1912 that if the nomination "comes to me as a genuine public movement of course I will accept." [12]
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William Howard Taft | James S. Sherman | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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27th President of the United States(1909–1913) | 27th Vice President of the United States(1909–1912) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Campaign | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
566 Delegates791,425 votes |
Candidates in this section are sorted by number of delegates won in the nomination race | |||
Theodore Roosevelt | Robert La Follette | Albert Cummins | |
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Fmr. President of the United States
from New York (1901–1909) |
U.S. Senator
from Wisconsin (1906–1925) |
U.S. Senator
from Iowa (1908–1926) | |
Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | |
LN: June 22, 1912466 Delegates1,183,238 votes | LN: June 22, 191236 Delegates336,373 votes | LN: June 22, 191210 Delegates0 votes |
For the first time, many convention delegates were elected in presidential preference primaries. Progressive Republicans advocated primary elections as a way of breaking the control of political parties by bosses. Altogether, twelve states held Republican primaries.
Senator Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette won two of the first four primaries (North Dakota and his home state of Wisconsin), but Taft won a major victory in Roosevelt's home state of New York and continued to rack up delegates in more conservative, traditional state conventions.
However, on March 28, Roosevelt issued an ultimatum: if Republicans did not nominate him, he would run as an independent. Beginning with a runaway victory in Illinois on April 9, Roosevelt won nine of the last ten presidential primaries (including Taft's home state of Ohio), losing only Massachusetts. [13]
Taft also had support from the bulk of the Southern Republican organizations. Delegates from the former Confederate states supported Taft by a 5 to 1 margin. These states had voted solidly Democratic in every presidential election since 1880, and Roosevelt objected that they were given one-quarter of the delegates when they would contribute nothing to a Republican victory.
The Republican Convention convened in Chicago from June 18 to 22. In the weeks leading up to the convention, many delegates remained uncommitted to a candidate, but by the time the convention formally opened, Taft had won the support of almost every unbound delegate. [14] Roosevelt accused Taft of stealing votes and attempted to have delegates from Arizona, California, Texas, and Washington — all states supporting Taft — removed from the convention, but he was unsuccessful. [15] The delegates chose Taft supporter Elihu Root to serve as chairman of the convention, a move that signaled that Taft was likely to win the nomination. [16]
Roosevelt broke with tradition and attended the convention, where he was welcomed with great support from voters. [17] Despite Roosevelt's presence in Chicago and his attempts to disqualify Taft supporters, the incumbent ticket of Taft and James S. Sherman was renominated on the first ballot. [18] Sherman was the first sitting vice president re-nominated since John C. Calhoun in 1828. After losing the vote, Roosevelt announced the formation of a new party dedicated "to the service of all the people." [19] This would later come to be known as the Progressive Party. Roosevelt announced that his party would hold its convention in Chicago and that he would accept their nomination if offered. [19] Meanwhile, Taft decided not to campaign before the election beyond his acceptance speech on August 1. [20]
Not since the 1884 election had there been a major schism in the Republican Party, when the Mugwump faction repudiated nominee James G. Blaine and broke with the party. The schism, in which Roosevelt had nearly participated after fighting Blaine's nomination, was a major factor in Blaine's loss to Grover Cleveland.[ citation needed]
Presidential Ballot [21] [22] [23] | |
William Howard Taft | 561 |
---|---|
Theodore Roosevelt | 107 |
Robert M. La Follette | 41 |
Albert B. Cummins | 17 |
Charles Evans Hughes | 2 |
Present, not voting | 344 |
Absent | 6 |
Vice Presidential Ballot | |
James S. Sherman | 596 |
---|---|
William Borah | 21 |
Charles Edward Merriam | 20 |
Herbert S. Hadley | 14 |
Albert J. Beveridge | 2 |
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Woodrow Wilson | Thomas R. Marshall | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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34th Governor of New Jersey(1911–1913) | 27th Governor of Indiana(1909–1913) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Campaign | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BC 122 Delegates
527,296 votes |
Candidates in this section are sorted by number of delegates won in the nomination race | ||||
Champ Clark | Oscar Underwood | Judson Harmon | Eugene Foss | Thomas Marshall |
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Speaker of the Housefrom
Missouri
(1911–1919) |
U.S. Congressman
from Alabama (1897–1915) |
Governorof
Ohio
(1909–1913) |
Governorof
Massachusetts
(1911–1914) |
Governorof
Indiana
(1909–1913) |
Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | |
LN: July 2, 1912423 Delegates427,938 votes | LN: July 2, 191284 Delegates114,947 votes | LN: July 2, 191248 Delegates128,633 votes | LN: July 2, 191236 Delegates0 votes | LN: July 2, 191230 Delegates0 votes |
Simeon Baldwin | John Burke | |||
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Governorof
Connecticut
(1911–1915) |
Governorof
North Dakota
(1907–1913) | |||
Campaign | Campaign | |||
LN: July 2, 191214 Delegates0 votes | LN: July 2, 191210 Delegates9,357 votes |
The Democratic Convention was held in Baltimore from June 25 to July 2.
Initially, the front-runner was Speaker of the House Champ Clark of Missouri. Though Clark received the most votes on early ballots, he was unable to get the two-thirds majority required to win.
Clark's chances were hurt when Tammany Hall, the powerful New York City Democratic political machine, threw its support behind him. The Tammany endorsement caused William Jennings Bryan, three-time Democratic presidential candidate and leader of the party's progressives, to turn against Clark. Bryan shifted his support to reformist Governor of New Jersey Woodrow Wilson and decried Clark as the candidate of Wall Street. Wilson had consistently finished second in balloting.
Wilson had nearly given up hope and was almost freed his delegates to vote for another candidate. Instead, Bryan's defection from Clark to Wilson led many other delegates to do the same. Wilson gradually gained strength while Clark's support dwindled, and Wilson finally received the nomination on the 46th ballot.
Thomas R. Marshall, the Governor of Indiana who had swung Indiana's votes to Wilson, was named Wilson's running mate.
(1-22) | Presidential Ballot | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th | 11th | 12th | 13th | 14th | 15th | 16th | 17th | 18th | 19th | 20th | 21st | 22nd | 23rd | 24th | ||
Wilson | 324 | 339.75 | 345 | 349.5 | 351 | 354 | 352.5 | 351.5 | 352.5 | 350.5 | 354.5 | 354 | 356 | 361 | 362.5 | 362.5 | 362.5 | 361 | 358 | 388.5 | 395.5 | 396.5 | 399 | 402.5 | |
Clark | 440.5 | 446.5 | 441 | 443 | 443 | 445 | 449.5 | 448.5 | 452 | 556 | 554 | 547.5 | 554.5 | 553 | 552 | 551 | 545 | 535 | 532 | 512 | 508 | 500.5 | 497.5 | 496 | |
Harmon | 148 | 141 | 140.5 | 136.5 | 141.5 | 135 | 129.5 | 130 | 127 | 31 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Underwood | 117.5 | 111.25 | 114.5 | 112 | 119.5 | 121 | 123.5 | 123 | 122.5 | 117.5 | 118.5 | 123 | 115.5 | 111 | 110.5 | 112.5 | 112.5 | 125 | 130 | 121.5 | 118.5 | 115 | 114.5 | 115.5 | |
Foss | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 43 | 45 | 43 | |
T. Marshall | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | |
Baldwin | 22 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
W.J. Bryan | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Kern | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
James | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Sulzer | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Gaynor | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Lewis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Blank | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(25–46) | Presidential Ballot | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25th | 26th | 27th | 28th | 29th | 30th | 31st | 32nd | 33rd | 34th | 35th | 36th | 37th | 38th | 39th | 40th | 41st | 42nd | 43rd | 44th | 45th | 46th | Unanimous | |
Wilson | 405 | 407.5 | 406.5 | 437.5 | 436 | 460 | 475.5 | 477.5 | 477.5 | 479.5 | 494.5 | 496.5 | 496.5 | 498.5 | 501.5 | 501.5 | 499.5 | 494 | 602 | 629 | 633 | 990 | 1,088 |
Clark | 469 | 463.5 | 469 | 468.5 | 468.5 | 455 | 446.5 | 446.5 | 447.5 | 447.5 | 433.5 | 434.5 | 432.5 | 425 | 422 | 423 | 424 | 430 | 329 | 306 | 306 | 84 | |
Harmon | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 19 | 17 | 14 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 27 | 25 | 12 | |
Underwood | 108 | 112.5 | 112 | 112.5 | 112 | 121.5 | 116.5 | 119.5 | 103.5 | 101.5 | 101.5 | 98.5 | 100.5 | 106 | 106 | 106 | 106 | 104 | 98.5 | 99 | 97 | 0 | |
Foss | 43 | 43 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 30 | 30 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 0 | |
T. Marshall | 30 | 30 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Baldwin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
W.J. Bryan | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Kern | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
James | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Sulzer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Gaynor | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Lewis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Blank | 0 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Vice Presidential Ballot | |||
1st | 2nd | Unanimous | |
---|---|---|---|
Thomas R. Marshall | 389 | 644.5 | 1,088 |
John Burke | 304.67 | 386.33 | |
George E. Chamberlain | 157 | 12.5 | |
Elmore W. Hurst | 78 | 0 | |
James H. Preston | 58 | 0 | |
Martin J. Wade | 26 | 0 | |
William F. McCombs | 18 | 0 | |
John E. Osborne | 8 | 0 | |
William Sulzer | 3 | 0 | |
Blank | 46.33 | 44.67 |
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Theodore Roosevelt | Hiram Johnson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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26th President of the United States(1901–1909) | 23rd Governor of California(1911–1917) |
Progressives reconvened in Chicago and endorsed the formation of a national Progressive Party. The party was funded by publisher Frank Munsey and businessman George Walbridge Perkins, who served as executive secretary. At their convention on August 5, the new party chose Roosevelt as its presidential nominee and Governor Hiram Johnson from California as his vice presidential running mate.
The Progressives promised to increase federal regulation and protect the welfare of ordinary people. At the convention, Perkins blocked an antitrust plank, shocking reformers who thought of Roosevelt as a true trust-buster.[ citation needed] The delegates to the convention sang the hymn " Onward, Christian Soldiers" as their anthem. In his acceptance speech, Roosevelt compared the coming presidential campaign to the Battle of Armageddon and stated that the Progressives were going to "battle for the Lord."[ citation needed]
Most progressive politicians remained in the Republican Party.
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Eugene V. Debs | Emil Seidel | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Former
Indiana State Senator
(1885–1889) |
36thMayor of Milwaukee
(1910–1912) |
Socialist candidates:
The Socialist Party of America was a highly factionalized coalition of local parties based in industrial cities and rooted in ethnic, especially German and Finnish, communities. It had some support in formerly Populist rural and mining areas in the West, especially Oklahoma. By 1912, the party claimed more than a thousand locally elected officials in 33 states and 160 cities, especially the Midwest. Eugene V. Debs had run for president in 1900, 1904, and 1908, primarily to encourage the local effort, and he did so again in 1912 with little challenge to his nomination. [24]
The party was divided into two main factions. The conservative faction led by Congressman Victor L. Berger of Milwaukee promoted pragmatic democratic reform, fought corruption, and opposed immigration as both a wage suppressant and drain on public resources. The radical faction sought to overthrow capitalism, tried to infiltrate labor unions, and sought to cooperate with the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or "Wobblies"). It supported immigration to increase ranks for the war on capitalism. With few exceptions, the party had weak or nonexistent links to local labor unions.[ citation needed]
Many of these issues had been debated at the First National Congress of the Socialist Party in 1910 and again at the 1912 national convention in Indianapolis. At the convention, the radicals won an early test by seating IWW leader Bill Haywood on the Executive Committee and passed a resolution favoring industrial unionism. Conservatives responded by amending the party constitution to expel any who favored industrial sabotage or syndicalism (both positions of the IWW) and who refused to participate in American elections. The convention adopted a conservative platform calling for the cooperative organization of prisons, a national bureau of health, and the abolition of the Senate and the presidential veto.[ citation needed]
Debs did not attend. He saw his mission as keeping the disparate units together in the hope that someday a common goal would be found.[ citation needed]
Presidential Ballot | |
Eugene V. Debs | 165 |
---|---|
Emil Seidel | 56 |
Charles Edward Russell | 54 |
Vice Presidential Ballot | |
Emil Seidel | 159 |
---|---|
Dan Hogan | 73 |
John W. Slayton | 24 |
The 1912 presidential campaign was bitterly contested.
Roosevelt conducted a vigorous national campaign for the Progressive Party, denouncing the way the Republican nomination had been "stolen". He bundled together his reforms under the rubric of "The New Nationalism" and stumped the country for a strong federal role in regulating the economy and chastising bad corporations.[ citation needed] Roosevelt rallied progressives with speeches denouncing the political establishment. He promised "an expert tariff commission, wholly removed from the possibility of political pressure or of improper business influence." [25]
Wilson supported a policy called " The New Freedom". This policy was based mostly on individualism instead of a strong government.[ citation needed]
Though Wilson's rhetoric paid homage to the traditional skepticism of government and "collectivism" in the Democratic Party, after his election he would embrace some of the progressive reforms which Roosevelt campaigned on.
Taft campaigned quietly and spoke of the need for judges to be more powerful than elected officials. The departure of the progressives left the Republican Party firmly controlled by the conservative wing. Much of the Republican effort was designed to discredit Roosevelt as a dangerous radical, but this had little effect.[ citation needed] Many of the nation's pro-Republican newspapers depicted Roosevelt as an egotist running only to spoil Taft's chances and feed his vanity.[ citation needed]
The Socialists had little funding. Debs' campaign spent only $66,000, mostly on 3.5 million leaflets and travel to locally organized rallies. His biggest event was a speech to 15,000 supporters in New York City. The crowd sang " La Marseillaise" and " The Internationale." Debs's running mate Emil Seidel boasted:
"Only a year ago workingmen were throwing decayed vegetables and rotten eggs at us but now all is changed... Eggs are too high. There is a great giant growing up in this country that will someday take over the affairs of this nation. He is a little giant now but he is growing fast. The name of this little giant is socialism."
Debs insisted that Democrats, Progressives, and Republicans alike were financed by the trusts and that only the Socialists represented labor. He condemned "Injunction Bill Taft" and ridiculed Roosevelt as "a charlatan, mountebank, and fraud, and his Progressive promises and pledges as the mouthings of a low and utterly unprincipled self-seeker and demagogue."
At a campaign stop in Milwaukee on October 14, John Flammang Schrank, a saloonkeeper from New York, shot Roosevelt in the chest. The bullet penetrated his steel eyeglass case and a 50-page single-folded copy of his speech Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual and became lodged in his chest. Schrank was immediately disarmed and captured. [26] Schrank had been stalking Roosevelt. He was demented and said the ghost of President McKinley ordered him to kill Roosevelt to prevent a third term. [27]
Roosevelt shouted for Schrank to remain unharmed and assured the crowd he was all right, then ordered police to take charge of Schrank and ensure no violence was done to him. [28] Roosevelt, an experienced hunter and anatomist, correctly concluded that since he was not coughing blood, the bullet had not reached his lung. He declined suggestions to go to the hospital and instead delivered his scheduled speech with blood seeping into his shirt. [29] His opening comments to the gathered crowd were, "Ladies and gentlemen, I don't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot, but it takes more than that to kill a bull moose." He spoke for 90 minutes before completing his speech and accepting medical attention. [30] [31]
Afterward, probes and an x-ray showed that the bullet had lodged in Roosevelt's chest muscle, but did not penetrate the pleura. Doctors concluded that it would be less dangerous to leave it in place than to attempt to remove it, and Roosevelt carried the bullet with him for the rest of his life. [32] [33]
Taft was not campaigning and focused on his presidential duties. Wilson briefly suspended his campaigning. By October 17, Wilson was back on the campaign trail but avoided any criticism of Roosevelt or his party. [34] He spent two weeks recuperating before returning to the campaign trail with a major speech on October 30, designed to reassure his supporters he was strong enough for the presidency. [35]
On October 30, 1912, Vice President James S. Sherman died, leaving Taft without a running mate less than a week before the election. Nicholas M. Butler, president of Columbia University, was hastily chosen to replace Sherman as the Republican vice-presidential candidate. [36]
On November 5, Wilson captured the presidency handily by carrying a record 40 states.
As of 2024, this is the only presidential election since 1860 in which either 4 candidates received more than 5% of the popular vote or a third-party candidate outperformed a Republican or Democrat in the general election. Wilson won the presidency with a lower percentage of the popular vote than any candidate since Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Taft's result remains the worst performance for any incumbent president, both in terms of electoral votes (8) and share of popular votes (23.17%). His 8 electoral votes remain the fewest by a Republican or Democrat, matched by Alf Landon's 1936 campaign.
Presidential candidate | Party | Home state | Popular vote | Electoral vote |
Running mate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | Percentage | Vice-presidential candidate | Home state | Electoral vote | ||||
Thomas Woodrow Wilson | Democratic | New Jersey | 6,296,284 | 41.84% | 435 | Thomas Riley Marshall | Indiana | 435 |
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. | Progressive | New York | 4,122,721 | 27.40% | 88 | Hiram Warren Johnson | California | 88 |
William Howard Taft (Incumbent) | Republican | Ohio | 3,486,242 | 23.17% | 8 | Nicholas Murray Butler | New York | 8 |
Eugene Victor Debs | Socialist | Indiana | 901,551 | 5.99% | 0 | Emil Seidel | Wisconsin | 0 |
Eugene Wilder Chafin | Prohibition | Arizona | 208,156 | 1.38% | 0 | Aaron Sherman Watkins | Ohio | 0 |
Arthur Elmer Reimer | Socialist Labor | Massachusetts | 29,324 | 0.19% | 0 | August Gillhaus | New York | 0 |
Other | 4,556 | 0.03% | — | Other | — | |||
Total | 15,048,834 | 100% | 531 | 531 | ||||
Needed to win | 266 | 266 |
Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1912 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 28, 2005.
Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.
Wilson's raw vote total was less than William Jennings Bryan totaled in any of his three campaigns. [37] In only two regions, New England and the Pacific, was Wilson's vote greater than the greatest Bryan vote. [38]
The 1912 election was the first to include all 48 of the current contiguous United States.
Few states were carried by any candidate with a majority of the popular vote. Wilson won a majority in the eleven former Confederate states. Only South Dakota, where Taft did not appear on the ballot, gave Roosevelt a majority. Taft won only two states, Vermont and Utah, each with a plurality. [37]
This was the first time since 1852 that Iowa, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Rhode Island voted for a Democrat, and the first time in history that Massachusetts voted Democratic.
Democrats would not win Maine again until 1964, Connecticut and Delaware until 1936, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wisconsin until 1932, and Massachusetts and Rhode Island until 1928. Additionally, it was the last time until 1932 that the Republicans failed to win Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and South Dakota.
States/districts won by Wilson/ Marshall |
States/districts won by Roosevelt/ Johnson |
States/districts won by Taft/ Butler |
Woodrow Wilson
Democratic |
Theodore Roosevelt
Progressive |
William H. Taft
Republican |
Eugene V. Debs
Socialist |
Eugene Chafin
Prohibition |
Arthur Reimer
Socialist Labor |
Margin | State Total | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State | electoral
votes |
# | % | electoral
votes |
# | % | electoral
votes |
# | % | electoral
votes |
# | % | electoral
votes |
# | % | electoral
votes |
# | % | electoral
votes |
# | % | # | |
Alabama | 12 | 82,438 | 69.89 | 12 | 30,612 | 26.15 | - | 4,904 | 4.16 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 59,758 | 50.66 | 117,959 | AL |
Arizona | 3 | 10,324 | 43.52 | - | 11,622 | 48.99 | 3 | 1,511 | 6.37 | - | - | - | - | 265 | 1.12 | - | - | - | - | 3,375 | 14.23 | 23,722 | AZ |
Arkansas | 9 | 68,814 | 55.01 | 9 | 42,589 | 34.09 | - | 12,793 | 10.23 | - | - | - | - | 908 | 0.73 | - | - | - | - | 43,229 | 34.55 | 125,104 | AR |
California | 13 | 283,436 | 41.81 | - | 364,768 | 53.51 | 13 | 1,957 | 0.29 | - | - | - | - | 23,366 | 3.45 | - | - | - | - | -174 | -0.03 | 673,527 | CA |
Colorado | 6 | 114,232 | 42.80 | - | 117,917 | 44.18 | 6 | 29,193 | 10.94 | - | - | - | - | 5,063 | 1.90 | - | 475 | 0.18 | - | 41,926 | 15.71 | 266,880 | CO |
Connecticut | 7 | 74,561 | 39.16 | - | 78,347 | 41.14 | 7 | 34,162 | 17.94 | - | - | - | - | 2,068 | 1.09 | - | 1,260 | 0.66 | - | 6,237 | 3.28 | 190,398 | CT |
Delaware | 3 | 22,631 | 46.48 | 3 | 17,441 | 35.81 | - | 7,999 | 16.43 | - | - | - | - | 623 | 1.28 | - | - | - | - | 6,633 | 13.62 | 48,694 | DE |
Florida | 6 | 35,343 | 69.52 | 6 | 11,500 | 22.62 | - | 2,140 | 4.21 | - | - | - | - | 1,854 | 3.65 | - | - | - | - | 30,537 | 60.07 | 50,837 | FL |
Georgia | 14 | 93,087 | 76.63 | 14 | 25,638 | 21.10 | - | 2,596 | 2.14 | - | - | - | - | 149 | 0.12 | - | - | - | - | 71,102 | 58.53 | 121,470 | GA |
Idaho | 4 | 33,921 | 32.08 | 4 | 53,892 | 50.96 | - | 16,405 | 15.51 | - | - | - | - | 1,536 | 1.45 | - | - | - | - | 1,111 | 1.05 | 105,754 | ID |
Illinois | 29 | 405,048 | 35.34 | 29 | 597,552 | 51.87 | - | 126,797 | 11.07 | - | - | - | - | 15,710 | 1.37 | - | 4,066 | 0.35 | - | 18,570 | 1.62 | 1,146,173 | IL |
Indiana | 15 | 281,890 | 43.07 | 15 | 274,571 | 41.94 | - | 75,634 | 11.56 | - | - | - | - | 19,249 | 2.94 | - | 3,130 | 0.48 | - | 119,883 | 18.32 | 654,474 | IN |
Iowa | 13 | 185,325 | 37.64 | 13 | 238,688 | 48.48 | - | 59,903 | 12.17 | - | - | - | - | 8,440 | 1.71 | - | - | - | - | 23,506 | 4.77 | 492,356 | IA |
Kansas | 10 | 143,663 | 39.30 | 10 | 120,210 | 32.88 | - | 74,845 | 20.47 | - | 26,779 | 7.33 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 23,453 | 6.42 | 365,497 | KS |
Kentucky | 13 | 219,484 | 48.48 | 13 | 101,766 | 22.48 | - | 115,510 | 25.52 | - | 11,646 | 2.57 | - | 3,253 | 0.72 | - | 1,055 | 0.23 | - | 103,974 | 22.97 | 452,714 | KY |
Louisiana | 10 | 60,871 | 76.81 | 10 | 9,283 | 11.71 | - | 3,833 | 4.84 | - | 5,261 | 6.64 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 51,588 | 65.10 | 79,248 | LA |
Maine | 6 | 51,113 | 39.43 | 6 | 48,495 | 37.41 | - | 26,545 | 20.48 | - | 2,541 | 1.96 | - | 946 | 0.73 | - | - | - | - | 2,618 | 2.02 | 129,640 | ME |
Maryland | 8 | 112,674 | 48.57 | 8 | 57,789 | 24.91 | - | 54,956 | 23.69 | - | 3,996 | 1.72 | - | 2,244 | 0.97 | - | 322 | 0.14 | - | 54,885 | 23.66 | 231,981 | MD |
Massachusetts | 18 | 173,408 | 35.53 | 18 | 142,228 | 29.14 | - | 155,948 | 31.95 | - | 12,616 | 2.58 | - | 2,754 | 0.56 | - | 1,102 | 0.23 | - | 17,460 | 3.58 | 488,056 | MA |
Michigan | 15 | 150,751 | 27.36 | - | 214,584 | 38.95 | 15 | 152,244 | 27.63 | - | 23,211 | 4.21 | - | 8,934 | 1.62 | - | 1,252 | 0.23 | - | -62,340 | -11.31 | 550,976 | MI |
Minnesota | 12 | 106,426 | 31.84 | - | 125,856 | 37.66 | 12 | 64,334 | 19.25 | - | 27,505 | 8.23 | - | 7,886 | 2.36 | - | 2,212 | 0.66 | - | -19,430 | -5.81 | 334,219 | MN |
Mississippi | 10 | 57,324 | 88.90 | 10 | 3,549 | 5.50 | - | 1,560 | 2.42 | - | 2,050 | 3.18 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 53,775 | 83.39 | 64,483 | MS |
Missouri | 18 | 330,746 | 47.35 | 18 | 124,375 | 17.80 | - | 207,821 | 29.75 | - | 28,466 | 4.07 | - | 5,380 | 0.77 | - | 1,778 | 0.25 | - | 122,925 | 17.60 | 698,566 | MO |
Montana | 4 | 27,941 | 35.00 | 4 | 22,456 | 28.13 | - | 18,512 | 23.19 | - | 10,885 | 13.64 | - | 32 | 0.04 | - | - | - | - | 5,485 | 6.87 | 79,826 | MT |
Nebraska | 8 | 109,008 | 43.69 | 8 | 72,681 | 29.13 | - | 54,226 | 21.74 | - | 10,185 | 4.08 | - | 3,383 | 1.36 | - | - | - | - | 36,327 | 14.56 | 249,483 | NE |
Nevada | 3 | 7,986 | 39.70 | 3 | 5,620 | 27.94 | - | 3,196 | 15.89 | - | 3,313 | 16.47 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2,366 | 11.76 | 20,115 | NV |
New Hampshire | 4 | 34,724 | 39.48 | 4 | 17,794 | 20.23 | - | 32,927 | 37.43 | - | 1,981 | 2.25 | - | 535 | 0.61 | - | - | - | - | 1,797 | 2.04 | 87,961 | NH |
New Jersey | 14 | 178,289 | 41.20 | 14 | 145,410 | 33.60 | - | 88,835 | 20.53 | - | 15,948 | 3.69 | - | 2,936 | 0.68 | - | 1,321 | 0.31 | - | 32,879 | 7.60 | 432,739 | NJ |
New Mexico | 3 | 20,437 | 41.39 | 3 | 8,347 | 16.90 | - | 17,733 | 35.91 | - | 2,859 | 5.79 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2,704 | 5.48 | 49,376 | NM |
New York | 45 | 655,573 | 41.27 | 45 | 390,093 | 24.56 | - | 455,487 | 28.68 | - | 63,434 | 3.99 | - | 19,455 | 1.22 | - | 4,273 | 0.27 | - | 200,086 | 12.60 | 1,588,315 | NY |
North Carolina | 12 | 144,407 | 59.24 | 12 | 69,135 | 28.36 | - | 29,129 | 11.95 | - | 987 | 0.40 | - | 118 | 0.05 | - | - | - | - | 75,272 | 30.88 | 243,776 | NC |
North Dakota | 5 | 29,555 | 34.14 | 5 | 25,726 | 29.71 | - | 23,090 | 26.67 | - | 6,966 | 8.05 | - | 1,243 | 1.44 | - | - | - | - | 3,829 | 4.42 | 86,580 | ND |
Ohio | 24 | 424,834 | 40.96 | 24 | 229,807 | 22.16 | - | 278,168 | 26.82 | - | 90,144 | 8.69 | - | 11,511 | 1.11 | - | 2,630 | 0.25 | - | 146,666 | 14.14 | 1,037,094 | OH |
Oklahoma | 10 | 119,156 | 46.95 | 10 | - | - | - | 90,786 | 35.77 | - | 41,674 | 16.42 | - | 2,185 | 0.86 | - | - | - | - | 28,370 | 11.18 | 253,801 | OK |
Oregon | 5 | 47,064 | 34.34 | 5 | 37,600 | 27.44 | - | 34,673 | 25.30 | - | 13,343 | 9.74 | - | 4,360 | 3.18 | - | - | - | - | 9,464 | 6.91 | 137,040 | OR |
Pennsylvania | 38 | 395,637 | 32.49 | - | 444,894 | 36.53 | 38 | 273,360 | 22.45 | - | 83,614 | 6.87 | - | 19,525 | 1.60 | - | 706 | 0.06 | - | -49,257 | -4.04 | 1,217,736 | PA |
Rhode Island | 5 | 30,412 | 39.04 | 5 | 16,878 | 21.67 | - | 27,703 | 35.56 | - | 2,049 | 2.63 | - | 616 | 0.79 | - | 236 | 0.30 | - | 2,709 | 3.48 | 77,894 | RI |
South Carolina | 9 | 48,357 | 95.94 | 9 | 1,293 | 2.57 | - | 536 | 1.06 | - | 164 | 0.33 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 47,064 | 93.37 | 50,350 | SC |
South Dakota | 5 | 48,942 | 42.07 | - | 58,811 | 50.56 | 5 | - | - | - | 4,662 | 4.01 | - | 3,910 | 3.36 | - | - | - | - | -9,869 | -8.48 | 116,325 | SD |
Tennessee | 12 | 133,021 | 52.80 | 12 | 54,041 | 21.45 | - | 60,475 | 24.00 | - | 3,564 | 1.41 | - | 832 | 0.33 | - | - | - | - | 72,546 | 28.80 | 251,933 | TN |
Texas | 20 | 221,589 | 72.62 | 20 | 28,853 | 9.46 | - | 26,755 | 8.77 | - | 25,743 | 8.44 | - | 1,738 | 0.57 | - | 442 | 0.14 | - | 192,736 | 63.17 | 305,120 | TX |
Utah | 4 | 36,579 | 32.55 | - | 24,174 | 21.51 | - | 42,100 | 37.46 | 4 | 9,023 | 8.03 | - | - | - | - | 510 | 0.45 | - | -5,521 | -4.91 | 112,386 | UT |
Vermont | 4 | 15,354 | 24.43 | - | 22,132 | 35.22 | - | 23,332 | 37.13 | 4 | 928 | 1.48 | - | 1,095 | 1.74 | - | - | - | - | -1,200 | -1.91 | 62,841 | VT |
Virginia | 12 | 90,332 | 65.95 | 12 | 21,776 | 15.90 | - | 23,288 | 17.00 | - | 820 | 0.60 | - | 709 | 0.52 | - | 50 | 0.04 | - | 67,044 | 48.95 | 136,975 | VA |
Washington | 7 | 86,840 | 26.90 | - | 113,698 | 35.22 | 7 | 70,445 | 21.82 | - | 40,134 | 12.43 | - | 9,810 | 3.04 | - | 1,872 | 0.58 | - | -26,858 | -8.32 | 322,799 | WA |
West Virginia | 8 | 113,197 | 42.11 | 8 | 79,112 | 29.43 | - | 56,754 | 21.11 | - | 15,248 | 5.67 | - | 4,517 | 1.68 | - | - | - | - | 34,085 | 12.68 | 268,828 | WV |
Wisconsin | 13 | 164,230 | 41.06 | 13 | 62,448 | 15.61 | - | 130,596 | 32.65 | - | 33,476 | 8.37 | - | 8,584 | 2.15 | - | 632 | 0.16 | - | 33,634 | 8.41 | 399,966 | WI |
Wyoming | 3 | 15,310 | 36.20 | 3 | 9,232 | 21.83 | - | 14,560 | 34.42 | - | 2,760 | 6.53 | - | 434 | 1.03 | - | - | - | - | 750 | 1.77 | 42,296 | WY |
TOTALS: | 531 | 6,296,284 | 41.84 | 435 | 4,122,721 | 27.40 | 88 | 3,486,242 | 23.17 | 8 | 901,551 | 5.99 | - | 208,156 | 1.38 | - | 29,324 | 0.19 | - | 2,173,563 | 14.44 | 15,044,278 | US |
Margin of victory less than 1% (13 electoral votes):
Margin of victory less than 5% (142 electoral votes):
Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (73 electoral votes):
Tipping point state:
In a plurality of 1,396 counties, no candidate obtained a majority. [39]
Wilson won 1,969 counties but held a majority in only 1,237, less than Bryan had had in any of his campaigns. [38]
"Other(s)", mostly Roosevelt, won a plurality in 772 counties and a majority in 305 counties. Most of them in Pennsylvania (48), Illinois (33), Michigan (68), Minnesota (75), Iowa (49), South Dakota (54), Nebraska (32), Kansas (51), Washington (38), and California (44).
Debs carried four counties: Lake and Beltrami in Minnesota, Burke in North Dakota, and Crawford in Kansas. These are the only counties ever to vote for the Socialist presidential nominee.
Taft won a plurality in only 232 counties and a majority in only 35. In addition to South Dakota and California, where there was no Taft ticket, Taft carried no counties in Maine, New Jersey, Minnesota, Nevada, Arizona, and seven " Solid South" states. [38]
Nine counties did not record any votes due to either black disenfranchisement or being inhabited only by Native Americans, who would not gain full citizenship for twelve more years.
As of 2024, 1912 remains the last election in which the key Indiana counties of Hamilton and Hendricks, along with Walworth County, Wisconsin, Pulaski and Laurel Counties in Kentucky and Hawkins County, Tennessee have given a plurality to the Democratic candidate. [40]
Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)
Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Progressive)
Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)
Counties with the Highest Percent of Vote (Socialist; incomplete)
Results of various cities within the top 100 municipalities by the 1910 United States Census.
City | ST | Wilson | Taft | Roosevelt | Debs | Others | Totals |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
San Francisco | CA | 48,953 | 65 | 38,610 | 12,354 | 1,166 | 101,148 |
Oakland | CA | 11,210 | 0 | 14,221 | 1,549 | 525 | 27,505 |
Denver | CO | 26,690 | 8,155 | 25,154 | 2,750 | 764 | 63,513 |
Bridgeport | CT | 5,870 | 4,625 | 3,654 | 1,511 | 284 | 15,944 |
Hartford | CT | 7,481 | 6,396 | 2,467 | 849 | 258 | 17,451 |
New Haven | CT | 8,946 | 7,291 | 3,252 | 1,696 | 442 | 21,627 |
Waterbury | CT | 4,440 | 3,261 | 1,675 | 787 | 212 | 10,375 |
Des Moines | IA | 6,005 | 3,669 | 6,432 | |||
Chicago | IL | 124,297 | 71,030 | 150,290 | 53,743 | 2,806 | 402,166 |
Ft. Wayne | IN | 4,892 | 1,896 | 2,793 | |||
Indianapolis | IN | 18,306 | 8,722 | 9,693 | |||
New Orleans | LA | 26,433 | 904 | 5,692 | |||
Boston | MA | 43,065 | 21,427 | 21,533 | 1,818 | 428 | 88,271 |
Cambridge | MA | 6,667 | 3,362 | 3,403 | 192 | 68 | 13,692 |
Fall River | MA | 5,160 | 4,224 | 3,453 | 219 | 256 | 13,312 |
Lowell | MA | 5,459 | 3,034 | 3,783 | 170 | 82 | 12,528 |
Lynn | MA | 4,595 | 4,144 | 4,764 | 583 | 178 | 14,264 |
New Bedford | MA | 3,290 | 4,177 | 1,905 | 626 | 98 | 10,096 |
Somerville | MA | 4,062 | 3,757 | 4,072 | 176 | 78 | 12,145 |
Springfield | MA | 4,375 | 5,167 | 3,161 | 555 | 58 | 13,316 |
Worcester | MA | 6,049 | 10,532 | 4,818 | 230 | 140 | 21,769 |
Baltimore | MD | 48,030 | 15,597 | 33,679 | 1,763 | 253 | 99,322 |
Portland | ME | 4,242 | 2,776 | 3,305 | 197 | 58 | 10,578 |
Kansas City | MO | 26,954 | 4,646 | 20,894 | 1,470 | 465 | 54,429 |
St. Louis | MO | 58,845 | 46,509 | 24,746 | 9,159 | 1,068 | 140,327 |
Manchester | NH | 4,502 | 4,022 | 2,165 | 520 | 35 | 11,244 |
Bayonne | NJ | 3,717 | 1,184 | 2,552 | |||
Camden | NJ | 6,895 | 5,517 | 4,707 | |||
Elizabeth | NJ | 5,139 | 1,900 | 3,953 | |||
Jersey City | NJ | 21,069 | 4,070 | 11,986 | |||
Newark | NJ | 14,031 | 10,780 | 19,721 | |||
Paterson | NJ | 7,437 | 3,007 | 7,223 | |||
Trenton | NJ | 5,146 | 3,898 | 4,753 | |||
Buffalo | NY | 26,192 | 14,433 | 20,769 | |||
New York City | NY | 312,426 | 126,582 | 188,896 | 33,239 | 2,730 | 663,873 |
Rochester | NY | 13,430 | 12,230 | 11,102 | 2,593 | 636 | 39,991 |
Yonkers | NY | 5,533 | 4,056 | 4,536 | 354 | 49 | 14,528 |
Cincinnati | OH | 31,221 | 30,588 | 9,970 | 6,520 | 401 | 78,700 |
Allentown | PA | 4,627 | 1,224 | 3,475 | 686 | 59 | 10,071 |
Erie | PA | 3,407 | 2,378 | 1,898 | 1,464 | 140 | 9,287 |
Philadelphia | PA | 66,308 | 91,944 | 82,963 | 9,784 | 691 | 251,690 |
Pittsburgh | PA | 17,352 | 14,658 | 25,394 | 8,498 | 534 | 66,436 |
Reading | PA | 6,130 | 1,657 | 6,719 | 2,800 | 83 | 17,389 |
Scranton | PA | 6,193 | 1,817 | 7,971 | 564 | 214 | 16,759 |
Wilkes-Barre | PA | 2,905 | 1,178 | 3,951 | 219 | 47 | 8,300 |
Salt Lake City | UT | 7,488 | 8,964 | 6,587 | 2,498 | ||
Norfolk | VA | 3,539 | 195 | 451 | 33 | 10 | 4,228 |
Richmond | VA | 5,636 | 405 | 483 | 91 | 12 | 6,627 |
Milwaukee | WI | 24,501 | 15,092 | 5,127 | 17,708 | 511 | 62,939 |
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