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Brain Anatomy

The central nervous system is composed of the forebrain (cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus), midbrain, hindbrain (pons, cerebellum, medulla), and the spinal cord (not part of the brain).

Cortex

• Folded for increased surface area - gyri are the bulges, sulci are the grooves inward
• Only half a cm thick!
• Divided into 4 lobes:

Longitudinal fissure divides hemispheres

Central sulcus divides frontal/parietal

Lateral (aka Sylvian) fissure divides temporal from frontal/parietal

Parieto-occipital sulcus divides occipital from parietal/temporal

In terms of brain slicing:

• Horizontal slice is transverse (parallel to floor)
• Shoulder to shoulder slice is coronal (like a tiara/crown)
• Nose to back slice is sagittal
• Looking at side outside: lateral
• Looking at side inside: medial (mid-sagittal typically)

In terms of anatomical location:

• Superior is toward scalp (opposite is inferior)
• Anterior (ventral) is toward nose (opposite is posterior aka dorsal)

Frontal Lobe

Involved with executive control

Prefrontal Cortex

Precentral gyrus (Motor cortex)

Parietal Lobe

Integrates sensory information from various modalities (particularly in regards to space). End location of dorsal (where) pathway in visual system. Parafoveal info and orientation. Can test this area using landmark test.

Landmark Task: Damage to posterior parietal causes impairment on landmark discrimination. Monkeys had to choose the covered foodwell closer to a tall cylinder (aka the landmark), which is positioned randomly.

Postcentral Gyrus aka S1 (or somatosensory cortex)

Area of sensory receptors, like temperature, tactile perception, pain, and other sensory modalities like proprioception.

Parietal-occipital Cortex

Involved with implicit memory (along with limbic system and striatum)

Inferior Parietal

Space-based attention is located in inferior parietal

Temporal Lobe

Medial temporal

Includes a system of anatomically related structures that are essential for declarative memory (LTM).

Superior Temporal Gyrus

Wernicke's area: Involved with comprehension of language.

Object-based attention is involved in STG.

Occipital Lobe

Involved with

Basal ganglia

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Midbrain

Pons

Cerebellum

Medulla

Spinal Cord

Processing

Vision

Attention

Can be either object-based or space-based. Although they are not mutually exclusive possibilities.

Space-based

Is like a spotlight (purely spatial representation of visual field) ( inferior parietal lobe)

Posner Cueing task: Cue above fixation of an arrow pointing left, right, or both. White target of fixation appears either to the left or right. ERP variant shows that attention modulates neural response despite physical stimulus staying the same, in which they are told to pay attention to either left or right side (still fixate center). More response to bar appearing in attended side.

Object-based

Involves preattentive segmentation of the visual scene ( superior temporal gyrus)

Patients with neglect may copy images uniformly throughout visual field but only the right side of all objects

Duncan (1984): Outline box with another line superimposed across is presented, followed by mask. The box and line both had two possible properties, and subjects--when asked to judge two properties of same object--were much better in performance than for discerning a property of both box and line.

Egly (1994): Wanted to make clear whether both space and object-based attention can apply in the same situation. They used a modified spatial precuing paradigm. To measure space-based, they cued to one location within object and examined performance difference for the cued part of that object versus uncued part of same object. To measure object-based, the target might appear in either same or different object while being equally spaced apart.

Hearing

Speech

Aphasia

Aphasia is the loss of ability to understand or express speech (tan tan tan).

Broca's aphasia: Inability in speech production

Wernicke's aphasia: Involved with comprehension of language. Aphasia here involves words making no sense and no syntax, but would sound fine to someone who does not comprehend the language the patient is trying to speak.

Memory

LTM

Declarative (explicit) Memory

Episodic Memory

Semantic Memory

Implicit (nondeclarative) Memory

Procedural Memory

Perceptual Priming

Classical Conditioning

Nonassociative Learning

STM

Brain Scanning

Temporal Spatial

fMRI

Other Findings/Research