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It comes from Latin word scire meaning “to know”. It is accumulated and systematized learning. It is a combination of both processes and products. The processes of science are scientific attitudes and scientific methods of inquiry whereas the products are the accumulated and systematized bodies of knowledge.
Greeks were probably the first to “create” science when they used deductive thinking in the investigation of phenomena. In fact, Thales of Miletus (640-546 B.C.), a Greek philosopher, astronomer, and engineer, originated the science of deductive geometry which was later developed and systematized by Euclid.
This is an applied science. Techno comes from a Greek word referring to art and skill. Another Greek origin of technology is technologia, meaning “systematic treatment”.
Technology is older than science. When human being first fashioned tools from rocks to cope with their environment, which was technology in the primitive form. Our ancestors drank wine even before the process of fermentation was understood, Cleopatra, a Roman queen, used cosmetics and bathed in milk even before the science of cosmetology was known and developed.
Science belonged to the philosopher. Technology belonged to the tanners, millers, and silversmiths.
Science and technology greatly influenced human activities. Advances in communications like fax machines and cellular telephones. In transport systems like supersonic transport (SST) and bullet trains led to greater mobility. In medicine like organ transplants led to longer life expectancy.
Simply put, technology improved our standards of living, health, transportation systems, communications, etc. However, if abused, technology can also prove harmful. For example, it can cause environmental degradation. Its by-products can pollute and destroy the ecological balance of nature. So, we must not abuse the use of science and technology.
“What man has destroyed, man can repair”, it may eventually prove overoptimistic.
It is a branch of science. Chemistry is the “central science”, it is necessary to understand the other science. Chemistry is the study of matter-it’s composition, structure, properties, transformation from one form to another, and the energy that accompanies its transformations.
The Systeme International d’ Unite, or SI (system of units), is adopted all over the world. It is simple and convenient to use since all units are based on multiples of 10. The SI system is a modified form of metric system.
Table 1-1: Prefixes SI Prefixes.
Prefix Symbol Multiplier
exa E 〖10〗^18
deci d 〖10〗^(-1)
peta P 〖10〗^(15)
*centi c 〖10〗^(-2)
tera T 〖10〗^(12)
*milli m 〖10〗^(-3)
giga G 〖10〗^(9)
*micro µ 〖10〗^(-6)
mega M 〖10〗^(-1)
nano n 〖10〗^(-9)
kilo k 〖10〗^(3)
pico p 〖10〗^(-12)
hecto h 〖10〗^(2)
femto f 〖10〗^(-15)
deka da 〖10〗^(1)
atto a 〖10〗^(-18)
1. Kilometer (km) is used to measure long distances
2. Centimeter (cm) is used for short distances.
1. Cubic meter (m^3)
2. Liter (L) and milliliter (mL) – non-SI units, commonly used units of volume.
3. Cubic centimeter (cc or 〖cm〗^3) – has the same volume as a milliliter.
1. Kilogram (kg)
1. Second (s)
2. Hour (hr)
3. Minute (min)
1. Kelvin (K) – named after the British scientist William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs.
2. Degree Celsius (℃)
3. Degree Fahrenheit (℉) – formerly degree centigrade.
Boiling point of water 100 ℃ 212℉ 373 K
Freezing point of water 0℃ 32℉ 273 K
Absolute Zero -273℃ 459 ℉ 0 K
Equations:
No measurement is exact. Uncertainty exists in all measurements. When numbers are obtained from measurements, the number of digits given depends on the limits of accuracy of the measuring instruments used.
In dealing with numbers obtained from measurements, the following rules are applied:
Scientists often deal with very small or very large numbers. For convenience in calculation, you can transform these numbers into scientific notation. Scientific notation is a combination of two numbers. The first number is a decimal number between 1 and 10. This is followed by a multiplication sign (x). The second number, called exponent, is a power of 10 then followed by the unit needed.
Example:
It is derived from an existing relationship between two units of measurement. It is written or expressed in fraction form having a numerator and denominator. It is used to produce the desired cancellation of unit.
Unit sought for = unit given x conversion factor
Example:
Density is the mass of a unit volume of a sample. It can be calculated by dividing the total mass of the sample by its volume.
Among the equipment and apparatus you will use in the laboratory are the following:
> may be used as containers because most chemicals do not react with glass.
1. Beaker - a simple container for stirring, mixing and heating liquids commonly used in many laboratories.
2. Buret - use for burets is in titrations.
3. Erlenmeyer Flask - used in chemistry labs for titration.
4. Florence Flask - used as a container to hold liquids.
5. Graduated Cylinder - used to measure the volume of a liquid.
6. Pipet - used in chemistry, biology and medicine to transport a measured volume of liquid.
7. Test Tubes - widely used by chemists to hold, mix, or heat small quantities of solid or liquid chemicals, especially for qualitative experiments and assays.
8. Stirring Rod - used to mix chemicals and liquids for laboratory purposes.
9. Reagent Bottles - are containers made of glass, plastic, borosilicate or related substances, and topped by special caps or stoppers and are intended to contain chemicals in liquid or powder form for laboratories and stored in cabinets or on shelves.
10. Crucible - used for metal, glass, and pigment production as well as a number of modern laboratory processes.
11. Filter Funnel - used for separating solids from liquids via the laboratory process of filtering.
12. Mortar and Pestel - used for crushing and grinding.
13. Evaporating Dish - used to evaporate excess solvents, most commonly water - to produce a concentrated solution or a solid precipitate of the dissolved substance.
14. Thermometer - measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles.
15. Wash Bottle - used to rinse various pieces of laboratory glassware, such as test tubes and round bottom flasks.
16. Watch Glass - used in chemistry as a surface to evaporate a liquid, to hold solids while being weighed, or as a cover for a beaker.
17. Clay Triangle - used for supporting crucibles when they are heated.
18. Crucible Tongs - used to take crucibles out of fire.
19. Spatula - uses a laboratory spatula to mix solutions and scoop materials.
20. Iron Ring - used in chemistry labs to stabilize flasks mounted to a ring stand.
21. Iron Stand - supports the iron ring when heating substances or mixtures in a flask or beaker.
22. Test tube Brush - used for cleaning the bottom and inner side of the test tubes
23. Test tube Holder - to hold test tubes during various experiments.
24. Test tube Rack - used to hold test tubes, and sometimes pipettes, that contain chemicals that are awaiting further action.
25. Tripod - this stand is often use in chemistry, biology and physics laboratory experiments that usually involves burning or having some objects under the flame.
26. Wire Gauze - it prevents the heat of the apparatus directly. The circle thing on the wire gauze ensures that the heat is spread everywhere
27. Alcohol Lamp - used to heat objects in laboratories as well as in the repairing of pens and also used to provide light.
28. Bunsen Burner - used for heating, sterilization, and combustion.
29. Platform Balance - used to weigh things. Use the links to discover more information and to see images of the device.
30. Triple-beam Balance - used to measure masses very precisely; the reading error is 0.05 gram.