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The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States,^[1] indirectly elected to a four-year term via the Electoral College.^[2] The officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.^[3] Since the office was established in 1789, 45 men have served in 46 presidencies. The first president, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College.^[4] Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is therefore counted as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, giving rise to the discrepancy between the number of presidencies and the number of individuals who have served as president.^[5]

The presidency of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in 1841, was the shortest in American history.^[6] Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.^[7] Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.^[8]

Four presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated ( Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy), and one resigned ( Richard Nixon, facing impeachment and removal from office).^[9] John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his own administration.^[10]

Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, political factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.^[11] Concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party.^[12]

The incumbent president is Joe Biden, who assumed office on January 20, 2021.^[13]

Presidents

List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.^[a]	Name (Birth–Death)	Term^[14]		Election	Vice President^[16]
1	George Washington (1732–1799) ^[17]	April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797	Unaffiliated	1788–1789 1792-1793	Henry Lee III
2	Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) ^[18]	March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1809	National	1796–1797 1800-1801	Henry Lee III
3	Henry Lee III (1756–1818) ^[19]	March 4, 1813 – March 4, 1817	Constitutional	1804-1805 1808-1809	Samuel Ashe
4	Henry Dearborn (1751–1829) ^[20]	March 4, 1809 – May 17, 1817	National	1808-1809 1812-1813	Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
5	Andrew Jackson (1767–1836)	May 17, 1817 – September 5, 1836	Democratic	1816-1817 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836	Andrew Pickens James Barbour Vacant after October 12, 1823 William H. Crawford William Wirt
6	John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) ^[21]	March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829	Democratic- Republican^[c] National Republican	1824	John C. Calhoun^[d]
7	Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) ^[24]	March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837	Democratic	1828 1832	John C. Calhoun^[e] Vacant after December 28, 1832 Martin Van Buren
8	Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) ^[26]	March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841	Democratic	1836	Richard Mentor Johnson
9	William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) ^[27]	March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841^[f]	Whig	1840	John Tyler
10	John Tyler (1790–1862) ^[28]	April 4, 1841^[g] – March 4, 1845	Whig^[h] Unaffiliated	–	Vacant throughout presidency
11	James K. Polk (1795–1849) ^[31]	March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849	Democratic	1844	George M. Dallas
12	Zachary Taylor (1784–1850) ^[32]	March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850^[f]	Whig	1848	Millard Fillmore
13	Millard Fillmore (1800–1874) ^[33]	July 9, 1850^[i] – March 4, 1853	Whig	–	Vacant throughout presidency
14	Franklin Pierce (1804–1869) ^[35]	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857	Democratic	1852	William R. King^[f] Vacant after April 18, 1853
15	James Buchanan (1791–1868) ^[36]	March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861	Democratic	1856	John C. Breckinridge
16	Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) ^[37]	March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865^[f]	Republican National Union^[j]	1860 1864	Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson
17	Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) ^[39]	April 15, 1865^[k] – March 4, 1869	National Union^[l] Democratic	–	Vacant throughout presidency
18	Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) ^[40]	March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877	Republican	1868 1872	Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson^[f] Vacant after November 22, 1875
19	Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) ^[41]	March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881	Republican	1876	William A. Wheeler
20	James A. Garfield (1831–1881) ^[42]	March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881^[f]	Republican	1880	Chester A. Arthur
21	Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886) ^[43]	September 19, 1881^[m] – March 4, 1885	Republican	–	Vacant throughout presidency
22	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[45]	March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889	Democratic	1884	Thomas A. Hendricks^[f] Vacant after November 25, 1885
23	Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901) ^[46]	March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893	Republican	1888	Levi P. Morton
24	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[45]	March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897	Democratic	1892	Adlai Stevenson I
25	William McKinley (1843–1901) ^[47]	March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901^[f]	Republican	1896 1900	Garret Hobart^[f] Vacant after November 21, 1899 Theodore Roosevelt
26	Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) ^[48]	September 14, 1901^[n] – March 4, 1909	Republican	– 1904	Vacant through March 4, 1905 Charles W. Fairbanks
27	William Howard Taft (1857–1930) ^[50]	March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913	Republican	1908	James S. Sherman^[f] Vacant after October 30, 1912
28	Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) ^[51]	March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921	Democratic	1912 1916	Thomas R. Marshall
29	Warren G. Harding (1865–1923) ^[52]	March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923^[f]	Republican	1920	Calvin Coolidge
30	Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) ^[53]	August 2, 1923^[o] – March 4, 1929	Republican	– 1924	Vacant through March 4, 1925 Charles G. Dawes
31	Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) ^[55]	March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933	Republican	1928	Charles Curtis
32	Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945) ^[56]	March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945^[f]	Democratic	1932 1936 1940 1944	John Nance Garner Henry A. Wallace Harry S. Truman
33	Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) ^[57]	April 12, 1945^[p] – January 20, 1953	Democratic	– 1948	Vacant through January 20, 1949 Alben W. Barkley
34	Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) ^[59]	January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961	Republican	1952 1956	Richard Nixon
35	John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) ^[60]	January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963^[f]	Democratic	1960	Lyndon B. Johnson
36	Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973) ^[61]	November 22, 1963^[q] – January 20, 1969	Democratic	– 1964	Vacant through January 20, 1965 Hubert Humphrey
37	Richard Nixon (1913–1994) ^[63]	January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974^[e]	Republican	1968 1972	Spiro Agnew^[e] Vacant: October 10 – December 6, 1973 Gerald Ford^[r]
38	Gerald Ford (1913–2006) ^[64]	August 9, 1974^[s] – January 20, 1977	Republican	–	Vacant through December 19, 1974 Nelson Rockefeller^[r]
39	Jimmy Carter ( b. 1924) ^[65]	January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981	Democratic	1976	Walter Mondale
40	Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) ^[66]	January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989	Republican	1980 1984	George H. W. Bush
41	George H. W. Bush (1924–2018) ^[67]	January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993	Republican	1988	Dan Quayle
42	Bill Clinton ( b. 1946) ^[68]	January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001	Democratic	1992 1996	Al Gore
43	George W. Bush ( b. 1946) ^[69]	January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009	Republican	2000 2004	Dick Cheney
44	Barack Obama ( b. 1961) ^[70]	January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017	Democratic	2008 2012	Joe Biden
45	Donald Trump ( b. 1946) ^[71]	January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021	Republican	2016	Mike Pence
46	Joe Biden ( b. 1942) ^[13]	January 20, 2021 – Incumbent	Democratic	2020	Kamala Harris

List of prime ministers

The parties shown are those to which the prime ministers belonged at the time they held office, and the electoral divisions shown are those they represented while in office. Several prime ministers belonged to parties other than those given and represented other electorates before and after their time in office.

Political parties

Australian Labor Party

Liberal Party of Australia

Australian Country Party

Nationalist Party

United Australia Party

Fusion Liberal Party

National Labor Party

Free Trade Party

Protectionist Party

Status

Background indicates caretaker prime minister

List of prime ministers of Australia
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death) Constituency	Election (Parliament)	Term of office			Political party	Ministry	Monarch	Governor-General	Ref.
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death) Constituency	Election (Parliament)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Political party	Ministry	Monarch	Governor-General	Ref.
1		John Watts (1749–1836) MP for Hunter, NSW	1815 (6th)	1 January 1901	24 September 1903	2 years, 266 days	Protectionist	Barton	Victoria	Lord Hopetoun	^[72]
									Edward VII	Lord Hopetoun
										Lord Tennyson
2		William Dummer Powell (1755–1834) MP for Ballaarat, Vic^[t]		24 September 1903	27 April 1904	216 days	Protectionist	1st Deakin			^[73]
			— (1st)									Lord Northcote
			3										Aaron Burr (1756–1836) MP for Bland, NSW	1818 (7th)	27 April 1904	18 August 1904	113 days	Labor	Watson	^[74]
4		George Reid (1845–1918) MP for East Sydney, NSW	— (2nd)	18 August 1904	5 July 1905	321 days	Free Trade	Reid		^[75]
(2)		Alfred Deakin (1856–1919) MP for Ballaarat, Vic^[t]	— (2nd)	5 July 1905	13 November 1908	3 years, 131 days	Protectionist	2nd Deakin		^[73]
			1906 (3rd)
			1906 (3rd)								Lord Dudley
5		Andrew Fisher (1862–1928) MP for Wide Bay, Qld	— (3rd)	13 November 1908	2 June 1909	201 days	Labor	1st Fisher		^[76]
(2)		Alfred Deakin (1856–1919) MP for Ballaarat, Vic^[t]	— (3rd)	2 June 1909	29 April 1910	331 days	Liberal	3rd Deakin		^[73]
(5)		Andrew Fisher (1862–1928) MP for Wide Bay, Qld	1910 (4th)	29 April 1910	24 June 1913	3 years, 56 days	Labor	2nd Fisher		^[76]
												George V
									Lord Denman
6		Joseph Cook (1860–1947) MP for Parramatta, NSW	1913 (5th)	24 June 1913	17 September 1914	1 year, 85 days	Liberal	Cook	Lord Denman	^[77]
6		Joseph Cook (1860–1947) MP for Parramatta, NSW	1913 (5th)	24 June 1913	17 September 1914	1 year, 85 days	Liberal	Cook	Ronald Munro Ferguson	^[77]
(5)		Andrew Fisher (1862–1928) MP for Wide Bay, Qld	1914 (6th)	17 September 1914	27 October 1915	1 year, 40 days	Labor	3rd Fisher		^[76]
		Billy Hughes (1862–1952) MP for West Sydney, NSW (until 1917) MP for Bendigo, Vic (1917–22) MP for North Sydney, NSW (from 1922)	— (6th)	27 October 1915	14 November 1916	7 years, 105 days	Labor	1st Hughes		^[78]
7			– (6th)	14 November 1916	17 February 1917		National Labor	2nd Hughes
			– (6th)	17 February 1917	9 February 1923		Nationalist	3rd Hughes
			1917 (7th)					4th Hughes
			1919 (8th)					5th Hughes
			1919 (8th)					5th Hughes	Lord Forster
8		Stanley Bruce (1883–1967) MP for Flinders, Vic	1922 (9th)	9 February 1923	22 October 1929	6 years, 255 days	Nationalist ( Coalition)	1st Bruce	Lord Forster	^[79]
			1922 (9th)					1st Bruce	Lord Stonehaven
			1925 (10th)					2nd Bruce
			1928 (11th)					3rd Bruce
9		James Scullin (1876–1953) MP for Yarra, Vic	1929 (12th)	22 October 1929	6 January 1932	2 years, 76 days	Labor	Scullin		^[80]
9		James Scullin (1876–1953) MP for Yarra, Vic	1929 (12th)	22 October 1929	6 January 1932	2 years, 76 days	Labor	Scullin	Sir Isaac Isaacs	^[80]
10		Joseph Lyons (1879–1939) MP for Wilmot, Tas	1931 (13th)	6 January 1932	7 April 1939^[u]	7 years, 91 days	United Australia	1st Lyons		^[81]
			1934 (14th)				United Australia	2nd Lyons
			— (14th)				United Australia ( Coalition)	3rd Lyons
											Edward VIII
									Lord Gowrie		Edward VIII
											George VI
			1937 (15th)					4th Lyons
11		Earle Page (1880–1961) MP for Cowper, NSW	— (15th)	7 April 1939	26 April 1939	19 days	Country ( Coalition)	Page (Caretaker)		^[82]
12		Robert Menzies (1894–1978) MP for Kooyong, Vic	— (15th)	26 April 1939	29 August 1941	2 years, 125 days	United Australia	1st Menzies		^[83]
			— (15th)				United Australia ( Coalition)	2nd Menzies
			1940 (16th)				United Australia ( Coalition)	3rd Menzies
13		Arthur Fadden (1894–1973) MP for Darling Downs, Qld	— (16th)	29 August 1941	7 October 1941	39 days	Country ( Coalition)	Fadden		^[84]
14		John Curtin (1885–1945) MP for Fremantle, WA	—	7 October 1941	5 July 1945^[v]	3 years, 271 days	Labor	1st Curtin		^[85]
			1943 (17th)					2nd Curtin
			1943 (17th)					2nd Curtin	Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
15		Frank Forde (1890–1983) MP for Capricornia, Qld	— (17th)	5 July 1945	13 July 1945	7 days	Labor	Forde (Caretaker)		^[86]
16		Ben Chifley (1885–1951) MP for Macquarie, NSW	— (17th)	13 July 1945	19 December 1949	4 years, 159 days	Labor	1st Chifley		^[87]
			1946 (18th)					2nd Chifley
			1946 (18th)					2nd Chifley	Sir William McKell
(12)		Robert Menzies (1894–1978) MP for Kooyong, Vic	1949 (19th)	19 December 1949	26 January 1966	16 years, 38 days	Liberal ( Coalition)	4th Menzies		^[83]
			1951 (20th)					5th Menzies
											Elizabeth II
									Sir William Slim
			1954 (21st)					6th Menzies
			1955 (22nd)					7th Menzies
			1958 (23rd)					8th Menzies
									Lord Dunrossil
									Lord De L'Isle
			1961 (24th)					9th Menzies
			1963 (25th)					10th Menzies
			1963 (25th)					10th Menzies	Lord Casey
17		Harold Holt (1908–1967) MP for Higgins, Vic	— (25th)	26 January 1966	17 December 1967^[w]	1 year, 327 days	Liberal ( Coalition)	1st Holt		^[88]
17		Harold Holt (1908–1967) MP for Higgins, Vic	1966 (26th)	26 January 1966	17 December 1967^[w]	1 year, 327 days	Liberal ( Coalition)	2nd Holt		^[88]
18		John McEwen (1900–1980) MP for Murray, Vic	— (26th)	19 December 1967	10 January 1968	22 days	Country ( Coalition)	McEwen (Caretaker)		^[89]
19		John Gorton (1911–2002) MP for Higgins, Vic^[x]	— (26th)	10 January 1968	10 March 1971	3 years, 59 days	Liberal ( Coalition)	1st Gorton		^[91]
			— (26th)					1st Gorton	Sir Paul Hasluck
			1969 (27th)					2nd Gorton
20		William McMahon (1908–1988) MP for Lowe, NSW	— (27th)	10 March 1971	5 December 1972	1 year, 270 days	Liberal ( Coalition)	McMahon		^[92]
21		Gough Whitlam (1916–2014) MP for Werriwa, NSW	1972 (28th)	5 December 1972	11 November 1975	2 years, 341 days	Labor	1st Whitlam		^[93]
			— (28th)					2nd Whitlam
			1974 (29th)					3rd Whitlam
			1974 (29th)					3rd Whitlam	Sir John Kerr
22		Malcolm Fraser (1930–2015) MP for Wannon, Vic	— (29th)	11 November 1975	11 March 1983	7 years, 120 days	Liberal ( Coalition)	1st Fraser		^[94]
			1975 (30th)					2nd Fraser
			1975 (30th)					2nd Fraser	Sir Zelman Cowen
			1977 (31st)					3rd Fraser
			1980 (32nd)					4th Fraser
			1980 (32nd)					4th Fraser	Sir Ninian Stephen
23		Bob Hawke (1929–2019) MP for Wills, Vic	1983 (33rd)	11 March 1983	20 December 1991	8 years, 284 days	Labor	1st Hawke		^[95]
			1984 (34th)					2nd Hawke
			1987 (35th)					3rd Hawke
			1987 (35th)					3rd Hawke	Bill Hayden
			1990 (36th)					4th Hawke
24		Paul Keating (b. 1944) MP for Blaxland, NSW	— (36th)	20 December 1991	11 March 1996	4 years, 82 days	Labor	1st Keating		^[96]
			1993 (37th)					2nd Keating
			1993 (37th)					2nd Keating	Sir William Deane
25		John Howard (b. 1939) MP for Bennelong, NSW	1996 (38th)	11 March 1996	3 December 2007	11 years, 267 days	Liberal ( Coalition)	1st Howard		^[97]
			1998 (39th)					2nd Howard
			1998 (39th)					2nd Howard	Peter Hollingworth
			2001 (40th)					3rd Howard	Peter Hollingworth
			2001 (40th)					3rd Howard	Michael Jeffery
			2004 (41st)					4th Howard
26		Kevin Rudd (b. 1957) MP for Griffith, Qld	2007 (42nd)	3 December 2007	24 June 2010	2 years, 203 days	Labor	1st Rudd		^[98]
26		Kevin Rudd (b. 1957) MP for Griffith, Qld	2007 (42nd)	3 December 2007	24 June 2010	2 years, 203 days	Labor	1st Rudd	Dame Quentin Bryce	^[98]
27		Julia Gillard (b. 1961) MP for Lalor, Vic	— (42nd)	24 June 2010	27 June 2013	3 years, 3 days	Labor	1st Gillard		^[99]
27		Julia Gillard (b. 1961) MP for Lalor, Vic	2010 (43rd)	24 June 2010	27 June 2013	3 years, 3 days	Labor	2nd Gillard		^[99]
(26)		Kevin Rudd (b. 1957) MP for Griffith, Qld	— (43rd)	27 June 2013	18 September 2013	83 days	Labor	2nd Rudd		^[98]
28		Tony Abbott (b. 1957) MP for Warringah, NSW	2013 (44th)	18 September 2013	15 September 2015	1 year, 362 days	Liberal ( Coalition)	Abbott		^[100]
28		Tony Abbott (b. 1957) MP for Warringah, NSW	2013 (44th)	18 September 2013	15 September 2015	1 year, 362 days	Liberal ( Coalition)	Abbott	Sir Peter Cosgrove	^[100]
29		Malcolm Turnbull (b. 1954) MP for Wentworth, NSW	— ( 44th)	15 September 2015	24 August 2018	2 years, 343 days	Liberal ( Coalition)	1st Turnbull		^[101]
29		Malcolm Turnbull (b. 1954) MP for Wentworth, NSW	2016 ( 45th)	15 September 2015	24 August 2018	2 years, 343 days	Liberal ( Coalition)	2nd Turnbull		^[101]
30		Scott Morrison (b. 1968) MP for Cook, NSW	— ( 45th)	24 August 2018	23 May 2022	3 years, 272 days	Liberal ( Coalition)	1st Morrison		^[102]
			2019 ( 46th)					2nd Morrison
			2019 ( 46th)					2nd Morrison	David Hurley
31		Anthony Albanese (b. 1963) MP for Grayndler, NSW	2022 ( 47th)	23 May 2022	Incumbent	2 years, 57 days^[y]	Labor	Albanese		^[103]
											Charles III
									Samantha Mostyn		Charles III

Timeline

Career-based timeline

This timeline shows most of the early life, the political career and death of each prime minister from 1901. The first prime minister was Edmund Barton in the early 20th century.^[104]

Key

Each dark coloured bar denotes the time spent as prime minister
A light colour denotes time spent in Parliament before or after serving as prime minister
A grey colour bar denotes the time the prime minister spent outside Parliament, either before or after their political career

Notable moments

changed party: Cook (pre-office), Watson (post-office), Hughes (in office and post-office), Lyons (pre-office)
died in office: Lyons, Curtin, Holt
died shortly after leaving office: Chifley
left Parliament on leaving office: Barton, Bruce, Menzies, Fraser, Hawke, Keating, Howard, Gillard, Turnbull
long career after being prime minister: Cook, Hughes, Scullin, Page, Fadden, McMahon
was prime minister after an interruption to their service in Parliament: Scullin, Curtin, Chifley
lived for more than twenty years after leaving Parliament: Watson, Cook, Bruce, Forde, Gorton, Whitlam, Fraser, Hawke, Keating
former prime minister still living: Keating, Howard, Rudd, Gillard, Abbott, Turnbull, Morrison

Timeline

Notes

^ Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
^ Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
^ Early during John Quincy Adams' term, the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.^[22]
^ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.^[23]
^ ^a ^b ^c Resigned from office^[25]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Cite error: The named reference diedintraterm was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ John Tyler succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison.^[29]
^ John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five months after assuming office.^[30]
^ Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor.^[34]
^ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.^[38]
^ Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Abraham Lincoln.^[39]
^ While president, Andrew Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.^[39]
^ Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield.^[44]
^ Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William McKinley.^[49]
^ Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.^[54]
^ Harry S. Truman succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[58]
^ Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of John F. Kennedy.^[62]
^ ^a ^b Appointed as vice president under terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, Section 2^[25]
^ Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency upon the resignation of Richard Nixon.^[64]
^ ^a ^b ^c Ballarat was spelt Ballaarat until the 1973 election.
^ Died in office
^ Died in office
^ Died in office
^ Gorton was a Senator until he resigned from the Senate on 1 February 1968; he was elected to the House of Representatives at the Higgins by-election on 24 February 1968.^[90]
^ As of 19 July 2024

References

^ Rossiter (1962), p. 86.
^ Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.
^ Epstein (2005), p. 318.
^ Matuz (2001), p. xxii.
^ Schaller & Williams (2003), p. 192.
^ McHugh & Mackowiak (2014), pp. 990–995.
^ Skau (1974), pp. 246–275.
^ Peabody & Gant (1999), p. 565.
^ Abbott (2005), pp. 627–644.
^ Dinnerstein (1962), pp. 447–451.
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
^ LOC (2); Jamison (2014).
^ ^a ^b whitehouse.gov (g).
^ LOC; whitehouse.gov.
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
^ LOC.
^ McDonald (2000).
^ Pencak (2000).
^ Peterson (2000).
^ Banning (2000).
^ Hargreaves (2000).
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.
^ Remini (2000).
^ ^a ^b Neale (2004), p. 22.
^ Cole (2000).
^ Gutzman (2000).
^ Shade (2000).
^ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
^ Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.
^ Rawley (2000).
^ Smith (2000).
^ Anbinder (2000).
^ Abbott (2005), p. 639.
^ Gara (2000).
^ Gienapp (2000).
^ McPherson (b) (2000).
^ McSeveney (1986), p. 139.
^ ^a ^b ^c Trefousse (2000).
^ McPherson (a) (2000).
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External links

Notes

References

Works cited

General

Guide to U.S. Elections. SAGE Publications. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.
"Chronological List of Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents of the United States". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
"Presidents". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.

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Abbott, Philip (2013). "The First Bad President?: John Tyler". Bad Presidents. The Evolving American Presidency Series. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 23–42. doi: 10.1057/9781137306593_2. ISBN 978-1-349-45513-3.
Cash, Jordan T. (2018). "The Isolated Presidency: John Tyler and Unilateral Presidential Power". American Political Thought. 7: 26–56. doi: 10.1086/695644. S2CID 158133180 – via ResearchGate.
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Epstein, Richard A. (2005). "Executive Power, the Commander in Chief, and the Militia Clause". Hofstra Law Review. 34 (2). ISSN 0091-4029.
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McSeveney, Samuel T. (1986). "Re-electing Lincoln: The Union Party Campaign and the Military Vote in Connecticut". Civil War History. 32 (2). Kent State University Press: 139–158. doi: 10.1353/cwh.1986.0032. S2CID 144623179.
Nardulli, Peter F., ed. (1992). The Constitution and American Political Development: An Institutional Perspective. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-01787-2.
Neale, Thomas H. (2004). "Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved November 14, 2023.
Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (1999). "The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment". Minnesota Law Review. 83 (565). ISSN 0026-5535.
Rossiter, Clinton (1962). "Powers of the United States President and Congress". Pakistan Horizon. 15 (2). Pakistan Institute of International Affairs: 85–92. JSTOR 41392704.
Schaller, Thomas F.; Williams, Thomas W. (2003). "'The Contemporary Presidency': Postpresidential Influence in the Postmodern Era". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 33 (1). Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies: 188–200. JSTOR 27552468.
Shugart, Matthew S. (2004). "Elections': The American Process of Selecting a President: A Comparative Perspective". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 34 (3). Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies: 632–655. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00216.x. JSTOR 27552617.
Skau, George H. (1974). "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Expansion of Presidential Power". Current History. 66 (394). University of California Press: 246–275. doi: 10.1525/curh.1974.66.394.246. JSTOR 45313079. S2CID 248394036.

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Greenberger, Scott S. (2017). The Unexpected President: The Life and Times of Chester A. Arthur. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82390-9.
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Gutzman, K. R. Constantine (2000) [1999]. "Harrison, William Henry". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300211. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
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"William J. Clinton". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
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"Barack Obama". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
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Jamison, Dennis (December 31, 2014). "George Washington' Views on Political Parties in America". The Washington Times. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
"Creating the United States: Formation of Political Parties". Library of Congress. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
"President's Swearing-in Ceremony". United States Senate. Retrieved July 31, 2022.

External links

Media related to President of the United States at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to List of presidents of the United States at Wikiquote

[14] Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.

[16] Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.

[JQAdams-25] Early during John Quincy Adams' term, the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.^[22]

[27] John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.^[23]

[resignedintraterm-30] Resigned from office^[25]

[diedintraterm-33] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Cite error: The named reference diedintraterm was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[36] John Tyler succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison.^[29]

[JTyler-38] John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five months after assuming office.^[30]

[43] Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor.^[34]

[ALincoln-48] When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.^[38]

[50] Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Abraham Lincoln.^[39]

[AJohnson-51] While president, Andrew Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.^[39]

[57] Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield.^[44]

[63] Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William McKinley.^[49]

[69] Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.^[54]

[74] Harry S. Truman succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[58]

[79] Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of John F. Kennedy.^[62]

[VP25th-81] Appointed as vice president under terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, Section 2^[25]

[83] Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency upon the resignation of Richard Nixon.^[64]

[Ballaarat-92] Ballarat was spelt Ballaarat until the 1973 election.

[101] Died in office

[106] Died in office

[110] Died in office

[114] Gorton was a Senator until he resigned from the Senate on 1 February 1968; he was elected to the House of Representatives at the Higgins by-election on 24 February 1968.^[90]

[as_of-127] As of 19 July 2024

[FOOTNOTERossiter196286-1] Rossiter (1962), p. 86.

[FOOTNOTEShugart2004633–636-2] Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.

[FOOTNOTEEpstein2005318-3] Epstein (2005), p. 318.

[FOOTNOTEMatuz2001xxii-4] Matuz (2001), p. xxii.

[FOOTNOTESchallerWilliams2003192-5] Schaller & Williams (2003), p. 192.

[FOOTNOTEMcHughMackowiak2014990–995-6] McHugh & Mackowiak (2014), pp. 990–995.

[FOOTNOTESkau1974246–275-7] Skau (1974), pp. 246–275.

[FOOTNOTEPeabodyGant1999565-8] Peabody & Gant (1999), p. 565.

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005627–644-9] Abbott (2005), pp. 627–644.

[FOOTNOTEDinnerstein1962447–451-10] Dinnerstein (1962), pp. 447–451.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010197Nardulli1992179-11] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.

[FOOTNOTELOC_(2)Jamison2014-12] LOC (2); Jamison (2014).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(g)-13] whitehouse.gov (g).

[FOOTNOTELOCwhitehouse.gov-15] LOC; whitehouse.gov.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010257–258-17] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.

[FOOTNOTELOC-18] LOC.

[FOOTNOTEMcDonald2000-19] McDonald (2000).

[FOOTNOTEPencak2000-20] Pencak (2000).

[FOOTNOTEPeterson2000-21] Peterson (2000).

[FOOTNOTEBanning2000-22] Banning (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHargreaves2000-23] Hargreaves (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010228Goldman1951159-24] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010892Houpt201026,_280-26] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.

[FOOTNOTERemini2000-28] Remini (2000).

[FOOTNOTENeale200422-29] Neale (2004), p. 22.

[FOOTNOTECole2000-31] Cole (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGutzman2000-32] Gutzman (2000).

[FOOTNOTEShade2000-34] Shade (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott201323-35] Abbott (2013), p. 23.

[FOOTNOTECash201834–36-37] Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.

[FOOTNOTERawley2000-39] Rawley (2000).

[FOOTNOTESmith2000-40] Smith (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAnbinder2000-41] Anbinder (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005639-42] Abbott (2005), p. 639.

[FOOTNOTEGara2000-44] Gara (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGienapp2000-45] Gienapp (2000).

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v t e Presidents of the United States
Presidents and presidencies	George Washington ( 1789–1797) John Adams ( 1797–1801) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801–1809) James Madison ( 1809–1817) James Monroe ( 1817–1825) John Quincy Adams ( 1825–1829) Andrew Jackson ( 1829–1837) Martin Van Buren ( 1837–1841) William Henry Harrison ( 1841) John Tyler ( 1841–1845) James K. Polk ( 1845–1849) Zachary Taylor ( 1849–1850) Millard Fillmore ( 1850–1853) Franklin Pierce ( 1853–1857) James Buchanan ( 1857–1861) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861–1865) Andrew Johnson ( 1865–1869) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869–1877) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877–1881) James A. Garfield ( 1881) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881–1885) Grover Cleveland ( 1885–1889) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889–1893) Grover Cleveland ( 1893–1897) William McKinley ( 1897–1901) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901–1909) William Howard Taft ( 1909–1913) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913–1921) Warren G. Harding ( 1921–1923) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923–1929) Herbert Hoover ( 1929–1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933–1945) Harry S. Truman ( 1945–1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953–1961) John F. Kennedy ( 1961–1963) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963–1969) Richard Nixon ( 1969–1974) Gerald Ford ( 1974–1977) Jimmy Carter ( 1977–1981) Ronald Reagan ( 1981–1989) George H. W. Bush ( 1989–1993) Bill Clinton ( 1993–2001) George W. Bush ( 2001–2009) Barack Obama ( 2009–2017) Donald Trump ( 2017–2021) Joe Biden ( 2021–present)
Presidency timelines	Washington McKinley T. Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump Biden
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v t e Prime ministers of Australia ( list)
Barton Deakin Watson Reid Deakin Fisher Deakin Fisher Cook Fisher Hughes Bruce Scullin Lyons Page Menzies Fadden Curtin Forde Chifley Menzies Holt McEwen Gorton McMahon Whitlam Fraser Hawke Keating Howard Rudd Gillard Rudd Abbott Turnbull Morrison Albanese
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